Antifungal Activity Of Methanol Extracts Research Articles

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities of Powders, Methanol Extracts, and Essential Oils from Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Thymus ciliatus Desf. Benth.

Chemical residues in food pose health risks such as cancer and liver issues. This has driven the search for safer natural alternatives to synthetic fungicides and preservatives. The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of the essential oils (EO), determine the polyphenolic contents, and evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of methanol extracts (ME), essential oils (EO), and powders from Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and Thymus ciliatus (Desf) Benth. (thyme) from the M'sila region, Algeria. The chemical composition of the EOs was determined by GC-MS. R. officinalis EO was composed of 31 components, mainly camphor (41.22%), camphene (18.14%), and α-pinene (17.49%); T. ciliatus EO was composed of 58 components, mainly, in percentage, α-pinene (22.18), myrcene (13.13), β-pinene (7.73), β-caryophyllene (10.21), and germacrene D (9.90). The total phenols and flavonoids were determined spectrophotometrically, and the rosemary ME was found to possess the highest polyphenolic content (127.1 ± 2.40 µg GAE/mg), while the thyme ME had the highest flavonoid content (48.01 ± 0.99 µg QE/mg). The antioxidant activity was assessed using three methods: rosemary ME was the most potent, followed by DPPH (IC50 = 13.43 ± 0.14 µg/mL), β-carotene/linoleic acid (IC50 = 39.01 ± 2.16 μg/mL), and reducing power (EC50 = 15.03 ± 1.43 µg/mL). Antifungal activity was assessed for 32 pathogenic and foodborne fungi. Four methods were applied to the solid medium. Incorporating the powdered plant into the culture medium (at 10%) reduced the fungal growth to greater than 50% in 21.88% and 6.25% of all fungal isolates, for R. officinalis and T. ciliatus, respectively. The ME, applied by the well diffusion method (0.1 g/mL), was less effective. Different concentrations of EO were tested. Incorporating the EO into the culture medium (1500 μL/L) inhibited 50% of the molds to levels of 50 and 75% for R. officinalis and T. ciliatus, respectively, with the complete inhibition of four fungi. Fumigated EO (15 μL) inhibited 65% of the molds to levels of 65 and 81.25% for R. officinalis and T. ciliatus, respectively, with the complete inhibition of five fungi. There was little to no sporulation in conjunction with the inhibition. Our results revealed some of the potential of the studied plants to fight foodborne molds and presented their promising characteristics as a source of alternatives to chemical pesticides and synthetic preservatives. Further studies are needed to find adequate application techniques in the food safety area.

Phyto-Constituents, GC-MS Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Methanol Extract of Sweet Orange Peels

Phyto-Constituents, GC-MS Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Methanol Extract of Sweet Orange Peels

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Salix alba L. against various disease causing pathogens.

The present study was aimed to manifest the antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Salix alba L. against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (1), S. aureus (2), Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli (1), E. coli (2) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and three fungal isolates from the air such as Aspergillus terreus, A. ornatus, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Two different serotypes of S. aureus and E. coli were used. The agar well-diffusion method results showed the dose-dependent response of plant extracts against bacterial and fungal strains while some organisms were found resistant e.g. E. coli (1), S. sonnei, A. terreus and R. stolonifer. The highest antibacterial activity was recorded at 17.000±1.732 mm from 100 mg/mL of leaves methanolic extracts against S. pyogenes while the activity of most of the pathogens decreased after 24 h of incubation. The highest antifungal activity was reported at 11.833±1.0 mm against A. ornatus at 50 mg/mL after 48 h of the incubation period. These experimental findings endorse the use of S. alba in ethnopharmacological formulations and suggest the use of methanolic extracts of the said plant to develop drugs to control the proliferation of resistant disease causing pathogenic microbes.

ANALYSIS OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY USING POWDERED CUTTLEBONE Sepia pharaonis EHRENBERG, 1831 AGAINST SELECTED PATHOGENS

Sea food is regarded as a good source of animal protein since it had a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Cephalopods are considerably important a food resource as well as in scientific investigations. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antifungal activity of methanolic extract of powdered cuttlebone of Sepia pharaonis against five fungal strains such as, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Mucor, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigates using well diffusion method. The methanolic extract was active against Candida albicans, Mucor and Aspergillus fumigates at higher concentarion level and dormant against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. These results revealed that the methanolic extract of powdered cuttle bone possess relatively good antifungal activity.

Anti-Sporotrichotic Activity, Lambert-W Inhibition Kinetics and 3D Structural Characterization of Sporothrix schenckii Catalase as Target of Glucosinolates from Moringa oleifera

Most human fungal infections exhibit significant defensive oxidative stress responses, which contribute to their pathogenicity. An important component of these reactions is the activation of catalase for detoxification. To discover new antifungal chemicals, the antifungal activity of methanol extracts of Moringa oleifera from two commercial products (Akuanandi and Mas Lait) was investigated. The methanolic extracts’ activity against Sporothrix schenckii was determined using an assay for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC). The MIC concentrations varied between 0.5 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL. Akuanandi extract had the lowest MIC (0.5 μg/mL) and MLC (1 μg/mL) values. M. oleifera methanolic extracts were tested for catalase inhibition. The Ki values of the M. oleifera extract against S. schenckii catalase (SsCAT) was found to be 0.7 μg/mL for MOE-AK and 0.08 μg/mL for MOE-ML. Catalase’s 3D structure in SsCAT is unknown. The homology of SsCAT was modeled with an in silico study using a 3D structure from SWISS MODEL and validation the predicted 3D structure was carried out using PROCHECK and MolProbity. Docking simulations were used to analyze protein interactions using Pymol, PoseView, and PLIP. The results revealed that M. oleifera glucosinolates interacts with SsCAT. A molecular interaction analysis revealed two inhibitor compounds (glucosinalbin and glucomoringin) with high binding affinity to key allosteric-site residues. The binding energies revealed that glucosinalbin and glucomoringin bind with high affinity to SsCAT (docking energy values: −9.8 and −9.0 kcal/mol, respectively). The findings of this study suggest that glucosinolates derived from M. oleifera could be used instead of synthetic fungicides to control S. schenckii infections. We hope that the findings of this work will be valuable for developing and testing novel natural anti-sporothrix therapeutic agents in the future.

Evaluation of the antioxidant properties and antifungal activity of methanolic extract obtained from Nassauvia dentata Griseb. (Asteraceae)

Evaluation of the antioxidant properties and antifungal activity of methanolic extract obtained from Nassauvia dentata Griseb. (Asteraceae)

Amla possesses antifungal potential against and

The present study was carried out to evaluate antifungal activity of methanolic extract from Emblica officinalis leaves against three phytopathogens viz., Alternaria alternate, Bipolaris specifera and Curvuleria lunata. Inhibitory potential of methanolic extract was analyzed by poisoned food technique in which different concentrations of test material were prepared in sterilized potato dextrose agar. Results of the present study revealed that Embilica officinalis has potential activity against the three test pathogens with IC value of 0.91±0.01 mg/mL, 1±0.015 mg/mL and 1.1±0.0152 mg/mL against Bipolaris specifera, Alternaria alternata and Curvuleria lunata respectively. Amla has some potential antifungal activity for the prevention and treatment of fungal infections.

Comparison of Phytochemical Content and Antifungal Activity of Bajakah Tampala Stem (Spatholobus Littoralis Hassk.) Methanol and Ethanol Extracts Against Candida Albicans

Introduction: Candida albicans causes the second most frequent vaginal infection, vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Bajakah Tampala is a natural plant of Kalimantan that has the potential to be used as a traditional remedy for various diseases. This study aims to determine the phytochemical content and antifungal potential of methanol and ethanol Bajakah Tampala stem extract against the growth of Candida albicans. Methods: Flavonoids, tannin, phenol, and saponin were identified through qualitative analysis of the phytochemical content. Different concentration of Bajakah Tampala methanol and ethanol extract (1.56%, 3.175%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%) was tested for antifungal potency using dilution method. The extract that could inhibit the growth of Candida albicans colonies was continued with the concentration density (35%, 37.5%, 40%, 42.5%, 45%, 47.5%, and 50%) in order to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Killing Concentration (MKC) by counting the number of colonies. Results: The methanol extract of Bajakah Tampala contains flavonoids, tannins, phenol, and saponin. In contrast, no flavonoids were detected in the ethanol extract. Candida albicans colonies were not inhibited by concentrations of 1.56%, 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, and 25% in ethanol and methanol extracts, respectively. At concentrations of 50% and 100%, methanol extract inhibits colony growth, but ethanol extract is still growing. The antifungal activity of methanol extract showed a MIC of 35% and a MKC of 47.5%, as measured by its concentration density. Conclusion: Flavonoids are present in the Bajakah Tampala methanol extract, which inhibits and kills the growth of Candida albicans but not ethanol.

Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Herbs Used in Treatment of Diabetes, Malaria and Pneumonia in Kisii and Nyamira Counties Region, Kenya

The herbs Carissa spinarum, Physalis minima and Toddalia asiatica have traditionally been used in healing diabetes, malaria and pneumonia by the communities around the Kisii region, Kenya. However in the available literature, there is scanty information on effectiveness of different plant parts of the herbs in healing the ailments. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential antimicrobial and antifungal activity of methanolic extract of whole plant Physalis minima, leaf and root of Carissa spinarum and Toddalia asiatica against gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and fungus Candida albicans (ATCC14053). Antibiotic disc methicillin, cotrimoxazole, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, ampicillin, nalidixic and nitrofurantoin were used in the study. In each herb, plant part was extracted by soaking in methanol/dichloromethane in ratio 1:1 for a week, filtered, concentrated by rotary vapor and cooled. The same process was repeated three times for all samples. The study was conducted by agar well diffusion method. Methanolic root extract of Toddalia asiatica showed highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), root extract of Carissa spinarum had highest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) while root extract of Toddalia asiatica showed highest antifungal activity. It was concluded that root extract of Toddalia asiatica showed highest antibacterial activity 16.7mm against Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 25923), root extract of Carissa spinarum had highest antibacterial activity 10 mm against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) while root extract of Toddalia asiatica had highest antifungal activity 18 mm against Candida albicans.

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Salix alba L. against various disease causing pathogens

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Salix alba L. against various disease causing pathogens

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro screening of antifungal activity of Jatropha multifida, Euphorbia hirta, Occimum gratissimum and Mitracarpus scaber leaves extract

The research study was to understudy the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical compounds and antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Jatropha multifida, Euphorbia hirta, Occimum gratissimum and Mitracarpus scaber leaves against 12 species of fungi. The 8 phytochemical compounds tested were saponin, phenol, tannin, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoid, alkaloid and glycoside. The antifungi sensitivity test was analysed by Kirby-bauer disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was analysed by broth tube dilution method followed by subculturing the relative samples. The plant extracts were prepared in the concentration range of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50,100 and 200 mg/ml. The antifungal sensitivity test showed that Jatropha multifida (200mg/ml) was weakly effective against Fusarium solani and resistant against others. Occimum gratissimum, Euphorbia hirta and Mitracarpus scaber at (200mg/ml) respectively was highly effective on most of the fungi species tested with zone of inhibition of 10-20mm. Jatropha multifida had MIC and MFC (>200mg/ml), Occimum gratissimum had MIC and MFC (100 and >100mg/ml), Euphorbia hirta (25-200 and 50 - >200mg/ml) and Mitracarpus scaber had (25 - 100 and 50-200mg/ml) on most test isolates respectively. Investigations showed, Mitracarpus scaber were highly effective, followed by Euphorbia hirta, Occimum gratissimum and Jatropha multifida on the test organisms and could be attributed to the presence of phytochemical compounds and as such can be harnessed and used as a source of alternative medicine especially in the tropics like the South-eastern Nigeria.

Antifungal activities of methanol extracts of some medicinal plants against germination and growth of Colletotrichum destructivum O’Gara in culture

Abstract. Authors. 2021. Antifungal activities of methanol extracts of some medicinal plants against germination and growth of Colletotrichum destructivum O’Gara in culture. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 19: 25-29. Cowpea is an important grain and leafy vegetable in many tropical locations. Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum destructivum O’Gara is one of the several factors constraining the economic production of the crop in warm humid areas. Use of resistant varieties and synthetic pesticides for control of the disease in the crop are disadvantaged for variability of the pathogen, leading to resistance failure of cultivars in many cowpea growing areas; and pesticide residues in the treated crops which ultimately engender mammalian toxicity respectively. This study evaluated the effects of Alchornea cordifolia, Tabernaemontana pachysiphon and Lantana camara as eco-friendly fungicides against the pathogen in culture. The results showed that the extracts inhibited the fungus in a dose-wise manner. At 75 and100 % concentrations, L. camara strongly inhibited the spore germination and radial growth of the fungus better than all concentrations of T. pachysiphon and A. cordifolia; whereas A. cordifolia extracts exhibited the lowest inhibition at all concentrations. Generally, the fungitoxicity of benomyl was found higher which inhibited 90.15 % spore germination and 96.32 % radial growth of the pathogen. However, at 75%, 100% L. camara and 100% T. pachysiphon which significantly (P?0.05) inhibited (80.02%, 84.21 % and 80.91%) spore germination and (87.33%, 90.87 % and 85. %) radial growth of the fungus respectively compared well with inhibition effects recorded from benomyl. Therefore these plants can be used as viable protectants of cowpea against anthracnose (C. destructivum) in small holder farming systems of the humid tropics; to enhance its production and farm economy.

Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoids, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Inula viscosaExtracts from Turkey

This study was conducted to investigate antioxidant, total phenolic, and total flavonoid of ethyl acetate, methanol and hexane extracts of Inula viscosa and the antifungal activity of methanol extract. In the antioxidant study, Free Radical Scavenging Activity (DPPH), ABTS (2,2-azinobis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Activity (FRAP), Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity Activity (CUPRAC), Total phenolic and Flavonoid analyses of each extract were performed. The antioxidant results were calculated at rates ranging between lC50 10.53-157.07 (gg/mL) for DPPH, lC50 4.7020.38 (gg/mL) for ABTS, 0.59-4.28 (gmol TE/mg extracts) for FRAP, and 0.23-7.40 (gmol TE/mg extracts) for CUPRAC. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined to be between 11.38-136.18 (mg GAE/g extract) and 14.38-28.83 (mg QE/g Extract). The antifungal activity of the methanol extract of Inula viscosa against Rhizoctonia solani (R.S), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S.S), Fusarium oxysporum f sp. melonis (FOM), and Fusarium. oxysporum f sp. cucumerinum (FOC). Agar diffusion method was used in the activity studies. The activity levels of the 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm doses of the extract against pathogens were determined. Also, it inhibited the FOC, FOM, SS and RS mycelial growths at the rates of 68.23%, 72.04%, 83.51% and 100% at a high dose, 400 ppm. It is considered that the results obtained in this study are important as they guide the development of new natural antifungal substances.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Screening of Seriphidium Oliverianum Plant Extracts.

The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemicals using reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial activities of Seriphidium oliverianum stem extracts. The extraction was carried out by conventional shaking process (CSP) and ultrasonic assisted process (UAP). The highest total phenolic contents (97.85 ± 0.735 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g sample) and flavonoid contents (188.15 ± 0.53 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g sample) were found in methanol extract obtained by CSP. Antioxidant activity was investigated using DPPH° scavenging assay and reducing power assay. Methanol extract using UAP showed the highest DPPH° scavenging activity (79.95% ± 1.80%) followed by methanol and butanol extracts obtained through CSP. Moreover, methanol extracts using CSP showed highest reducing activity (1.032 ± 0.0205 absorbance). In-vitro antimicrobial activity was studied using most common infection causing fungal and bacterial strains. Anti-fungal activity of methanol extract using CSP showed the highest zone of inhibition (10.5 mm) against F. avenaceum fungal strain, while aqueous extracts obtained through showed the highest antibacterial activity (22 ± 1.32 mm zone of inhibition) against S. aureus. The results showed that the methanol stem extract of S. oliverianum is a valued candidate for further screening and could be processed for in-vivo infection induced animal trials.

Protection by some plant methanol extracts of cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme) from fungic infection by Alternaria alternata

Cherry tomato is very susceptible to fungal infections that can cause considerable damage in crops and during storage. Alternaria infection is one of the most common and dangerous alterations for this fruit. They are caused by Alternaria alternata or some other species belonging to the same genus. In this work, we tested the antifungal activity of methanol extracts from five plants harvested in the region of Jijel (Algeria) on A. alternata. The activity was first tested in vitro and then on greenhouse cherry tomato plants: extracts were applied to healthy plants before infection in order to test their preventive action, and after infection to determine whether they are able to knock out Alternaria. Results showed that Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia extracts were the most active in vitro on A. alternata. Microscopic observations of the mold indicated that these extracts inhibited the dictyospores production. The antifungal activity tested on the plants grown in greenhouse revealed that R. officinalis extract still was the most active. Extracts of L. angustifolia and Punica granatum did not protect the plants from Alternaria infection, but provided a total cure at the end of the treatment. Extracts from Quercus suber and Eucalyptus globulus were the least active. They did not bestow any protection nor complete healing of the plants. Dictyospores counting on fruits at the end of the treatment confirmed the results obtained for the greenhouse crops.

Antifungal Activity of Methanolic Extract of the Brown Seaweed Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh, from Tomini Bay against Candida albicans

The brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata has been reported to possess diverse biological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of Turbinaria ornata seaweed collected from Tomini Bay against Candida albicans and determine the compounds that might contribute to the antifungal activity. Turbinaria ornata seaweed extract was obtained by maceration using methanol 96% for 3 × 24 h. The filtrate obtained was then evaporated by rotary evaporator to obtain a viscous extract. Antifungal activity was tested using the agar diffusion method. Antifungal compounds were determined by bioautographic-TLC and identified using TLC reagent spray. The results showed that the methanolic extract of Turbinaria ornata possessed an inhibition zone with a diameter of 22.28 mm ± 0.63. Bioautographic-TLC test with eluent of n-hexane:ethyl acetate (7:3) found that a terpenoid (Rf value 0.71) appeared to contribute to the antifungal activity

Extracts of Aloe vera and Allium sativum: potent inhibitors of pathogenic fungi

Agar diffusion method was employed, in the evaluation of the potential antifungal activity of methanol extracts of Aloe vera and Allium sativum, against pathogenic Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Phytochemical evaluations showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoid in Aloe vera, while saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids were found in Allium sativum. Plant extract concentration used in this study ranged from 5 to 100 mg/ml. A. vera showed the greatest antifungal effect against C. albicans and A. niger at 100 mg/ml with a zone of inhibition of 23 mm and 26 mm respectively. A. sativum exhibited a greater antifungal potential at extract concentration of 100 mg/ml with 42 mm and 37 mm zone of inhibition against A. niger and C. albicans. The phytochemical contents of these plants were implicated for the antifungal potentials.

Detoxification assessment of Aflatoxin in Aspergillus flavus under the effect of Calendula officinalis Linn’s methanolic extract

Calendula officinalis Linn (pot marigold) possess potential pharmacological activities which might be considered as an excellent cause, in scheming the aflatoxin biosynthesis in the aflatoxigenic fungi. The aim of the present study was to assess the antifungal activity of methanol extracts of the plant petals against biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Aspergillus flavus. The antifungal potential of methanolic extract of C. officinalis was evaluated against the toxigenic fungus on Czapek Dox Agar (CDA) and Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) Media, using disc diffusion assay. The use of C. officinalis extract on the A. flavus culture showed the significant inhibition of AFB1up to 59.50% along with the reduction of mycelial growth to about 24.82%. Although, the treatment of the AFB1 with the extract for 5 hours at 80ºC which led to 78.48%. The work well established the inhibitory role of C. officinalis extract in order to reduce the AFB1 threat.

Antifungal activity of methanol extract of Pluchea Lanceolata against some fungi

Antifungal activity of methanol extract of Pluchea Lanceolata against some fungi

Decay resistance of scotch pine wood impregnated with Agaricus campestris bio-protective extract

In this study, it was investigated the possibilities of the use of fungal extract as wood protection solution against wood-degrading fungi. For that purpose, the decay resistance of Scotch pine wood samples, impregnated with Agaricus campestris fungal extract, was observed against the brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana. Impregnation procedure was applied at four different concentration levels and with two different extraction methods (hot water and methanol). The concentration levels were arranged as 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% for hot water and as 1.25%, 3.75%, 6.25%, 8.75% for methanol. The wood protective efficacy of extract solutions was determined by means of fungi decay test. The mass losses of the samples treated with both fungal extracts ranged from 3.53 to 20.91. The lowest mass losses in hot water (4.57%) and methanol extractions (3.53%) were seen in the samples treated at the highest concentration levels (7% and 8.75%). The wood samples impregnated at 7% and 8.75% concentration levels met the requirements of durability class 1 and were classified as very durable. Antifungal activity of methanol extract was stronger than that of the hot water extract. The variations which concentration levels were less than 7% did not have adequate protection to meet the requirements of the European norms.