Anthropometric Risk Factors Research Articles

Triglyceride Glucose Index Associated With Arterial Stiffness in Chinese Community-Dwelling Elderly.

Background: The population of older adults is growing rapidly with the increasing pace of aging worldwide. The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index has been a convenient and reliable surrogate marker of insulin resistance (IR). This study aimed to determine the association between the TyG index and arterial stiffness assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in Chinese older adults.Methods: A total of 2,035 participants aged 60 years or above were enrolled. Demographic, anthropometric, and cardiovascular risk factors were collected. TyG index was calculated using ln (fasting triglycerides [mg/dL] × fasting glucose [mg/dL]/2). Arterial stiffness was measured using baPWV.Results: The participants, with the mean [standard deviation (SD)] age of 71.32 (6.75) years, the female proportion of 39.65%, the mean (SD) baPWV of 1,998 (437) cm/s, and the mean (SD) TyG index of 8.86 (0.54), were divided into four groups according to TyG index quartiles. Age-adjusted baPWV presented an increasing trend according to TyG index quartiles. In the fully adjusted linear regression model, the baPWV increased 49 cm/s, with the 95% confidence interval (CI) from 24 to 75 cm/s, per-SD increase in the TyG index. In the fully-adjusted logistic regression model, the odds ratio (95% CI) of high baPWV (>75th percentile) was 1.32 (1.09, 1.60) for each SD increase in the TyG index. The generalized additive model analysis also confirmed the significant association of the TyG index with baPWV and high baPWV.Conclusion: The TyG index is significantly associated with arterial stiffness assessed by baPWV in Chinese older adults.

Musculoskeletal Injuries Among Females in the Military: A Scoping Review.

Musculoskeletal injuries (MSKi) are a common challenge for those in military careers. Compared to their male peers, reports indicate that female military members and recruits are at greater risk of suffering MSKi during training and deployment. The objectives of this study were to identify the types and causes of MSKi among female military personnel and to explore the various risk factors associated with MSKi. A scoping review was conducted over a 4-month time frame of English language, peer-reviewed studies published from 1946 to 2019. Search strategies for major biomedical databases (e.g., MEDLINE; Embase Classic + Embase; and the following EBM Reviews-Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Health Technology Assessment, and the NHS Economic Evaluation Database) were developed by a senior medical information specialist and included 2,891 titles/abstracts. Study selection and data collection were designed according to the Population, Concept, and Context framework. Studies were included if the study population provided stratified data for females in a military context. From a total of 2,287 citations captured from the literature searches, 168 peer-reviewed publications (144 unique studies) were eligible for inclusion. Studies were identified from across 10 countries and published between 1977 and 2019. Study designs were primarily prospective and retrospective cohorts. Most studies assessed both prevalence/incidence and risk factors for MSKi (62.50%), with few studies assessing cause (13.69%). For MSKi of female recruits compared to active female members, the prevalence was higher (19.7%-58.3% vs. 5.5%-56.6%), but the incidence (0.02%-57.7% vs. 13.5%-71.9%) was lower. The incidence of stress fractures was found to be much higher in female recruits than in active members (1.6%-23.9% vs. 2.7%). For anthropometric risk factors, increased body fat was a predictor of MSKi, but not stress fractures. For physiological risk factors for both female military groups, being less physically fit, later menarche, and having no/irregular menses were predictors of MSKi and stress fractures. For biomechanical risk factors, among female recruits, longer tibial length and femoral neck diameter increased the risk of stress fractures, and low foot arch increased risk of an ankle sprain. For female active military members, differences in shoulder rotation and bone strength were associated with risk of MSKi. For biological sex, being female compared to male was associated with an increased risk of MSKi, stress fractures, and general injuries. The consequences of experiencing MSKi for active military included limited duties, time off, and discharge. For recruits, these included missed training days, limited duty days, and release. This scoping review provides insight into the current state of the evidence regarding the types and causes of MSKi, as well as the factors that influence MSKi among females in the military. Future research endeavors should focus on randomized controlled trials examining training paradigms to see if women are more susceptible. The data presented in the scoping review could potentially be used to develop training strategies to mitigate some of the identified barriers that negatively impact women from pursuing careers in the military.

Effects of the Great Recession on Educational Disparities in Cardiometabolic Health.

Macroeconomic crises can exaggerate existing educational disparities in health. Few studies, however, have examined whether macroeconomic crises get under the skin to affect educational disparities in health-related biological processes. This study aimed to examine the effect of the economic recession of 2008 (i.e., Great Recession) on educational disparities in cardiometabolic risk and self-reported psychological distress. Data were drawn from two subsamples of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study: the second wave of the MIDUS sample (pre-recession cohort, N = 985) and the refresher sample (post-recession cohort, N = 863). Educational attainment was categorized into high school education or less, some college, and bachelor's degree or higher. Outcomes included metabolic syndrome, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6, as well as self-reported perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and financial distress. Results showed that having a bachelor's degree or higher (compared to having a high school education or less) was more strongly associated with decreased metabolic syndrome symptoms in the post-recession cohort than the pre-recession cohort, above and beyond demographic, health, and behavioral covariates. These findings did not extend to systemic inflammation or psychological distress. Our findings suggest that chronic macroeconomic stressors may widen the educational gap in physical health, particularly cardiometabolic health, by modifying biological and anthropometric risk factors implicated in metabolic syndrome.

Quantifying and Understanding the Higher Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Among South Asian Individuals: Results From the UK Biobank Prospective Cohort Study.

Individuals of South Asian ancestry represent 23% of the global population, corresponding to 1.8 billion people, and have substantially higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease compared with most other ethnicities. US practice guidelines now recognize South Asian ancestry as an important risk-enhancing factor. The magnitude of enhanced risk within the context of contemporary clinical care, the extent to which it is captured by existing risk estimators, and its potential mechanisms warrant additional study. Within the UK Biobank prospective cohort study, 8124 middle-aged participants of South Asian ancestry and 449 349 participants of European ancestry who were free of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease at the time of enrollment were examined. The relationship of ancestry to risk of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease-defined as myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, or ischemic stroke-was assessed with Cox proportional hazards regression, along with examination of a broad range of clinical, anthropometric, and lifestyle mediators. The mean age at study enrollment was 57 years, and 202 405 (44%) were male. Over a median follow-up of 11 years, 554 of 8124 (6.8%) individuals of South Asian ancestry experienced an atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease event compared with 19 756 of 449 349 (4.4%) individuals of European ancestry, corresponding to an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.03 (95% CI, 1.86-2.22; P<0.001). This higher relative risk was largely consistent across a range of age, sex, and clinical subgroups. Despite the >2-fold higher observed risk, the predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease according to the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Pooled Cohort equations and QRISK3 equations was nearly identical for individuals of South Asian and European ancestry. Adjustment for a broad range of clinical, anthropometric, and lifestyle risk factors led to only modest attenuation of the observed hazard ratio to 1.45 (95% CI, 1.28-1.65, P<0.001). Assessment of variance explained by 18 candidate risk factors suggested greater importance of hypertension, diabetes, and central adiposity in South Asian individuals. Within a large prospective study, South Asian individuals had substantially higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease compared with individuals of European ancestry, and this risk was not captured by the Pooled Cohort Equations.

Status of Intestinal Helminth Infection in Schools Implementing the Home-Grown School Feeding Program and the Impact of the Program on Pupils in Anambra State, Nigeria.

Intestinal helminthiasis among pupils is a major impediment to their well-being and development. This 2-year study determined how home-grown school feeding programme (HGSFP) impacted on pupils' school attendance and created opportunity for more children to assess interventions geared towards the prevention and possible elimination of intestinal helminthiasis. Faecal samples were collected from 1677 consented pupils and examined for helminths using Kato-Katz technique. Pupils were treated with 40mg Levamisole (anti-helminthic) and re-examined. Structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to determine anthropometric indices and risk factors. A 6% prevalence rate which was not significant with respect to sex or age was observed. Helminth parasites observed were Ascaris lumbricoides (4.4%), Trichuris trichiura (0.8%), Hookworm spp. (0.2%), and Taenia spp. (0.5%). Two pupils (1.98%) recorded high intensity of infection (epg) while 98.02% had light infection. Ascaris lumbricoides voided following treatment were 290. The Body Mass Index (BMI) indicated that infected pupils had lower values (14.6317) compared to uninfected pupils (19.2003). The HGSFP significantly improved school attendance by 30%. Lack of knowledge about transmission (P = 0.0004), hand hygiene (P = 0.01) and usage of toilet (P = 0.01) were risk factors observed. Intestinal helminthiasis remains a public health problem among pupils because environmental and behavioural risk factors persist. HGSFP improved school attendance and created opportunity for more inclusive participation of school-aged children for deworming. This has great potential in fast-tracking the elimination of intestinal helminthiasis. The present study consequently advocates the need to sustain HGSFP in schools.

Association of Triglyceride Glucose Index and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Female Health Colleges

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is projected to be responsible for millions of deaths worldwide annually, including Saudi Arabia. CVD risk factors are highly prevalent, particularly among women in Saudi Arabia. Early awareness and treatment of cardiovascular signs before a CVD event occurs are therefore critical. Increased triglycerides and fasting glucose levels are two important risks for CVD, and the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index has been proved to predict CVD in many studies. Aim of Study: This study aims to examine the association of TyG-index and risk of cardiovascular disease in female health colleges to identify individuals at risk of developing CVD events. Methods: A total of 128 females from female health colleges in Riyadh participated in this cross-sectional study. Glucose and lipid profile parameters along with anthropometric and central obesity parameters were measured. The TyG index and the association between the TyG index and anthropometric and lipid profile parameters using the Spearman correlation coefficient were calculated. ROC analysis was used to detect long-term cardiovascular risk among women by using the TyG index against standard Framingham and ASVCVD risk scores. Results: This study identified that TyG-index was associ-ated with BMI and waist circumference, which are well-established anthropometric risk factors for CVD progression, along with total-cholesterol. A significant positive but weak association between TyG index and Framingham risk scores and lifetime ASCVD score was found. However, the TyG index may not be independently used to identify the people at risk of developing CVD as observed by the low area under the curves (AUC) scores using standard Framingham risk scores and ASCVD risk scores as gold standards. Conclusion: In conclusion, the positive correlation between TyG index and anthropometric indices and total cholesterol, which are known cardiovascular risks, suggests that the TyG index might be a useful indicator for early identification of CVD in conjunction with other established instruments, such as Farmington and lifetime ASCVD risk scores.

Sedentary behavior moderates the relationship between physical activity and cardiometabolic risk in young Latino children.

This study investigated the role of objectively measured moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior on cardiometabolic risk factors of young Latino children. We hypothesized that MVPA would be associated with lower cardiometabolic risk when sedentary behavior is low. We studied 86 primarily low-income, Latino children using a cross-sectional study design. The study sample consisted of 51 girls and 35 boys, with mean age 5.6 (SD = .53) years. Physical activity was measured by accelerometry, anthropometric measures obtained, and fasting blood samples were used to measure cardiometabolic risk factors. Greater levels of sedentary behavior were associated with increased waist circumference (rs = .24, p < .05) and metabolic risks. MVPA, however, had significant beneficial associations with all cardiometabolic risk factors (rs-range = -.20 to -.45, p < .05) with the exception of plasma insulin. MVPA predicted latent variables representing anthropometric risk (β = -.57, p < .01), cardiac risk (β = -.74, p < .01), and metabolic risk (β = -.88, p < .01). Sedentary behavior significantly moderated the effect of MVPA on anthropometric (β-interaction = .49, p < .01), cardiac (β-interaction = .45, p < .01), and metabolic risk (β-interaction = .77, p < .01), such that more MVPA was associated with better health outcomes under conditions of lower sedentary behavior. The model explained 13%, 22%, and 45% variance in anthropometric, cardiac, and metabolic risk factors, respectively. Increased MVPA is associated with decreased cardiometabolic risk in young Latino children, particularly when sedentary behavior is low.

Effects of a single-centre lifestyle modification programme on anthropometric, metabolic, and cardiovascular risk factors in adults with severe obesity

Effects of a single-centre lifestyle modification programme on anthropometric, metabolic, and cardiovascular risk factors in adults with severe obesity

A nationwide population-based study in South Korea on a relationship between height and anosmia

The relationship between anosmia and anthropometric factor has not been investigated sufficiently yet. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate anthropometric risk factors of anosmia in an Asian population. Claims data of subjects over 20 years old who underwent a national health examination conducted by the Korean National Insurance Program between 2005 and 2008 were analyzed. They were followed up through the Korean National Insurance Service database. Individuals newly diagnosed with anosmia were identified after the initial health examination until the last follow-up date (December 31, 2016). The incidence of anosmia was high in females younger than 70 years old. The hazard ratio of anosmia was found to be higher in taller groups. The tallest quintile had higher risk than the shortest quintile (hazard ratio = 1.185, 95% confidence interval: 1.147–1.225) after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, regular physical activity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. This study showed that the incidence of anosmia had a positive association with height. However, careful interpretation is needed to generalize our result because of the limitation of the study population. Further studies are needed to clarify the genetic or environmental causes of anosmia.

Triglyceride Glucose Index Is Associated With Arterial Stiffness and 10-Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk in a Chinese Population.

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, the association of the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, a simple surrogate marker of IR, with arterial stiffness and 10-year CVD risk was evaluated.Methods: A total of 13,706 participants were enrolled. Anthropometric and cardiovascular risk factors were determined in all participants, while serum insulin levels were only measured in 955 participants. Arterial stiffness was measured through brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), and 10-year CVD risk was evaluated using the Framingham risk score.Results: All participants were classified into four groups according to the quartile of the TyG index. BaPWV and the percentage of participants in the 10-year CVD risk categories significantly increased with increasing quartiles of the TyG index. Logistic regression analysis showed that the TyG index was independently associated with a high baPWV and 10-year CVD risk after adjusting for traditional CVD risk factors. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) of the TyG index for predicting a high baPWV was 0.708 (95%CI 0.693–0.722, P < 0.001) in women, higher than that in men. However, the association of the homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) with a high baPWV and the 10-year CVD risk was absent when adjusting for multiple risk factors in 955 participants.Conclusions: The TyG index is independently associated with arterial stiffness and 10-year CVD risk.

Influence of Size and Maturity on Injury in Young Elite Soccer Players.

The involvement of pre-adolescents in soccer is becoming more and more frequent, and this growing participation generates some concerns about the potential factors for sports injuries. The purpose of this study was to investigate sports injuries in younger (U9–U11) and older (U12–U13) children playing soccer at an elite level, analyzing potential anthropometric and maturity risk factors. A total of 88 elite soccer players aged 9–13 years were investigated. Weight, stature, and sitting height were measured at the start and at the end of the competitive season, computing the relative growth velocities. Additional body composition parameters were taken during a second survey. Maturity offset was calculated using predictive equations based on anthropometric traits such as years from age at peak height velocity (YPHV). Injuries suffered during the competitive season were recorded. Maturity and some anthropometric characteristics were significantly different according to the presence or absence of injuries among the players. Multiple logistic regression revealed that YPHV, body mass index (BMI), and calf muscle area were the factors most significantly correlated with injuries. Players with increased BMI, with decreased calf muscle area, and who were closer to their peak height velocity, were at a higher risk of injury. Findings showed that a monitoring program of anthropometric characteristics taking into account the maturational stage needs to be developed to prevent injuries.

Racial/ethnic differences in anthropometric and hormone-related factors and endometrial cancer risk: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Anthropometric and hormone-related factors are established endometrial cancer risk factors; however, little is known about the impact of these factors on endometrial cancer risk in non-White women. Among 110,712 women participating in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) Study, 1150 incident invasive endometrial cancers were diagnosed. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations with endometrial cancer risk for race/ethnicity and for risk factors across racial/ethnic groups were calculated. Having a higher body mass index (BMI) at baseline or age 21 years was strongly associated with increased risk (pint race/ethnicity ≥ 0.36). Parity (vs nulliparity) was inversely associated with risk in all the groups except African Americans (pint 0.006). Current use of postmenopausal hormones at baseline (PMH-E; vs never use) was associated with increased risk in Whites and Japanese Americans (pint 0.002). Relative to Whites, endometrial cancer risk was lower in Japanese Americans and Latinas and non-significantly higher in Native Hawaiians. Risk in African Americans did not differ from that in Whites. Racial/ethnic differences in endometrial cancer risk were not fully explained by anthropometric or hormone-related risk factors. Further studies are needed to identify reasons for the observed racial/ethnic differences in endometrial cancer risk.

Go Red for Women Strategically Focused Research Network: Summary of Findings and Network Outcomes.

The Go Red for Women movement was initiated by the American Heart Association (AHA) in the early 2000s to raise awareness concerning cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in women. In 2016, the AHA funded 5 research centers across the United States to advance our knowledge of the risks and presentation of CVD that are specific to women. This report highlights the findings of the centers, showing how insufficient sleep, sedentariness, and pregnancy‐related complications may increase CVD risk in women, as well as presentation and factors associated with myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in women. These projects were augmented by collaborative ancillary studies assessing the relationships between various lifestyle behaviors, including nightly fasting duration, mindfulness, and behavioral and anthropometric risk factors and CVD risk, as well as metabolomic profiling of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in women. The Go Red for Women Strategically Focused Research Network enhanced the evidence base related to heart disease in women, promoting awareness of the female‐specific factors that influence CVD.

Cardiovascular diseases risk prediction in patients with diabetes: Posthoc analysis from a matched case-control study in Bangladesh.

This study aimed to investigate the estimated 10-year predicted risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among participants with and without diabetes in Bangladesh. We performed posthoc analysis from a matched case-control study conducted among 1262 participants. A total of 631 participants with diabetes (case) were recruited from a tertiary hospital, and 631 age, sex and residence matched participants (control) were recruited from the community in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Socioeconomic anthropometric, clinical and CVD risk factor data were collected from the participants. The 10-year estimated CVD risk was calculated using the Framingham Risk Score, which has reasonable validity in South Asians. The mean (SD) age of the participants were 51 (10) years. Total 52.3% of cases and 17.2% of controls were at high risk for CVD. The 10-year risk of CVD increased by age and was higher among males in both groups. Among the control group, high CVD risk was more prevalent among higher education and income groups. More than 85% of the tobacco smokers and 70% of chewing tobacco users in the case group were at high risk of CVD. Prevalence of high CVD risk among non-smokers cases was 8.6%. About 35% of hypertensive participants in the control group were at high risk of CVD. Bangladeshi patients with diabetes showed a significant burden of CVD risk at a relatively younger age. Strategies for reducing tobacco use and improving BP control in people with diabetes is needed for lowering future CVD risks.

Anthropometric risk factors for ovarian cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study

ObjectiveIdentifying potentially modifiable risk factors for ovarian cancer is essential for prevention because this cancer is predominantly detected at a late stage. Here, we estimated the relations of general adiposity and measures reflecting body fat distribution to the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.MethodsWe ascertained 683 ovarian epithelial cancers (343 high-grade serous, 141 non-high grade serous) among 145,575 women, aged 50–72 years (median follow-up 12.6 years), from the National Institutes of Health—American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study. Using Cox models, we estimated confounder-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations of overall ovarian cancer, high-grade serous and non-high-grade serous carcinoma with body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist–hip ratio, waist–height ratio, body adiposity index, body shape index, and abdominal volume index.ResultsAnthropometric measures were unrelated to overall ovarian cancer, high-grade serous cancer, and non-high-grade serous cancer. For example, the HR for overall ovarian cancer per standard deviation increment of body mass index at baseline was 0.98 (95% CI 0.88–1.10). Similar associations were observed with measurements of body fat distribution.ConclusionThese results do not indicate that adult adiposity is associated with ovarian cancer risk in post-menopausal women.

Anthropometric, socio-demographic and biochemical risk factors of hypertension in Lagos, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Background Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and all-cause death globally and in Africa. The prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria is 28.9%. In Nigeria, analytical studies to determine risk factors and potential biomarkers of hypertension are lacking. This study was conducted to determine lifestyle, anthropometric, socio-demographic, and biochemical risk factors associated with hypertension in Lagos, Nigeria. Method This case–control study was conducted among 410 participants, aged 18–65 years. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from cases and controls. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were taken. Blood samples were also collected for biochemical analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors associated with hypertension. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result In total, 205 hypertensive cases and 205 normotensive controls were recruited. The mean ± SD age of the participants was 39.25 ± 11.49 years. Overall, 180 (44%) of participants were female. Logistic regression analysis indicated that obesity (OR = 3.324, 95% CI = 1.693–6.527, P= 0.000), family history (OR = 2.861, 95% CI = 1.731–4.729, P= 0.000), hypercholesterolemia (OR = 2.940, 95% CI = 1.577–5.480, P= 0.001), insufficient fruits and vegetables intake (OR = 0.152, 95% CI = 0.085–0.273, P= 0.000), frequent intake of dietary salt (OR = 0.400, 95% CI = 0.198–0.810, P= 0.011), and smoking status (OR = 3.709, 95% CI = 1.061–12.964, P= 0.040) were significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion Population-based approaches to reduce exposure to hypertension risk factors are required for effective prevention and control of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases in Lagos, Nigeria.

Sex differences in vectorcardiogram of African-Americans with and without cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study in the Jackson Heart Study cohort

ObjectivesWe hypothesised that (1) the prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with global electrical heterogeneity (GEH) after adjustment for demographic, anthropometric, socioeconomic and traditional cardiovascular risk factors, (2) there are...

Bivariate Joint Spatial Modeling to Identify Shared Risk Patterns of Hypertension and Diabetes in South Africa: Evidence from WHO SAGE South Africa Wave 2.

Recent studies have suggested the common co-occurrence of hypertension and diabetes in South Africa. Given that hypertension and diabetes are known to share common socio-demographic, anthropometric and lifestyle risk factors, the aim of this study was to jointly model the shared and disease-specific geographical variation of hypertension and diabetes. The current analysis used the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) South Africa Wave 2 (2014/15) data collected from 2761 participants. Of the 2761 adults (median age = 56 years), 641 (23.2%) had high blood pressure on measurement and 338 (12.3%) reported being diagnosed with diabetes. The shared component has distinct spatial patterns with higher values of odds in the eastern districts of Kwa-Zulu Natal and central Gauteng province. The shared component may represent unmeasured health behavior characteristics or the social determinants of health in our population. Our study further showed how a shared component (latent and unmeasured health behavior characteristics or the social determinants of health) is distributed across South Africa among the older adult population. Further research using similar shared joint models may focus on extending these models for multiple diseases with ecological factors and also incorporating sampling weights in the spatial analyses.

Sociodemographic and anthropometric risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Nador population

Populations with Type 2 diabetes are exposed to many complications that are due to complex mechanisms combining hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, low-intensity inflammation and accelerated atherogenesis. Cardio-cerebrovascular complications affect the prognosis of diabetes. This study aims to identify sociodemographic and anthropometric risk factors for type 2 diabetes in the population of Nador located in the north of Morocco. This epidemiological study took place in a private medical analysis laboratory in the city of NADOR for a period of one year extending from 01/10/2018 to 01/10/2019. It focused on 830 male and female subjects over the age of 18, all residing in the city of NADOR. The subjects’ blood sugar levels were above 1.26 g / L, with the help of the laboratory reception and collection team of three secretaries and two nurses; we explained the purpose of the study to the population studied. Volunteers signed the consent form and then were interviewed using questionnaires; anthropometric measurements were taken in the sample collection room. Their confidentiality and privacy were respected. This study allowed us to shed light on certain socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics as well as the problems from which the diabetic population suffers. The study found that female sex and old age are socio-demographic risk factors; it also found that waist circumference and BMI (body mass index) are anthropometric risk factors for T2D.

A study on frequency of proteinuria and its determinants among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients presenting at tertiary care hospital of North India

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the disease which has reached epidemic proportion worldwide. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is an important and irreversible microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus which is characterized by persistent proteinuria, hypertension and progressive irreversible decline in renalfunction. The present study was carried out to stratify proportion of diabetic nephropathy as reflected by proteinuria, according to duration of diabetes mellitus as well as to identify the possible demographic, anthropometric and hemodynamic risk factors for the development of proteinuria. This crosssectional study was conducted on 74 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Age, sex, height, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and body mass index was recorded. 4ml of fasting venous blood was collected under aseptic precaution. Proteinuria was assessed semi quantitatively using dipsticks. All data is presented as Mean±SD. Unpaired student t-test was used to compare mean values of continuous variable. Total 37 out of 74 participants showed FPG 126 or more mg/dl out of which 22/37(59.5%) showed no proteinuria but 15/37(40.5%) showed proteinuria. Total 14(18.9%) participants out of 74 were obese out of which 57.1% (8/14) did not have proteinuria while 42.9% (6/14) hadproteinuria. There was clear association seen in frequency of proteinuria with the duration of diabetes. 45% of patients who had diabetes for more than 10 years developed proteinuria as compared to 35.7% and 10% patients who had proteinuria for 5-10 years and less than 5 years respectively. Frequency of proteinuria in type 2 DM patients was 24.32%. Predictors were BMI, FBG and duration of diabetes mellitus. Early measurements should be taken to control obesity, blood pressure and blood glucose to reduce the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy. Keywords: Proteinuria, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic nephropathy.