Anthropometric Obesity Research Articles

Anthropometric indicators of obesity. Are the new indicators a better predictor of body fat content than BMI?

Anthropometric measurements are widely used in medicine, scientific research, but also in specialist medical care. Their proper use provides valuable information about the nutritional status, the adipose tissue and even the risk of comorbidities. Numerous scientific works question the usefulness of the BMI (body mass index), which is only an indirect measure of obesity. It does not take into account information on gender and age, and does not provide an answer on the distribution of body fat. Misclassification can result in serious deviations in the estimation of obesity-related effects. Therefore, the aim of this study is to present five new anthropometric obesity indicators as an alternative to BMI.In response to the dramatically growing problem of overweight and obesity, further exacerbated by the necessary restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to search for precise, yet simple tools for assessing body composition that can be routinely used by individuals but also for population studies. Based on the literature review, five frequently described indicators were selected: Relative Fat Mass (RFM), A Body Shape Index (ABSI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Body Roundness Index (BRI) and CUN-BAE. Application possibilities and their effectiveness for the estimation of adipose tissue content and the risk of coexisting diseases are presented.Growing number of authors confirm the validity of using indicators such as RFM, BRI, CUN-BAE and ABSI. At the same time, researchers point to the need for further verification of their usefulness in clinical practice and public health.

Anthropometric indices obesity and cardiometabolic risk: is there a link?

Adipose tissue is currently regarded as a key organ for excess dietary lipids, which determine whether the body will maintain normal homeostasis or whether inflammation and insulin resistance will develop. In recent years, there is more information about novel prognostic models — the visceral adiposity index and the lipid accumulation product. The aim of this review was to analyze the results of studies examining the relationship between various indices of obesity and cardiometabolic risk. We analyzed 105 literature sources, 53 of which were ruled out, becausethe processes of interest were not described in detail or included anassessment of the relationship of various obesity indices with metabolic parameters. The results obtained indicate the advisability of using novel obesity indices, which have a good predictive ability and are simple and convenient to use. It is necessary to use additional methods of anthropometric and clinical examination in order to assess the metabolic phenotype of obesity, which will make it possible to stratify patients by the level of cardiometabolic risk.

Effects of physical activity on anthropometric characteristics in school-age children: A review study

Background. Today, it is very speculative to talk about the percentage of obese children in the world because these figures change significantly from day to day, and there are even significant differences between respondents in the same country, according to geographical area and place of residence. A constant decline in the level of physical activity of children on a global level can be reported from the age when they start school. Energy intake of food is largely from energy consumption, which leads to an increase in body weight and obesity. Factors of overweight and obesity are associated with a sensitive comparison of health: a significantly increased risk of diabetes, disorders of the locomotor system, and increased social and psychological rights.
 Methods and results. During the systematization of the research on the topic, the aim of the paper was to determine whether the influence of physical activity on anthropometric parameters in school-age children is reviewed by previous research. Nineteen types of studies were collected. The following electronic databases were used to search the literature: MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science SPORTS DISCUS in the period from 2004 to 2016. The respondents included in the research were school-age children.
 Conclusion. The positive impact of various physical activity programs is aimed at reducing the parameters of anthropometric characteristics and obesity prevention.
 Keywords: physical activity, school program, morphology, anthropomeric data, exercises.

Is Obesity Associated with Lower Mini Mental Test Scores among Elderly? A Cross Sectional Study

Objectives: Obesity leads to many chronic diseases and its association with cognitive impairment is controversial. The objective was to investigate the association between obesity, anthropometric measurements and cognitive functions of elderly. Methods: Planned cross-sectionally, community-dwelling Cypriots (aged ≥ 50 years) without any neurological disorders, were included. Cognitive impairment evaluated by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was the dependent variable. Socio-demographic variables, anthropometric measurements and obesity were the independent variables. The data was collected via face-to-face interview. Logistic regression models were constituted to determine the association of anthropometric measurements, obesity and dementia. Results: The mean age of participants (n = 541) was 60.0 ± 8.7 for women (n = 377) and 61.5 ± 6.0 years for men (n = 164). According to MMSE, 26.0% of women and 11.0% of men had mild-dementia, and the rest scored normal. After adjusted for age and sex, each unit increase in BMI (OR: 1.045, 95%CI: 1.008–1.091), Waist to height ratio (WHtR; OR: 1.030, 95%CI: 1.006–1.055) and Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC; OR: 1.077, 95%CI: 1.016–1.141) increases the risk of mild-dementia. When education, employment and smoking were included in the models, significance of anthropometric measurements was diminished and only sex and education were remained significant for all. Conclusion: After controlled for age and sex, increment in anthropometric measurements increased the risk of dementia but when education was taken into consideration, this significant association was diminished showing that sex and education is more predominant in a heterogeneous group in means of education. Thus, for heterogeneous groups it might be better to revise MMSE. To determine the association between obesity and dementia cohort studies with longer follow-up duration with larger samples are needed.

Association of Triglyceride Glucose Index and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Female Health Colleges

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is projected to be responsible for millions of deaths worldwide annually, including Saudi Arabia. CVD risk factors are highly prevalent, particularly among women in Saudi Arabia. Early awareness and treatment of cardiovascular signs before a CVD event occurs are therefore critical. Increased triglycerides and fasting glucose levels are two important risks for CVD, and the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index has been proved to predict CVD in many studies. Aim of Study: This study aims to examine the association of TyG-index and risk of cardiovascular disease in female health colleges to identify individuals at risk of developing CVD events. Methods: A total of 128 females from female health colleges in Riyadh participated in this cross-sectional study. Glucose and lipid profile parameters along with anthropometric and central obesity parameters were measured. The TyG index and the association between the TyG index and anthropometric and lipid profile parameters using the Spearman correlation coefficient were calculated. ROC analysis was used to detect long-term cardiovascular risk among women by using the TyG index against standard Framingham and ASVCVD risk scores. Results: This study identified that TyG-index was associ-ated with BMI and waist circumference, which are well-established anthropometric risk factors for CVD progression, along with total-cholesterol. A significant positive but weak association between TyG index and Framingham risk scores and lifetime ASCVD score was found. However, the TyG index may not be independently used to identify the people at risk of developing CVD as observed by the low area under the curves (AUC) scores using standard Framingham risk scores and ASCVD risk scores as gold standards. Conclusion: In conclusion, the positive correlation between TyG index and anthropometric indices and total cholesterol, which are known cardiovascular risks, suggests that the TyG index might be a useful indicator for early identification of CVD in conjunction with other established instruments, such as Farmington and lifetime ASCVD risk scores.

The Effect of Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status on Anthropometric Development and Systemic Inflammation: An Observational Study.

(1) Background: Daily caloric intake should aim to reduce the risk of obesity or poor anthropometric development. Our study objective was to analyze the association between food consumption, inflammatory status and anthropometric development; (2) Methods: We performed a prospective observational analytical research during September 2020 and April 2021 on a group of 160 healthy subjects, aged between 6 and 12 years old, by analyzing food ingestion, the basal metabolic rate, anthropometric development and the inflammatory status; (3) Results: IL-6 was significantly correlated to the sum of skinfolds, along with both serum proteins and triglycerides. The skin folds were significantly correlated with the caloric intake and with total fat intake, next to saturated and trans fats. Unlike the skin folds, the body weight was significantly correlated with the caloric intake along with some vitamins, such as Vitamin A and Vitamin B12. Inactive mass increased with excessive folic acid, Vitamin E, Vitamin K and saturated fat intake; (4) Conclusions: The inflammatory status was influenced by the ingestion of micronutrients, total serum lipids and proteins. The anthropometric development was associated with the ingestion of carbohydrates, energy balance and energy intake. We can conclude that daily menu and nutrition imbalances can influence both the risk of obesity and the inflammatory status.

Relevance of Anthropometric Measurements in a Multiethnic Obesity Cohort: Observational Study.

BackgroundThe prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, and the Middle East is not an exception to this increasing trend. Obesity increases the risk of multiple metabolic complications, such as diabetes mellitus. Measurement of obesity has primarily relied on the BMI to identify risk; however, both bedside and office-based anthropometric measures of obesity can provide more detailed information on risk.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the prevalence of obesity-related diseases in a multidisciplinary weight management population and to determine its relationship with obesity anthropometric indices.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at Mediclinic Parkview Hospital (Dubai, the United Arab Emirates). In total, 308 patients have been evaluated from January to September 2019 as part of a multidisciplinary weight management program. Key demographics, anthropometrics, and clinical data were analyzed using SPSS (version 25, SPSS Inc).ResultsOur cohort of 308 patients included 103 (33%) males and 205 (67%) females of 38 nationalities. The mean age of the cohort was 41 (SD 9.6) years, with a median BMI of 34.5 (IQR 6.7) and 33.7 (IQR 7.8) for males and females, respectively. The mean waist circumference (WC) was 113.4 (SD 23.3) cm and 103.5 (SD 16.2) cm, fat percentage was 33.7% (SD 11.6%) and 45% (SD 6.8%), fat mass was 41 (SD 15.2) kg and 41.1 (SD 14.1) kg, and visceral fat mass was 6.5 (SD 3.2) kg and 3.1 (SD 1.8) kg for males and females, respectively. There was a strong correlation between BMI and WC (r=0.65 and r=0.69 in males and females, respectively; P=.01) and visceral fat (r=0.78 and r=0.90 in males and females, respectively). Furthermore, visceral fat was significantly associated with WC in both sexes (r=0.73 and r=0.68 in females and males respectively; P=.01). Furthermore, WC was significantly associated with a risk of diabetes, hypertension, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.ConclusionsBMI and WC are the most representative measures of obesity in our population and correlate with abdominal adiposity– and obesity-related diseases. Further studies are required to assess the benefits of these measures during weight reduction interventions.

Inverse association of plasma hydrogen sulfide levels with visceral fat area among Chinese young men: a cross-sectional study.

To investigate the association between plasma Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) levels and visceral fat area (VFA) among Chinese young men. This cross-sectional study involved 156 Chinese male subjects, aged 18-45 years, who visited the First Hospital of Qinhuangdao (Hebei, China) in 2014 for annual health check-up. Participants were categorized into: low (VFA < 75.57 cm2), medium (75.57 cm2 ≤ VFA<100.37 cm2), and high (VFA ≥ 100.37 cm2) (n = 52/group). We estimated VFA and plasma H2S levels by using bioelectrical impedance analysis and a fluorescence probe-based approach, respectively. The associations of H2S with VFA and obesity anthropometric measures were assessed. In the high VFA group, the body mass index (BMI, 30.4 ± 2.45 kg/m2), total body fat (TBF, 27.9 ± 3.23 kg), plasma H2S (3.5 µmol/L), free fatty acid (FFA, 0.6 ± 0.24 mmol/L), triglyceride (TG, 2.0 mmol/L), and total cholesterol (TC, 5.5 ± 1.02 mmol/L) levels were significantly higher than that of those of the low and medium VFA groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Plasma H2S levels were found to be inversely correlated with VFA, TBF, waist circumference, BMI, FFA, LnFINS, LnHOMA-IR, LnTG, TC, and LDL-C (P < 0.05). Multiple backward stepwise regression analysis revealed an inverse correlation of plasma H2S levels with FFA (β = -0.214, P = 0.005) and VFA (β = -0.429, P < 0.001), independent of adiposity measures and other confounding factors. VFA was independently and inversely associated with plasma H2S levels among Chinese young men. Therefore, determining plasma H2S levels could aid in the assessment of abnormal VAT distribution.

Association of Anthropometric Obesity Measures with Physical Fitness in Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Comparative Study

Association of Anthropometric Obesity Measures with Physical Fitness in Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Comparative Study

The causal role of circulating vitamin D concentrations in human complex traits and diseases: a large-scale Mendelian randomization study

Vitamin D has been associated with a variety of human complex traits and diseases in observational studies, but a causal relationship remains unclear. To examine a putative causal effect of vitamin D across phenotypic domains and disease categories, we conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using genetic instruments associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations. We leveraged genome-wide significant 25(OH)D-associated SNPs (N = 138) from a meta-analysis combining a vitamin D GWAS conducted in 401,460 white British UK Biobank (UKBB) participants and an independent vitamin D GWAS including 42,274 samples of European ancestry, and examined 190 large-scale health-related GWAS spanning a broad spectrum of complex traits, diseases and biomarkers. We applied multiple MR methods to estimate the causal effect of vitamin D while testing and controlling for potential biases from horizontal pleiotropy. Consistent with previous findings, genetically predicted increased 25(OH)D levels significantly decreased the risk of multiple sclerosis (OR = 0.824; 95% CI 0.689–0.986). The protective effect estimate was consistent across different MR methods and four different multiple sclerosis GWAS with varying sample sizes and genotyping platforms. On the contrary, we found limited evidence in support of a causal effect of 25(OH)D on anthropometric traits, obesity, cognitive function, sleep behavior, breast and prostate cancer, and autoimmune, cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological and psychiatric traits and diseases, and blood biomarkers. Our results may inform ongoing and future randomized clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation.

Comparisons of conventional and novel anthropometric obesity indices to predict metabolic syndrome among vegetarians in Malaysia

Our study aimed to compare the ability of anthropometric obesity indices to predict MetS and to determine the sex-specific optimal cut-off values for MetS among Malaysian vegetarians. Body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), fasting venous blood sample were collected from 273 vegetarians in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The abilities of body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), waist to height ratio (WHtR), lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), a body shape index (ABSI), and body roundness index (BRI) to identify MetS were tested using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. MetS was defined according to the Joint Interim Statement 2009. The ROC curve analyses show that BMI, BF%, WHtR, LAP and VAI were able to discriminate MetS in both sexes. LAP was a better predictor to predict MetS, followed by WHtR for male and female vegetarians. The suggested WHtR’s optimal cut-offs and LAP’s optimal cut-offs for MetS for male and female vegetarians were 0.541, 0.532, 41.435 and 21.743, respectively. In conclusion, LAP was a better predictor to predict MetS than other anthropometric obesity indices. However, WHtR could be an alternative obesity index in large epidemiology survey due to its convenient and cost-effective characteristics.

Assessment of arrhythmias and cardiac autonomic tone at a relatively young age patients with obesity class III.

There is no sufficient data on arrhythmias occurrence in obesity class III. The influence of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance on arrhythmias and cardiac autonomic tone is also of ongoing interest in these subjects. We prospectively studied 81 selected patients with body mass index >40 kg/m2 , aged 34 (18-65) years. Among other examinations all subjects underwent electrocardiography and Holter monitoring with heart rate variability (HRV) and turbulence (HRT) evaluation. Controls consisted of 45 healthy, sex- and aged-matched lean volunteers. In patients median BMI was 44.5 kg/m2 (40.1-58.1), benign arterial hypertension was present in 43.2% and dysglycemia in 27.2% of cases. In the group with obesity longer PR interval (P < .001) and corrected QT interval (P < .001) were observed, while in Holter monitoring no significant differences in supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias and also bradyarrhythmias prevalence were observed in comparison to controls. In individuals with obesity HRV indices associated with sympathetic tone were significantly impaired and also abnormal HRT values (21.9 vs 0%, P = .04) were more frequently observed. There were no significant correlations between anthropometric obesity parameters and fasting insulin concentration, insulin resistance index and also HRV/HRT parameters in studied individuals. Univariate regression analysis revealed that only age influenced abnormal HRT occurrence (OR 1.69, 95%CI 1.08-2.98, P = .04). In conclusions, patients with obesity class III at a relatively young age who reported they felt healthy, do not present increased prevalence of arrhythmias, including life-threatening ones. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction is observed in these patients, however it has not been shown to be associated with anthropometric measurements.

Prenatal and Pediatric Primary Care-Based Child Obesity Prevention Program: A Randomized Trial.

To determine impact of a primary care-based child obesity prevention intervention beginning during pregnancy on early childhood weight outcomes in low-income Hispanic families. A randomized controlled trial comparing mother-infant pairs receiving either standard care or the Starting Early Program providing prenatal and postpartum nutrition counseling and nutrition parenting support groups targeting key obesity-related feeding practices in low-income groups. Primary outcomes were reduction in weight-for-age z-scores (WFAzs) from clinical anthropometric measures, obesity prevalence (weight for age ≥95th percentile), and excess weight gain (WFAz trajectory) from birth to age 3 years. Secondary outcomes included dose effects. Pregnant women (n = 566) were enrolled in the third trimester; 533 randomized to intervention (n = 266) or control (n = 267). Also, 358 children had their weight measured at age 2 years; 285 children had weight measured at age 3 years. Intervention infants had lower mean WFAz at 18 months (0.49 vs 0.73, P = .04) and 2 years (0.56 vs 0.81, P = .03) but not at 3 years (0.63 vs 0.59, P = .76). No group differences in obesity prevalence were found. When generalized estimating equations were used, significant average treatment effects were detected between 10-26 months (B = -0.19, P = .047), although not through age 3 years. In within group dose analyses at 3 years, obesity rates (26.4%, 22.5%, 8.0%, P = .02) decreased as attendance increased with low, medium, and high attendance. Mean WFAz and growth trajectories were lower for the intervention group through age 2 years, but there were no group differences at age 3. Further study is needed to enhance sustainability of effects beyond age 2.

Body Mass Index versus Other Adiposity Traits: Best Predictor of Cardiometabolic Risk

A number of anthropometric indices have been used in different world populations as markers to estimate obesity and its related health risks. The present study is large population based study dealing with five anthropometric obesity scales; Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), basal adiposity index (BAI), and Visceral adiposity index (VAI) to identify common adiposity trait(s) that best predict obesity and associated health complication(s). A total of 4000 subjects including 1000 in each category of BMI from four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Kahyber pakhtoonkha and Balochistan) of Pakistan from 2012-2017 were collected. Complete anthropometric measurementswere obtained and blood samples were collected and Biochemical profiling was performed. Descriptive statistics, linear regression, binary and multiple regression analysis was done. Our data analysis explored the relationships of obesity five indices; BMI, WC, WHR, BAI, and VAI with common metabolic health complications. Effect size analysis clearly indicates that a unit increase in BMI significant raised all anthropometric and clinical parameters. General and sex specific association analysis of adiposity traits with risk phenotypes (hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia) indicated significant associations of WC with all three metabolic risks. Varying degrees of correlations of other adiposity traits with metabolic risks were observed. Frequency of different obesity classes among obese population group were as follows; 55.7% class I, 28.50% Class II and 15.80% Class III. WC is the strong predictor of obesity associated metabolic health issues in Pakistani populations. While BMI has significant increasing effect on other obesity indices like WHR, VAI and BAI.

Evaluation of the Effect of Heart Failure Reversal Therapy on Anthropometric Obesity Parameters in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Retrospective Analysis.

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Association between dietary inflammatory indices (DII, EDII) and obesity with consideration of Insertion/Deletion Apo B polymorphism in type 2 diabetic patients

PurposeDietary inflammatory index (DII) and empirical dietary inflammatory index (EDII) are two indices that are used for studying the inflammatory score of diet. Inflammation is associated with obesity. Insertion/Deletion Apo B polymorphism is a candidate gene for susceptibility to obesity. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of DII and EDII with obesity with consideration of Ins/Del Apo B gene. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 726 diabetic adults were included. DII and EDII were computed for each person based on validated food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric values were measured. After extracting DNA by salting-out extraction method, Apo B Ins/Del was genotyped by PCR method and 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ResultsAfter adjustment for confounders no significant change observed in the comparison of DII and EDII tertiles about anthropometric measures and obesity. The same result was observed about interaction effect between dietary inflammatory indices and Insertion/Deletion Apo B polymorphism. ConclusionsWe find no association between inflammation score of diet and obesity and no interaction effect between DII and EDII with Insertion/Deletion Apo B polymorphism on obesity. Further studies are needed to reach conclusive results.

Overweight and obesity status from the prenatal period to adolescence and its association with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in young adults: cohort study.

To examine the associations of maternal and child overweight status across multiple time-points with liver fat content in the offspring during young adulthood. Cohort study. ELEMENT Cohort in Mexico City. Pregnant women with singleton births (n=97). We quantified hepatic triglyceride content (liver fat content) by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) and conventional T2-weighted MRIs (3T scanner) in 97 young adults from the ELEMENT birth cohort in Mexico City. Historical records of the cohort were used as a source of pregnancy, and childhood and adolescence anthropometric information, overweight and obesity (OWOB) were defined. Adjusted structural equation models were run to identify the association between OWOB in different life stages with liver fat content (log-transformed) in young adulthood. Maternal OWOB at the time of delivery was directly and indirectly associated with the liver fat content in the offspring at young adulthood. Seventeen percent of the participants were classified as having NAFLD. We found a strong association of OWOB between all periods assessed. Maternal OWOB at time of delivery (β=1.97, 95% CI 1.28-3.05), and OWOB status in the offspring at young adulthood (β=3.17, 95% CI 2.10-4.77) were directly associated with the liver fat content in the offspring. Also, maternal OWOB was indirectly associated with liver fat content through offspring OWOB status. We found that maternal OWOB status is related to fatty liver content in the offspring as young adults, even after taking into account OWOB status and lifestyle factors in the offspring. There was an association between pre-pregnancy overweight and the development of NAFLD in adult offspring.

Baseline anthropometric measurements and obesity of people working in Isale-Oko, Sagamu, Ogun State, Southwest, Nigeria

Objectives: It is uncertain anthropometric measurements are affected by the type of job an individual is doing in an environment. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the baseline anthropometric measurements with relation to obesity of people working at a motor park in Sagamu. Design: This is a cross-sectional study of 139 individuals working in the motor park of Isale-Oko, Sagamu, aged 20–70 years. Passengers were exempted. The weight in kg and height in meters of each participant were measured. The waist circumference (cm) (WC), hip circumference (cm) (HC), and thigh circumference (cm) of each participant were measured using a flexible tape. The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was calculated. The body mass indexes (BMI) (kg/m2) and the waist-to-thigh ratio were calculated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic and ANOVA. Results: The occupational distributions include the drivers, conductors, traders, and garage staff. Young participants contribute to 60.4% of the study populations. There were 64.3% young participants among the conductors, 63.2% of the drivers, 64.8% of the traders, and 40% of the garage staff. The mean BMI of the drivers showed that they tend to be obese (30.85 ± 0.66 kg/m2). Conductors tend to be overweight with BMI of 26.57 ± 0.60 kg/m2. The WC of drivers was significantly highest among the occupational groups 98.82 ± 1.75 cm, while the conductors had the least WC 94.38 ± 2.87 cm. The traders had the highest HC 106.31 ± 1.88 cm. The drivers and conductors had the highest WHR of 0.96 ± 0.03 and 0.92 ± 0.01, respectively. Conclusions: The anthropometric parameter measurements of individual participants obtained from this study can be used as baseline for the future study. The high BMI and WC in drivers and high HC in traders increase the risk of developing diabetes mellitus.

Body fat indicators for cardiometabolic risk screening among shift workers.

BackgroundIn view of the costly methods currently available for the assessment of body adiposity, anthropometric obesity indicators have proven effective in predicting cardiovascular risk.ObjectiveTo investigate the discriminatory power of body fat indicators for cardiovascular risk screening among shift workers.MethodsCross-sectional study with male employees of an iron ore extraction company. The predictive power of body fat indicators relative to cardiovascular risk was analyzed based on the Framingham risk score and metabolic syndrome by means of receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and Youden’s index.ResultsThe prevalence of cardiovascular risk was 14.2% in the metabolic syndrome risk model. According to the Framingham score, 95.0%, 4.1% and 0.9% of the participants exhibited low, moderate and high risk, respectively. All the analyzed body fat indicators exhibited satisfactory discriminatory power for the tested cardiovascular risk models.ConclusionWaist-height ratio exhibited the highest ability to predict cardiometabolic risk in both risk models.

Cross Sectional Study among Intraocular Pressure, Mean Arterial Blood Pressure, and Serum Testosterone according to the Anthropometric Obesity Indices in Korean Men.

PurposeTo investigate the association between intraocular pressure (IOP) and serum testosterone according to the severity of obesity.Materials and MethodsWe investigated the correlation of IOP-testosterone according to the anthropometric obesity indices, such as obesity index (OI), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference to height ratio (WtHR). Each of the obesity indices was classified into three groups: normal, overweight, and obesity. In additional, the association of IOP-testosterone was compared between testosterone 3.0 ng/mL below and above.ResultsTotal of 3,949 participants, the mean age was 58.86±10.06 years, mean IOP was 14.40±2.61 mmHg, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was 93.67±11.47 mmHg, and mean serum testosterone was 4.21±1.83 ng/mL. The association of MAP and IOP was significantly positively correlated according to the severity of obesity, but testosterone showed a significant negative relationship (p<0.05). IOP was significantly correlated with OI and BMI, but MAP and testosterone were correlated with all anthropometric obesity indices (p<0.05). The relationship of IOP and testosterone was significantly associated with only normal groups according to the degree of obesity (p<0.05). The IOP in patients with testosterone above 3.0 ng/mL was significantly higher than testosterone below 3.0 ng/mL (p<0.05).ConclusionsThe correlation of IOP-testosterone has a significantly positive relationship, in case of healthy men with normal weight by OI or BMI.