Antiglycation Activity Research Articles

Sea Grape (Ceulerpa racemosa) Cereal with Addition of Tempe as an Anti-Aging Functional Food: In Vitro Study

Abstract Objectives This study aims to determine in vitro the effect of collagen size on anti-aging activity in the form of anti-glycation, tyrosinase inhibitors and antioxidant activity in order to obtain the optimum anti-aging collagen isolation technique from sea grape cereal with the addition of tempe. Methods Sample preparation by making cereals consisting of sea grape and tempe flour into powder using a Freeze Dryer (Lyovapor ™ L-200). Collagen isolation was carried out by varying the concentration of NaOH, which are 0.10 M; 0.20 M; and 0.30 M with a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for 48 hours, followed by immersion using 1 M acetic acid with a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for 24 hours. Collagen obtained from the best immersion treatment with NaOH solution is dissolved in distilled water with a ratio of 1 : 2 (v/v) and the size is changed with the help of a magnetic stirrer at a speed of 1000 rpm with a time variation of 5 and 10 hours. The results were then tested for particle size using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and then tested for antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, anti-glycation, and tyrosinase inhibitors. Selection of the best results is based on antioxidant, anti-glycation, and anti-tyrosinase activities. The data obtained from three replications were analyzed using ANOVA at a 95% confidence interval. Results Collagen isolated with 0.10 M NaOH was the collagen with the largest particle size, yield and anti-glycation respectively 2.45 µm, 11.65%, 62.76% and had the infrared spectrum that best matched the standard collagen. Furthermore, this collagen is stirred at a speed of 1000 rpm for 5 and 10 hours for size reduction. Collagen with 5 hours stirring has a smaller particle size (1482 nm) compared to 10 hours stirring (1568 nm). Collagen with a size of 1482 nm showed the best activity, namely antioxidant activity against (DPPH) of 24.70% and tyrosinase inhibitor of 26.77%. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the DPPH inhibition test and the tyrosinase inhibition of L-DOPA substrates. Conclusions Based on the anti-glycation, anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activity of collagen by immersing 0.10 M NaOH and stirring for 5 hours, it has the best anti-aging properties. This is useful for tests in determining variations of cereal formulations that will be used as functional food products rich in anti-aging collagen. Funding Sources Personal funding from author

Inhibitory Potential of Murraya Koenigii (L.) and Ficus Carica L. Extracts Against Aldose Reductase (ALR), Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) Formation and Sorbitol Accumulation

Abstract Introduction: Murraya koenigii (L.) and Ficus carica L. are traditionally used plants with significant medicinal and nutritional values. Aim and Objective: The present study was focused on the evaluation of hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts of M. koenigii (L.) leaves [MKHA (M. koenigii (L.) hydro-alcoholic extract) and MKAQ (M. koenigii (L.) aqueous extract)] and dried fruits of F. carica L. [FCHA (F. carica L. hydro-alcoholic extract) and FCAQ (F. carica L. aqueous extract)] in the attenuation of markers of microvascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus which can be further used to investigate the pharmacological activity of these plants in treatment of diabetes and its complications. Material and Method: The attenuating effect of the extracts was evaluated by calculating the ALR1 enzyme inhibition in a kidney of Wistar rat, anti-glycation activity in bovine serum albumin (BSA) and erythrocyte sorbitol accumulation inhibition in heparinized human blood. Results: A significant inhibitory effect (IC50 6.47μg/ml,7.26μg/ml,8.93 μg/ml and 9.66μg/ml) was observed with different concentrations of extracts (MKHA, MKAQ, FCHA and FCAQ) respectively, against ALR enzyme. After the 4th week of incubation, the inhibition of AGEs formation by MKHA, MKAQ, FCHA and FCAQ (500μg/ml) was found to be 82.58%, 78.58%, 74.39% and 69.56% respectively. MKHA, MKAQ, FCHA and FCAQ were found to exhibit significant inhibition against the accumulation of sorbitol in RBCs with IC50 188.88 μg/ml, 247.74μg/ml, 291.94μg/ml and 345.34μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The administration of different concentrations of MKHA, MKAQ, FCHA and FCAQ significantly attenuated ALR, AGEs and sorbitol accumulation; hence, it can provide a basis for identification and development of new inhibitors of these biomarkers.

Effect of Solvents on Extraction of Bioactive Substances from CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS and Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiglycation Activities

Effect of Solvents on Extraction of Bioactive Substances from CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS and Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiglycation Activities

In vitro Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Antiglycation Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Gomphrena globosa (Linn.)

G. globosa L. is an everlasting tropical annual plant reported to possess several biological activities for curing ailments such as arthritis, diabetes, asthma, bronchitis and also known to possess anti tussive, anti-oxidant, anti-asthmatic and anti-cancer activities. The amino group of protein and carbonyl group of reducing sugar undergoes a non-enzymatic protein glycation reaction that leads to major complications in Diabetic patients. Several antiglycation agents of natural or synthetic origin are there to inhibit protein glycation reaction. But due to its toxicity, antiglycation agents of plant origin are gaining importance as an effective strategy to minimize diabetic complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic, antioxidant and antiglycation activity of ethanolic leaf extract of G. globosa. The ethanolic leaf extract exerted its antidiabetic effect by inhibiting the activity of α-amylase (p<0.05) resulting in the delayed digestion of the dietary carbohydrates and lowering the amount of glucose liberated. The highest scavenging was observed at 500 μg concentrations and the percent inhibition was found to be 50.80% for DPPH assay and 57.24% (p<0.05) for hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay. 25mM of glucose concentration showed the highest uptake of glucose. The glucose adsorption capacities of G. globosa ethanolic leaf extract was directly proportional to the glucose concentration in the medium resulting in significantly higher glucose adsorption. The effect of antiglycation activity of G. globosa ethanolic leaf extract was found to be increasing with increase in time. The inhibition of ethanolic leaf extract was found to be maximum (27.66%) at 72 hr, followed by 23.7% at 48 hr and 13.7% at 24 hr for fructation with ROS modification/UV/guanosine. This result indicates that ethanolic leaf extract of G. globosa possess significant activity at desirable concentration.

Effects of Anthocyanins on Vascular Health.

Cardiovascular disorders are leading mortality causes worldwide, often with a latent evolution. Vascular health depends on endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques. Preventive medicine deserves special attention, focusing on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, including diet. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables has well-known health benefits, especially due to its polyphenolic components. Anthocyanins, water-soluble flavonoid species, responsible for the red-blue color in plants and commonly found in berries, exert favorable effects on the endothelial function, oxidative stress, inhibit COX-1, and COX-2 enzymes, exert antiatherogenic, antihypertensive, antiglycation, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory activity, ameliorate dyslipidemia and arterial stiffness. The present review aims to give a current overview of the mechanisms involved in the vascular protective effect of anthocyanins from the human diet, considering epidemiological data, in vitro and in vivo preclinical research, clinical observational, retrospective, intervention and randomized studies, dietary and biomarker studies, and discussing preventive benefits of anthocyanins and future research directions.

Antioxidant and anti-advanced glycation end products formation properties of palmatine

Context: Oxidative stress and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), due to glycation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids are characteristic in diabetic patients. Palmatine, a protoberberine alkaloid bioactive isolated from Coscinium fenestratum (CF) stem extract, which previously has shown to possess antidiabetic and antioxidant properties and to be able to protect the kidney and liver in a STZ-diabetic induced rat model. Aims: To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anti-AGE activity of palmatine. Methods: In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to measure radical scavenging, reducing power, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, carbonyl trapping and metal ion chelation. In vitro antiglycation activity was done using bovine serum albumin-methylglyoxal (BSA-MGO), bovine serum albumin – glucose (BSA-GLU) and glycated hemoglobin. In vivo antioxidant and antiglycation activity were used to evaluate liver and kidney extracted from STZ-induced diabetic rat after treatment with palmatine. Results: The results showed palmatine blocked the formation of AGE as shown by the results of BSA-GLU, BSA-MGO, glycated hemoglobin and inhibited the free radicals generated by DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, FRAP and metal ion chelating. It was able to stimulate in vivo the activity of catalase, super oxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Conclusions: Palmatine possess antioxidant and antiglycation properties, the mechanism of action seems to be via the blockage of free radical formation, decreasing of reactive carbonyl. Further research is ongoing to determine the effect of palmatine on glyoxalase 1 and aldose reductase pathway and interaction with receptor for AGE.

Antiglycating Effect of Phenolics from the Chilean Currant Ribes cucullatum under Thermal Treatment.

Numerous dietary polyphenols possess antiglicating activity, but the effects of thermal treatment on this activity are mostly unknown. The effect of thermal treatment in the antiglycating activity of polyphenolic enriched extracts (PEEs) from Ribes cucullatum towards glyoxal-induced glycation of sarcoplasmic proteins was assessed. Sarcoplasmic proteins from chicken, beef, salmon, and turkey, were incubated 2 h at 60 °C with and without glyoxal and different concentrations of PEEs (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 5 mg/mL). The antiglycating activity was evaluated by: (1) Lys and Arg consumption, (2) Carboxymethyl lysine (CML) generation, and (3) lipid-derived electrophiles inhibition in a gastric digestion model. Protective effects were observed against CML generation in proteins and a decrease of electrophiles in the gastric digestion model. A dose-dependent consumption of Lys and Arg in proteins/PEEs samples, indicated the possible occurrence of quinoproteins generation from the phenolics. Protein/PEEs incubations were assessed by: (1) High pressure liquid chromatography analysis, (2) Gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and (3) Redox cycling staining of quinoproteins. Protein/PEEs incubations produced: (1) Decrease in phenolics, (2) increase of protein crosslinking, and (3) dose-dependent generation of quinoproteins. We demonstrate that phenolic compounds from R. cucullatum under thermal treatment act as antiglycating agents, but oxidative reactions occurs at high concentrations, generating protein crosslinking and quinoproteins.

Synthesis and characterization of novel piroxicam derivatives and their antiglycation activity

A series of sulfonated esters of piroxicam 1–19 were synthesized by substitution of “H” from hydroxyl “OH” group of piroxicam with different alkyl/aryl sulfonyl chloride by continuous stirring at room temperature. The derivatives were elucidated through various spectroscopic procedures like 1H NMR, MS, IR, UV and elemental analysis. Piroxicam derivatives were screened for antiglycation activity, in order to analyze the effect of substitution for the management of late diabetic complications. The preliminary results showed that the compounds 2 exhibited potent antiglycation activity far better than the reference (rutin IC50 = 274.5 ± 0.05 µM), while the compounds 5 and 8 were near with IC50 values of 178.9 ± 1.55 µM, 237 ± 2.01 µM, and 256.5 ± 2.56 µM respectively. Moreover a negative effect of electron withdrawing groups was observed over the inhibition potential of different analogues depending upon the number and the positions of the substituents.

Isolation and characterization of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, antiglycation, antihyperglycaemic, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects of Garcinia kola Heckel roots extract and fractions

Garcinia kola is a perennial medicinal plant used in ethno-medicine for the treatment of several ailments, including diabetes. The ethanol extract, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions of G. kola roots were evaluated for chemical composition, antiglycation, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects using standard procedures. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of G. kola roots. The chemical structure was established based on spectroscopic studies and comparison with literature data. The phytochemical test indicted high amount of flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids in the ethanol extract, with a total phenol content in the extract (55.55 mg/g) and ethyl acetate fraction (53.55 mg/g). The extract and fractions exhibited good antiglycation activity (IC50, 0.10–0.70 mg/mL) and cytotoxicity to brine shrimps (LC50, 0.68–637.12 µg/mL). Treatment of alloxan induced diabetic rats with the ethanol extract caused a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in fasting blood glucose level (42%) in acute study and 64% reduction in prolonged treatment (2 weeks). The extract and ethyl acetate fraction also demonstrated high antioxidant effects on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (85.82 and 85.26%, respectively at 100 µg/mL) and ferric reducing power (absorbance, 0.575 and 0.559, respectively at 100 µg/mL). Garcinia kola root is a viable resource for the management of diabetes and possesses the capacity to inhibit the glycation and oxidative processes implicated in diabetic complications. The presence of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is reported for the first time in the Garcinia genus.

Sulfated polysaccharides from red seaweed Gelidium amansii: Structural characteristics, anti-oxidant and anti-glycation properties, and development of bioactive films

Marine red algae are rich sources of sulfated polysaccharides as bioactive ingredients and hydrocolloid molecules. In this study, sulfated polysaccharides (YGAP, EGAP, and NGAP) were extracted from Gelidium amansiis that were harvested from three different sea areas of China. Characterization of these polysaccharides shows that they contain 3.7–4.0% sulfate and are mainly composed of galactose, glucose, fucose, arabinose, and mannose. The FT-IR and 13C NMR analysis indicate that the sulfated polysaccharides are agar-type galactans containing 3,6 anhydro-α-l-galactopyranose and β-d-galactopyranose residues. By using various in vitro models, all sulfated polysaccharides, particularly EGAP, exhibit the ability to scavenge O2•– and OH· radicals and reducing power. Additionally, in a glucose-glycated BSA system, the polysaccharides show an inhibitory effect on protein glycation and formation of specific advanced glycation end-product. Their anti-glycative property is attributed to their anti-oxidant activity and trapping capacity of methylglyoxal. Given that these polysaccharides possess agar-like structures, they were used to prepare bioactive films and expectedly, transparent and homogeneous films were obtained. The films display high water barrier properties with retained antioxidant and anti-glycation activities as above. These results expand the current knowledge of G. amansiis polysaccharides as nutraceuticals and hydrocolloids, which would benefit their applications in the food industry.

Assessing the In Vitro Inhibitory Effects on Key Enzymes Linked to Type-2 Diabetes and Obesity and Protein Glycation by Phenolic Compounds of Lauraceae Plant Species Endemic to the Laurisilva Forest.

Methanolic leaf extracts of four Lauraceae species endemic to Laurisilva forest (Apollonias barbujana, Laurus novocanariensis, Ocotea foetens and Persea indica) were investigated for the first time for their potential to inhibit key enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, aldose reductase) and obesity (pancreatic lipase), and protein glycation. Lauraceae extracts revealed significant inhibitory activities in all assays, altough with different ability between species. In general, P. indica showed the most promissing results. In the protein glycation assay, all analysed extracts displayed a stronger effect than a reference compound: aminoguanidine (AMG). The in vitro anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and anti-glycation activities of analysed extracts showed correlation with their flavonols and flavan-3-ols (in particular, proanthocyanins) contents. These Lauraceae species have the capacity to assist in adjuvant therapy of type-2 diabetes and associated complications, through modulation of the activity of key metabolic enzymes and prevention of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation.

Anti-inflammatory, Anti-glycation, Anti-tyrosinase and CDK4 Inhibitory Activities of Alaternin (=7-Hydroxyemodin)

Anti-inflammatory, Anti-glycation, Anti-tyrosinase and CDK4 Inhibitory Activities of Alaternin (=7-Hydroxyemodin)

α-Glucosidase and advanced glycation end products inhibition with Vernonia amygdalina root and leaf extracts: new data supporting the antidiabetic properties.

This study aims to investigate antidiabetic activity of several Vernonia amygdalina extracts to study their potential use in medicine. Aqueous and ethanol extracts were obtained by maceration and Soxhlet extraction from roots and leaves of V. amygdalina. The extracts were tested as inhibitors of α-glucosidase activity and of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation. Further, radical scavenging activity was examined detecting the oxygen radical absorbance capacity, while the potential cytotoxicity of extracts was estimated with MTT assay. In aqueous and ethanol extracts, several polyphenolic compounds were identified; in detail, (-)-catechin and luteolin were found in leaf extracts, while caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and the terpenoid vernodalol were recognized in root extracts. Regarding antidiabetic activity, the aqueous root extracts efficiently inhibited α-glucosidase activity in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 5.6 µg/ml and 39.8 µg/ml, respectively of macerated and Soxhlet extracts), whereas those obtained from leaves exhibited lower potency. Furthermore, AGEs formation was reduced by all V. amygdalina extracts starting from 10 µg/ml. The aqueous extracts of V. amygdalina roots obtained by maceration and Soxhlet extraction show remarkable anti-α-glucosidase activity, and all extracts have favourable antiglycation and antioxidant activities.

Mechanistic insight into glycation inhibition of human serum albumin by vitamin B9: Multispectroscopic and molecular docking approach

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation produces free radicals that play a role in diabetes mellitus; hence inhibition of glycation plays a part in minimizing diabetes-related complications. This study was intended to examine the AGEs formation of HSA upon prolonged incubation of 28 days at 37 °C and further investigate the antiglycation potential of folic acid (FA). FA shows a significant binding affinity to the HSA with a binding constant (K) of 104 M−1. The evaluation of enthalpy change (∆H0) and entropy change (∆So) implied that the HSA-FA complex is stabilized primarily by hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding. Molecular docking analysis depicted that FA binds with HSA in subdomain IIA (Sudlow's site I) with a binding energy of −7.0 kcal mol−1. AGEs were characterized by free lysine and thiol groups, carbonyl content, and AGEs specific fluorescence. The presence of FA significantly decreased glycation from free lysine and carbonyl content estimation and AGEs specific fluorescence. Multispectroscopic observations and molecular docking and examination of various biomarkers demonstrate the antiglycation activity of FA and its capacity to prevent disease progression in diabetes.

In vitro antiglycation and lipoxygenase inhibition of naphthoquinones isolated from Diospyros lotus Linn

Medicinal plants are a key source of important natural products, which are used for discovery of new drugs. The aim of this work was to explore the natural compounds having in vitro antiglycation and lipoxygenase inhibition potential. Consequently, compounds such as di-naphthodiospyrols A (1), di-naphthodiospyrols B (2), di-naphthodiospyrols C (3), di-naphthodiospyrols D (4), di-naphthodiospyrols E (5), di-naphthodiospyrols F (6), di-naphthodiospyrols g (7), 8-hydroxyisodiospyrin (8), and diospyrin (9) were isolated for the first time from Diospyros lotus Linn. In vitro antiglycation and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity results indicated that compound 4 exhibits the highest antiglycation activity with inhibition IC50 = 287.45 ± 1.60 μM), followed by compound 5 with an IC50 value of 248.72 ± 2.09 μM respectively. Similarly, compounds 7 and 8 showed moderate activity with IC50 values of 234.87 ± 2.00 , and 228.98 ± 1.98 μM, respectively, when compared with rutin (IC50 = 295.22 ± 1.55 μM). . The isolated compounds (1‒9) were also subjected to lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Results revealed that secondary metabolites (1‒7) exhibit an excellent inhibitory effect against lipoxygenase, with IC50 values of 90.35 ± 0.96, 87.09 ± 1.00, 84.01 ± 1.01, 40.49 ± 0.49, 44.70 ± 0.49, 79.04 ± 0.86, and 62.09 ± 0.18 μM, for compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively. The standard drugs Baicalein and Tenidap sodium exhibited inhibitory effect with IC50 values of 40.98 ± 0.08 μM and 23.00 ± 0.05 µM, respectively. Within this context, compounds with high inhibition potential against lioxygenase can be regarded as lead compounds in drug discovery. Furthermore, these compounds can be further studied as antiglycating agents to increase the chemical space for new chemical entities having drug-like properties.

Degradation of blue honeysuckle polysaccharides, structural characteristics and antiglycation and hypoglycemic activities of degraded products

In this study, H2O2-Vc (hydrogen peroxide-ascorbic acid) oxidation system under 50 and 70 °C was developed to degrade blue honeysuckle polysaccharides. The results suggested that viscosity-average molecular weight was decreased and reducing sugar content was raised with the rise of time or temperature. The degradation was fitted to the second-order reaction kinetics. The gas chromatography revealed two degraded polysaccharides were consisted of six monosaccharides (Gal A, Rha, Ala, Gal, Glu, Man) with different ratios, and eight types of sugar residues were confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance. Based on the linearity (R1), branching (R2), branch size (R3) calculation, PD70 (purified degraded polysaccharide at 70 °C) had a more linear structure and longer side chains comparing to PD50 (purified degraded polysaccharide at 50 °C). The absence of triple helical structure and sheet-like aggregation with rough surface were confirmed by the Congo red test and scanning electron. Rheological characterization proved the two degraded polysaccharides exhibited shear-thinning behavior and viscoelastic property. Besides, the two degraded polysaccharides displayed strong antiglycation activities, inhibitory effects against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and exhibited competitive inhibitory kinetics. These findings support the potential application of blue honeysuckle polysaccharides as the treatment of diabetes.

Inhibitory effect and cross-link breaking activity of Moringa oleifera leaf crude extracts on fructose-derived advanced glycation end-products

BackgroundLeaf extracts of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera), have been shown to have hypoglycaemic effects in both human and animal models of type 2 diabetes. However, the research on their anti-glycation effect is limited to only a few reports, and there is less knowledge in their cross-link breaking properties. We investigated the inhibitory effect of M. oleifera leaf (MOL) extracts on the formation of various types of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in vitro as well as their ability to break established AGE-protein cross-links. We compared these effects with that of aminoguanidine, a known inhibitor of AGEs. We also screened the extracts for their phytochemical composition. MethodsInhibitory effect of MOL extracts on AGEs formation was determined using spectrofluorimetry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). ELISA was also used to determine their cross-link breaking abilities. Standard techniques were employed for phytochemical screening. ResultsThe polar extracts (methanol and water) showed higher percentage yields and the presence of more phytochemical constituents than the less polar extracts, hexane and ethyl acetate. After 20 and 40 days, the polar MOL extracts showed greater activity than aminoguanidine against fluorescent AGEs. For total immunogenic AGEs (TIAGEs), hexane extract showed higher inhibitory activity than aminoguanidine at 20 days. Significantly higher inhibitory activity was observed with MOL methanol extract at 40 days against TIAGEs formation. No significant improvement over aminoguanidine against NƐ-(caboxylmethl)lysine was observed for both time periods. As expected, all of the extracts showed greater cross-link breaking effect than aminoguanidine but there were minimum differences across the different extracts. ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that MOL crude extracts have both anti-glycation and AGE-protein cross-link breaking activities.

Characterization of polysaccharides from Gynura procumbens with relation to their antioxidant and anti-glycation potentials

Abstract Three polysaccharide fractions, namely CPGP-2-I, CPGP-2-II and CPGP-2-III were purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatographic columns from Gynura procumbens leaves, and their structural characteristics, antioxidant and anti-glycation capacities were investigated. The CPGP-2-I, CPGP-2-II and CPGP-2-III mainly composed mannose, galactose and glucose and had molecular weight of 10.4, 5.9 and 3.2 kDa, respectively. Antioxidant and anti-glycation abilities showed significant in concentration-dependent manner within range 10–200 μg/mL. The ability of CPGP-2-I to scavenging DPPH•, ABTS•+ and •OH, and ferric reducing ability were superior markedly compared to two polysaccharides and ascorbic acid reference. The CPGP-2-I also exhibited most potent inhibitory ability on AGEs formation with IC50 value of 148.12 μg/mL. There was positive correlation between biological activity with mannose and galactose. Our data suggests that the stronger potential of polysaccharides on antioxidant and anti-glycation activities could be due to presence of higher mannose and galactose residues in backbones.

Pharmacological screening of some Egyptian marine algae and encapsulation of their bioactive extracts in calcium alginate beads

The pharmacological screening of some crude extracts obtained from different marine algae collected from the Mediterranean in Alexandria region in Egypt has been conducted. The methanol, butanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of Pterocladia capillacea, Ulva lactuca and Corallina mediterranea showed inhibitory activity against the growth of Lemna minor plant. The methanol and petroleum ether extracts of Ulva lactuca (VII) exhibited significant antioxidant activity 92.2 and 84.6%, respectively, in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Pterocladia capillacea and Corallina mediterranea showed remarkable inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase. The ether extract of Pterocladia capillacea (III) and the petroleum ether extract of Ulva lactuca (VII) exhibited high antiglycation activity (69.4% and 65% with IC50 of 0.0596 ± 0.0447 mM and 0.138 ± 0.0441 mM, respectively). The ether extract of Ulva fasciata (I) potently inhibited the oxidative burst activity of phagocytes from whole blood analysis (97.99%) at a concentration of 400 µg/mL. Scanning by electron microscope (SEM) showed successful encapsulation of the bioactive algal extracts into calcium alginate beads. Tested marine macroalgae have the potential to produce bioactive metabolites with significant antifungal, phytotoxic, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antiglycation, and immunomodulating activities.

Thiamine reduced metabolic syndrome symptoms in rats via down-regulation of hepatic nuclear factor-kβ and induction activity of glyoxalase-I.

Objective(s):Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cause of death worldwide. The hepatic nuclear factor- NF-kβ (NF-kβ) is the cardinal player of hepatic homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism. Thus, we investigated the effect of thiamine on hepatic gene expression of NF-kβ and its levels of activators in MS rats. Materials and Methods:Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups (ten rats in each group): normal, MS, and two alike groups under thiamine treatment. MS was induced in rats with a high sucrose solution (40 % in drinking water) for 4 months. Treated groups of rats received 0.18 % of thiamine daily in drinking water. Hematoxylin-Eosin stains were employed to determine the histopathological changes of the liver. Metabolic profile, glycation products, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, the activity of glyoxalase-I, as well as NF-kβ hepatic expression of all rat groups, were determined.Results:Acute hepatitis was not observed in the livers of the thiamine treated MS rats. Besides, the treatment showed an advantageous effect on glucose, lipid metabolism, and body weight via down-regulation of hepatic NF-kβ and induction of glyoxalase system activity. Furthermore, the treatment decreased diverse glycation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers (P>0.001). Conclusion: Thiamine decreased body weight and improved metabolism and activity of glyoxalase-I in MS rats with anti-glycation, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Further, the treatment had a hepato-protective effect via reduction of NF-kβ signaling.