Anthropometric Techniques Research Articles

YY Paradox: Findings from a Community Based Study in North India

Background: Body Mass Index (BMI) has been widely accepted as an indicator for assessment of obesity. 3D scan of body composition parameters of Yajnik and Yudnik, the two authors who had similar BMI but different body fat percentage was labeled as ‘YY paradox’.
 Objective: to explore the nature and usage of YY paradox in women.
 Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 301 women in the age group 25-64 years in rural area in Barabanki district. Body composition was studied using bioelectric-impedance fat monitor and anthropometric techniques. YY phenomenon were identified and studied in 1) same BMI but different body fat (Classic YY), 2) same BVI but different BMI (yy BVI~BMI), and 3) same Lean Body mass/body fat but different body volume (yy LBM/BF~ BV).
 Results: The mean age of women (n=301) was 41.69 ± 11.86. Odds Ratio (OR) for high visceral fat in all the studied indices among subjects showing yy-phenomenon and those not showing yy-phenomenon revealed highest OR of 5.25 (CI 2.86-9.61) for yy LBM/BF ~ BV index.
 Conclusion: A high percentage of three paradoxes was found in this population and also demonstrated that these are not normally distributed. It is also felt that a deeper look in this aspect could be used for deriving predictive models for anthropometric markers linked to various diseases.

An anthropometric study to evaluate the correlation of vertical dimension at rest and length of thumb: A multi-national, multi-centre pilot study.

Aim:A variety of anthropometric techniques have been proposed to determine the correct vertical dimension of occlusion. However, none have reported correlating thumb length (TL) with vertical dimension at rest (VDR). This study aimed to correlate the VDR to measurements of the thumb in a multi-national, multi-centric trial in participants with and without orthodontic treatment and establish a regression equation for each region.Settings and Design:A cross-sectional multi-national, multi-centric correlation trial.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in India and Malaysia with a total of 688 participants. Measurements of thumb and VDR were obtained using a modified Willi's gauge using a standard operating procedure.Statistical Analysis Used:Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the correlation between TL and VDR. A multiple linear regression was done to correlate VDR from gender, orthodontic treatment, and length of thumb.Results:Correlation coefficient between TL and VDR in patients with orthodontic treatment was 0.829 and 0.774 in patients without orthodontic treatment. The correlation between TL and VDR in patients with orthodontic treatment in North India was 0.484, P = 0.010 and Malaysia was 0.946, P < 0.001. There were significant correlations between TL and VDR in patients without orthodontic treatment in all regions (P < 0.001). Regression equations were obtained for different ethnic groups for calculating the VDR.Conclusion:There was an overall positive correlation between TL and VDR in patients with and without orthodontic treatment. The regression equations presented in this article could help clinicians in their clinical practice and researchers to conduct future trials.

Anthropometric Study of Human Hip Bones of Southern Brazilians by Rabbi Method

Forensic anthropology is a branch of forensic sciences that deals with research and aims to determine the identity of an individual by means of the origin of remains, general patterns of identification and individualizing characteristics. Currently, as Brazil has a significant percentage of homicides, serious accidents and natural disasters, it is necessary to use more precise anthropometric techniques to search for victim identification. Therefore, this study proposes to measure human hip bones using bone anthropometry technique, more specifically pelvimetry in order to determine standard measures for this bone for people of the south region of Minas Gerais. The measures obtained were as follows: VDA data was 49.74 ± 3.49 for right hip bone (RHB) and 51.06 for left hip bone (LHB). GSND data was 33.18 ± 3.08 for RHB and 32.96 ± 3.35 for LHB. Regarding CGSN measure, the values were 81.23 ± 6.74 for RHB and 82.87 ± 6.77 for LHB. DASIS results were 114.1 ± 6.62 for RHB and 112.4 ± 5.90 for LHB. OFD measures were 45.95 ± 4.21 for RHB and 47 ± 3.98 for LHB while OFL data were 31.34 ± 3.56 for RHB 30.42 ± 2.82 for LHB. the results above, one could conclude that there were significant differences in the measure of the hip bone when compared with data published for other ethnic groups. It is suggested that such differences may be related to the multiple genetic miscegenation that occurred in this region of Brazil during 500 years or more after colonization.

REDESIGN N METAL CASTING TOOLS USING ANTHROPOMETRY AND QFD

The case in the metal casting process is when the metal is melted and then poured into a liquid metal reservoir and then poured into a pouring tool and then poured into a mold. In the process of pouring into the mold is still using manual equipment, namely by using wood which ends have a container such as a bucket ( bucket)) made of a mixture of white cement, brick fire sand and clay and the metal liquid pouring tool has a length of 1.5 cm, a weight of 5 kg with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of a container for liquid metal 20 cm does not include the load. If the pouring device filling with liquid metal, then the weight reaches ± 20 kg, with a weight of ± 20 kg the worker must pour the liquid continuously into the mold and at least each worker must go back and forth 6 times pouring metal liquid into a mold in a single combustion process.&#x0D; Based on the nordic body map questionnaire data as many as 8 workers felt pain in the shoulder and arm because the burden was born, resulting in workers often feel pain in the muscles of the arms and back. Because the wooden handle used to pour metal liquid is too slippery (exposed to sweat), so there is a need for improvement in activities.&#x0D; From the results of the above observations, it is necessary to design ideas for new work facilities. It expects to affect the improvements related to the position of the hand in the process of pouring liquid into the mold. Then the design idea needs to be done in the form of a casting tool that has been modified and can be used according to user needs and can be said to be ergonomic, safe, and comfortable. The method used in designing castings is quality function deployment and anthropometric techniques.

Relationship between Maternal and Children Body Mass Index in four Educational Systems in Hidalgo, Mexico

Introduction: While the prevalence of overweight and obesity is pervasive in adults and children in Mexico, differences and relationships among children and their mothers from different ethnic groups, educational systems, and environmental settings in Mexico is understudied. Objective: The present study tested the relationship between Maternal Body Mass Index (MBMI) and Children’s Z-score Body Mass Index for Age (ZBFA) from indigenous, private, public and CONAFE (community schools in marginalized rural areas) schools representing four distinct educational systems in Hidalgo, Mexico.Material and methods: A survey-type study was carried out in a random sample of school children and their mothers. The weight and height of the children and their mothers was evaluated with standardize anthropometric techniques. Mothers’ and children’s scores were evaluated following the recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO).Results: Prevalence of overweight was very high in mothers (55.8%), without significant differences in MBMI across the four different educational systems. Children from private schools showed higher Body Mass Index, being the girls with the highest scores. Our initial model only included MBMI and Children’s ZBFA, this relationship provided us with a model that explained only 7% of the variance. However, when school type was added as covariate in models for boys and girls, the explained variance increased (17% and 33% respectively).Conclusions: It was found evidence of a low relationship between Maternal Body Mass Index and Child Body Mass Index. This relationship was stronger when the type of school was added as a covariate. The evidence revealed differences between the environment of rural and urban schools, between mestizo populations and indigenous groups.

Cranial Trepanation: An Ancient Neurosurgical Therapy? Thoughts of a Follower of Positivist Medicine and Anthropology.

The authors' aim is to define a framework around the history of studies and analyses on cranial trepanation. In addition, based on the analytical approach of Abele de Blasio, the authors would like to reach an understanding of the various different interpretations of the origin and aetiology of the art of cranial trepanation, starting in the prehistoric era. In this brief study, historical discussions are intertwined with ethnoiatric and anthropometric techniques of the author, leading the reader into a fascinating discussion on the practice of trepanation in ancient populations.

Estimation of stature from arm span using regression equation in Dehradun region

Background: Stature can be easily estimated using various anthropometric parameters like arm span, facial dimensions, foot length and breadth, vertebral column length etc. Among these, arm span has been proven to be one of the most reliable predictors. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Shridev Suman Subharti Medical College, Dehradun among a total of 100 healthy subjects (17-25 years), comprising 50 males and 50 females. Those with history of any fracture involving long bones or presence of any spinal deformity were excluded from the study. Stature and arm span was measured directly using anthropometric technique and measuring tape. The correlation between stature and arm span was determined and regression equations were calculated for stature estimation. Observations and Result: There was a strong positive correlation between mean height and arm span in total subjects as well as in both sexes which showed statistical significance. (r=0.826 for male, r=0.750 for female; p Conclusion: Stature has a very high, positive correlation with arm span; regression equation can be easily calculated using these variables which can be used as a potential parameter in identification. Keywords: Stature, Arm span, Identification.

Estimation of stature (height) of Ibibio ethnic group of Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria using measurement of hand length

This present study was to determine stature and hand length and to ascertain (if any) the correlation between stature and hand length among adults of the Ibibio ethnic group of Nigeria. Adults of the Ibibio ethnic group participated in this anthropometric study. A total of 350 people (209 males and 141 females) between the ages of 18 and above were studied. These participants were randomly selected from the fourteen local government areas of Akwa Ibom state which constitute the Ibibio ethnic group. Verbal consent was obtained from each individual before Stature and hand lengths were measured using standard anthropometric techniques. Pearson’s coefficient of correlation and scatter plot graphs were calculated and obtained using Minitab statistical package for stature and hand length. The mean and standard deviation for stature in this study was 167.69±6.82 and 159.69±5.26 for male and female respectively. Mean and standard deviation for hand length was 21.05±1.24 and 21.24±1.26 for male right and left hands respectively; and 19.84±1.11 and 20.05±1.03 for female right and left hands respectively. Hand length showed a moderately strong significant linear correlation(r) with stature. (r=0.538 and r=0.503 (p

Comparison of body mass index among schoolgirls in Catamarca as per anthropometric, self-report and figure rating scale techniques.

To compare mean weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) values as per different measurement techniques and analyze the influence of socioeconomic level and school type. Cross-sectional, descriptive study in a sample of 856 schoolgirls aged 15-18 years attending secondary school in the city of Catamarca. Assessment included weight and height measurement, self-reported weight and height, and Stunkard's Figure Rating Scale. Socioeconomic level was assessed based on the Family Affluence Scale. Student's t tests were used for both independent and paired samples to analyze BMI measurement techniques and school type classification, and a one-way analysis of variance was used for the socioeconomic level. Pearson's correlation and linear regressions were established. Height was overestimated (p < 0.001) when self-reported compared to the anthropometric measurement. In relation to actual BMI, the self-report and body figure perception techniques showed significant differences (p < 0.001). No differences were established in terms of weight and BMI by schoolgirls' socioeconomic level. Girls who attended private schools were taller (p = 0.004); such difference was also observed in self-reported height (p < 0.001). Excess weight was observed in 29.2% of schoolgirls. BMI estimations varied depending on the technique, and actual BMI was underestimated.

MORPHOGENETIC MARKERS OF FAST TRAINABILITY IN WRESTLING

Aim. The article deals with identifying the informative morphological criteria of selection in judo at the stage of athletic performance improvement. Materials and methods. We measured 42 athletes engaged in judo (body weight 66–73 kg, 18–25 years old, Candidate of Master of Sport or Master of Sport) by using complex anthropometric and somatometric techniques. For quickly trained athletes it took not more than 6 years for achieving the rank of Candidate of Master of Sport and not more than 8 years for achieving the rank of Master of Sport. Slowly trained athletes obtained the same rank of Candidate of Master of Sport for 7–9 years and that of Master of Sport for 9–11 years. Results. In both quickly and slowly trained athletes we revealed significant differences in partial, circumference, and transverse body size, body composition, and somatotype. We found out that the morphogenetic markers of fast trainability in judo include the following parameters: high values of humerus lengths (34.4 ± 0.23 cm) and thorax circumference (98.2 ± 1.68 cm), low content of adipose tissue (8.1 ± 0.3 %), and a high value of mesomorphy (5.8 ± 0.25 points). Conclusion. The results obtained allowed us to most effectively carry out the selection at the stage of athletic performance improvement and to predict the success of competitive activities in judo.

The importance of anthropological methods in the diagnosis of rare diseases.

Most of inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) and rare endocrine-metabolic diseases (REMD) are rare diseases. According to the European Commission on Public Health, a rare disease is defined, based on its prevalence, as one affecting one in 2000 people. Many IEMs affect body stature, cause craniofacial abnormalities, and disturb the developmental process. Therefore, body proportion, dysmorphic characteristics, and morphological parameters must be assessed and closely monitored. This can be achieved only with the help of an anthropologist who has adequate tools. This is why the role of an anthropologist in collaboration with the physician in the diagnostic process is not to be underestimated. Clinical anthropologists contribute to assessing physical development and improve our understanding of the natural history of rare metabolic diseases. This paper presents anthropometric techniques and methods, such as analysis of demographic data, anthropometric parameters at birth, percentile charts, growth patterns, bioimpedance, somatometric profiles, craniofacial profiles, body proportion indices, and mathematical models of growth curves used in certain rare diseases. Contemporary anthropological methods play an important role in the diagnostic process of rare genetic diseases.

Zika Virus Potentiates the Development of Neurological Defects and Microcephaly: Challenges and Control Strategies.

Since the beginning of the Zika Virus (ZIKV) epidemic, thousands of cases presenting ZIKV symptoms were recorded in Brazil, Colombia (South America), French Polynesia and other countries of Central and North America. In Brazil, during ZIKV outbreak thousands of microcephaly cases occurred that caused a state of urgency among scientists and researchers to confirm the suspected association between ZIKV infection and microcephaly. In this review article we comprehensively studied scientific literature to analyze ZIKV relationship with microcephaly, recent experimental studies, challenge and shortcomings in previously published reports to know about the current status of this association. The evidences supporting the association of ZIKV infection with congenital microcephaly and fetal brain tissue damage is rapidly increasing, and supplying recent information about pathology, clinical medicine, epidemiology, mechanism and experimental studies. However, serious attention is required toward ZIKV vaccine development, standardization of anthropometric techniques, centralization of data, and advance research to clearly understand the mechanism of ZIKV infection causing microcephaly.

Postnatal depression and infant growth in an urban area of Bangladesh

Postnatal depression (PND) has been a common depressive mental disorder among the mothers in a low-income country like Bangladesh where stunting, underweight and wasting are prevalent among infants. The present prospective cohort study was carried out among 297 non-depressed and 103 depressed mothers (ages 18–36 years) to find the association between post natal depression and growth of infants. Data were collected by face to face interview through semi-structured questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were taken with proper anthropometric techniques and calibrated instruments. Postnatal depression was assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and infants' physical growth was assessed by Z score of weight, length and Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC). The overall prevalence of post natal depression was found 22% [95% CI, 21.71–30.29]. Infants of depressed mothers were found iller in comparison with the infants of non-depressed mothers (p < 0.001) which could result in growth retardation of infants. According to the MUAC level, infants of depressed mothers were more at risk of malnutrition (p < 0.001). Early detection of postpartum depression, implementation of interventions, prevention or treatment of maternal depressive disorders and effective strategies will not only ameliorate the impact of PND among mothers but also facilitates infant growth.

Physical activity in women of reproductive age in a transitioning rural Polish population.

Health research often focuses on moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity while neglecting low-intensity habitual activities. Our aim was to understand habitual physical activity in women from a transitioning economy using a physical activity monitor. This study investigated physical activity in 68 healthy premenopausal women (age 18-46) in rural Poland using FitBit One activity trackers for 1 week. Standard anthropometric techniques were used to measure height, weight, and body fat. Daily physical activity data were analyzed for step counts as well as duration and intensity. This sample of rural Polish women traveled a mean of 8428 (SD = 2650) steps per day. Time spent lightly active, fairly active, and very active were measured as 337.1 (SD = 87.8), 19.6 (SD = 30.5), and 6.7 (SD = 8.6) minutes per day, respectively. Total time active and time spent lightly active were associated with daily steps (P < 0.001 for both), and time lightly active increased with age (P = 0.02). No other significant relationships were observed between physical activity measures and BMI, age, or body fat. In this sample, women spend a significant amount of time engaged in light-intensity physical activity and travel a relatively high number of steps per day. Our data suggest that in this population, total daily activity does not depend on age in women between 18 and 46. We suggest that measurement methods which include low-intensity activity may better characterize habitual physical activity in women who are expected to be performing large amounts of domestic labor.

Reference values of body adiposity measures and hand digit ratio (2D:4D) for dyslipidemia: A case study of the Hausa ethnic group in Kano, Nigeria

BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia is an important component of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and constitutes a leading cause of cardio-metabolic-related deaths globally. There are currently ongoing efforts to define upper reference values (URVs) of anthropometric parameters for the components of MetS in different ethnic groups. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to determine URV of digit ratio (2D:4D) and body adiposity measures for dyslipidemia in Hausas of Kano. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study involving 465 (266 males and 199 females) Hausas of Kano, with a mean age of 34.4 years and 32.0 years for males and females, respectively. Systematic random sampling technique was employed. Adiposity indices were measured using standard anthropometric techniques. Serum lipids were measured using standard laboratory analyses of overnight fasting serum sample. Data were described using a mean and SD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Younden Index were used to determine URV. RESULTS: In male and female participants, the waist-to-hip ratio had the largest area under the ROC curve (AUROCC) with the highest sensitivity and specificity for total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while neck circumference and body adiposity index had the lowest AUROC curve with lower sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION: Hand digit ratio (2D:4D) has a URV for dyslipidemia. The URV of adiposity indices for Hausa ethnic group of Kano for abnormal serum lipids is different from the popularly adopted URV for estimating the risk of MetS.

Influence of fitness improvement on performance level in international elite young road-race motorcyclists

Summary Objectives To describe physical fitness and performance profiles of elite young road-race motorcyclists and to evaluate the effects of four specific training stages on body composition and muscular fitness. Equipments and methods Twenty-seven elite young road-race motorcyclists aged 15.6 ± 1.1 years, were evaluated on two different occasions, at the beginning and the end of the championship (14 weeks later). Body composition was measured using anthropometric techniques. Muscular fitness was assessed using the following tests: countermovement (CMJ) jump height, lumbar isometric strength, and handgrip strength. Sixteen of the participants were randomly selected as experimental group to perform 4 complementary training stages of 4 days each, while the rest of participants were used as control group. Results Both groups improved significantly their physical fitness level, with average increments of about 3 cm in CMJ (P = 0.003) or 30 N in maximal handgrip strength (P

Is adductor pollicis skinfold an accurate tool when checking local muscle improvement in malnourished patients with anorexia nervosa?

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex disease that involves malnutrition and a profound depletion in muscle mass. The thickness of the adductor pollicis muscle (APM) has been proposed as a new anthropometric technique to estimate muscle mass, check early changes, and assess its evaluation. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and validity of the APM thickness in a cohort of malnourished patients with AN when checking local mass gain. The Doppler ultrasound maybe an affordable and useful method to discriminate all tissues around the APM area. A prospective cohort study was conducted of 31 malnourished patients with AN who were admitted to the Regional Eating Disorders Unit for treatment, including re-alimentation. Anthropometric measurements were taken, including arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, arm muscle circumference, body mass index, and APM thickness of both hands. Simultaneously, a Doppler ultrasound was performed in the same area, measuring and discriminating fat, skin, and muscle tissues around the APM. Nutritional improvement is accompanied by fat, but not muscle gain in the hand in the adductor pollicis area of patients with AN. A Doppler ultrasound can accurately discriminate between tissues around the APM. APM thickness reflects the addition of two different muscles plus fat and skin; therefore, this tool is not reliable to assess APM mass.

Anthropometry Versus Imaging for Prediction of Inflammation Among Hispanic Girls.

ObjectiveTo compare total and regional estimates of body composition, by direct and indirect techniques, for the optimal prediction of CRP among young (9–12 year old), Hispanic girls (N=232).MethodsStandard anthropometric techniques were used to measure height, weight, and waist circumference. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) assessed body composition. Fasting serum CRP was measured by the Beckman Coulter AU5812 Clinical Chemistry Analyzer. Associations between each total and regional body composition parameter and CRP were tested using linear regression (log-transformed, continuous CRP) and ordinal logistic regression (CRP < 1.0, ≥1.0–2.9, and ≥ 3.0 mg/L), controlling for maturation, dietary energy, physical activity, and medications.ResultsAll measures of total and regional body fat were positively associated with CRP (P<0.0001), except for intermuscular fat by pQCT. There were no clinically relevant differences in their association with CRP between anthropometric (BMI; waist circumference) and DXA-derived (total fat and regional fat: trunk, gynoid, android fat, leg) measures of fat.ConclusionsMeasurement of body habitus in Hispanic girls, by multiple commonly available means, predicts CRP equally well.

The correlation of somatotype of person with the development and course of various diseases: results of Russian research

Currently there is an increased interest in medical anthropology, the study of constitutional features of the human body and their correlation with the manifestations of various diseases. Modern anthropometric techniques are increasingly used in scientific researches in clinical practice. This review article is devoted to the issues of interrelation between the type of the human constitution and manifestations of various diseases.

Prediksi Tinggi Badan Ditentukan dari Panjang Rentang Lengan dan Panjang Telapak Kaki Pada Mongoloid Feminina Khususnya Etnis Jawa

Background: There are various circumstances where measurements are not actually possible, replacement parameters can be used to estimate body height. Many characteristics of body height measurement and how to measure it. These include anthropometric measurements that can be used for the identification of medicolegal-forensic processes. Body height in clinical medicine and in the field of scientific research can be easily estimated using various anthropometric parameters such as arm span, knee height, foot length and foot breadth, and others. The arm span and foot length has proved to be one of the most reliable predictors. This study was conducted to estimate of body height from arm span and foot length using the regression equation and to determine the correlation between the body height and arm span and foot length.Methods: This study was conducted at Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya with 182 Javanese female students. Stature, arm span and foot length measured directly using anthropometric technique and measuring tape. The data obtained were then analyzed with SPSS version 16. The regression equation was derived for the estimate of body height and the relationship between stature, arm span and foot length determined by the Pearson correlation. Results: We found that the mean body height of Javanese women was 1534,45 ± 47,623 mm, mean of arm span 1543,25 ± 60,468 mm and the mean of foot length 226,14 ± 9,586 mm. The correlation between stature and arm span was positive and significant (r = 0,715 , p &lt;0,05). The correlation between stature and foot length was positive and significant (r = 0,726 , p &lt;0,05). The correlation between stature and arm span and foot length was positive and significant (r = 0,798, p &lt;0,05). Conclusion: Body height correlates well with the arm span and foot length so that it can be used as a reliable marker for high estimates using regression equations.