Anthraquinone Glycosides Research Articles

Evaluation of phytochemicals and amino acid profiles of four vegetables grown on a glyphosate contaminated soil in Southwestern Nigeria

Abstract Green vegetables are examples of staple plants eating in Nigeria, and are assumed to be a well-off basis of phytochemicals and amino acids that are useful for the management and prevention of infections. However, in the farming of these vegetables, glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH (round up™)) are used as control against pests invasions which has cause reasons to be concern about their effects on the phyto-constituents present in these vegetables. In this study, we evaluated the phytochemicals constituents and amino acid profile of the leaves of Telfairia occidentalis Hook F, Amaranthus viridis Linn, Celosia argentea Linn and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I. M. Johnst popular edible vegetables in Southwestern Nigeria. The vegetables seeds of these plants mentioned above were acquired from Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T) Ibadan. And on a land designed and previously treated with a GBH (round up™) the seeds were planted and allowed to grow. A destructive method of leaves after maturation was achieved by out rightly plucking them out and air-drying under shade. Phytochemical assessments were done on milled plant samples to determine the presence of ten phyto-constituents. Centrifugation of powdered samples (2 g each) with acetonitrile at 1000 rotations per minute’s (rpm) was used to extract amino acids. Thereafter the extracts were individually spotted on a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate and developed using the mobile phase consisting of methanol: acetic acid: water in ratio 7:2:1 v/v. The visualization for the presence of amino acids was completed by spraying the developed chromatographic plates with 0.5% ninhydrin in 2-propanol solution and observed in both day light and under the ultraviolet lamp and the retention factor (R f ).calculated for the different spots developed to determine the type of amino acids present. The assessment of phytochemicals from the four vegetables reveals the presence of alkaloids, tannins and steroids in all samples while anthraquinone glycosides, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides were absent and other phytochemicals varying in them. Ssaponins was found absent in Telfairia occidentalis and flavonoids in Cnidoscolus aconitifolius respectively. The observation of the TLC plates in daylight shows that the vegetables likely contained primary, secondary and proline amino acids while the calculation of the R f values of the TLC spots observed under an ultraviolet (UV) light indicated that amino acids found in the vegetables were methionine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine. However, phenylalanine was found only in Celosia argentea. The study evaluated phytochemicals and amino acids parameters in four leafy vegetables grown on contaminated glyphosate based herbicide soil and assessments shows that their medicinal properties were not altered with the minimal exposure to contaminant.

In-vitro anthelmintic activity and phytochemical screening of Rubia cordifolia L. root extracts

Rubia cordifolia L. commonly known as Manjistha have been traditionally use as an Ayurvedic medicines for the treatment of various kind of diseases like dysentery, colic pain, blood purification, chest pains and related inflammatory conditions in India as well as at the various parts of the worlds. Beside its folk uses, the scientific studies revealing its application as effective anthelmintic agent is not studied scientifically yet. So, in search for the effective anthelmintic agent, R. cordifolia roots were investigated for in-vitro anthelmintic activity. In this study, the petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts were tested against adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) along with phytochemical screening to determine the most possible constituents responsible for the activity. In this study we found that, the petroleum ether and chloroform extract had finest activity against adult earthworms as compared to other extracts. Said in-vitro anthelmintic activity was proposed due to its richness of variety of chemical constituents like alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and anthraquinone glycosides.

Anti-Apoptotic Effect of Chrysophanol Isolated from Cassia tora Seed Extract on Blue-Light-Induced A2E-Loaded Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells.

The seeds of Cassia tora (C. tora) species mainly contain anthraquinone, anthraquinone glycoside, and naphthalene derivatives. We investigated the anti-apoptotic effects of C. tora seed extract and its isolated compounds on blue-light-induced lipofuscin (A2E)-loaded human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. For analysis of the C. tora extract, high-performance liquid chromatography method was used. A2E-loaded human retinal pigment epithelial cells and blue light were used to create excessive photo-oxidation to induce cell death. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used to measure cell cytotoxicity, and the mRNA expression of genes involved in apoptosis was examined to evaluate the mechanism of cell death. C. tora extract, n-hexane fraction, and chrysophanol were found to inhibit apoptotic cell death. Additionally, C. tora extract, n-hexane fraction, and chrysophanol reduced the mRNA expression of genes involved in the apoptosis pathway. C. tora and chrysophanol were considered to inhibit apoptosis and oxidative stress response. The major component of C. tora has a protective effect against apoptosis. The ingredients of C. tora can be used as therapeutic substances or to prevent diseases caused by the excessive oxidation of A2E substances in the retina, such as in age-related macular degeneration.

Autophagy in antitumor activity of aloin for breast cancer cells compared with doxorubicin

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in women worldwide. Natural product compounds have attracted significant attention for their potent effects against human cancers. Aloin, a natural phytochemical anthraquinone glycoside extracted from Aloe sp., has been previously reported for its antitumor activity. Autophagy is a highly conserved process that mediates the degradation of dysfunctional cellular components, such as senescent proteins and organelles. In the present study, we verified the involvement of autophagy in tolerance to aloin, especially in breast cancer cells with negative estrogen receptors, and as an alternative pathway to promote cell death in cells expressing mutant p53 status, which often limits the efficacy and accounts for resistance to chemotherapy. We studied the effect of aloin on 2 types of breast cancer cell lines, estrogen receptor-positive (T47D) and triple negative (MDA-MB231), and compared to an anthraquinone analog, doxorubicin (Dox) as a reference compound. Aloin inhibited the cell growth of both T47D and MDA-MB231 cancer cells, in a time- and dose-dependent manner with a more pronounced effect in the 72 h exposure regimen, and in the ERα+ breast cell line. The autophagic activity of aloin was emphasized by the formation of autophagosomes and autolysophagosomes, as early and late autophagic compartments, respectively, as well as the accumulation of acidic vesicular organelles in the tumor cells. Also, upregulation in the protein expression of some marker genes of autophagy such as beclin 1 and LC3BII/LC3I, and conversely down-regulation in pmTOR and p62 was recorded. The results suggest that autophagy can be regarded as one of the mechanistic modes of aloin cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells that evade apoptosis through genetic mutations in p53.

Comparisons of physicochemical features and hepatoprotective potentials of unprocessed and processed polysaccharides from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.

The raw and processed Polygonum multiflorum Thunb (PM) are used to treat different diseases, and PM has also been reported to have hepatotoxic effects. Moreover, mounting evidence indicates that processed PM is less toxic than raw PM. The changes in efficacy and toxicity of PM during the processing are closely related to the changes in chemical composition. Previous studies have mainly focused on the changes of anthraquinone and stilbene glycosides during process. Polysaccharides, as main components of PM, showed many pharmacological effects, but its changes in the processing has been neglected for a long time. In this study, the polysaccharides of PM in the raw (RPMPs) and processed products (PPMPs) were determined and the liver injury model induced by acetaminophen was utilized to evaluate the impact of polysaccharides on the liver. Results showed that the heteropolysaccharides RPMPs and PPMPs both comprised Man, Rha, GlcA, GalA, Glc, Ara and Xyl, but markedly differed in polysaccharide yield, molar ratio of monosaccharide composition and Mw. In vivo analysis, results showed that demonstrated that RPMPs and PPMPs both exerted hepatoprotective effects by upregulating antioxidant enzymes and repressing lipid peroxidation. It is noteworthy that the polysaccharide yield of processed PM was seven-fold higher than that of raw PM, so it is speculated that processed PM has better hepatoprotective effects at the same dose of decoction. The present work provides an important foundation for studying the polysaccharide activity of PM and further revealing the processing mechanism of PM. This study also proposed a new hypothesis that the significant increase of polysaccharide content in processed PM may be another reason that the product PM causes less liver injury.

Review on Phytochemistry, Biology and Nano Formulations of Manilkara hexandra: An Update

• This review encompasses geographic distribution, characteristic phytochemical features and with special emphasis on traditional uses of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard belonging to the Sapotaceae family, as the plant has been used since ages in South Asia, particularly in Western and Central India. Botanical aspects of different parts of plant and their organoleptic characteristics, phytochemical work done so far along with their chemical structures, screening procedures, and methods of characterization of constituents present in the different plant part extracts were updated in the current review. • Ethno botany/traditional uses of plant part extracts due to the varied types of chemical constituents present in them were elaborated. The section covered the different processed forms of the plant and same were highlighted for possessing therapeutic utility in different regions/states of India for their usage by the local population residing over there since long time. In fact the multifarious benefits of crude plant parts and their processed conversions were tabulated to have an overview of traditional utility of M. hexandra in the current manuscript. • Biological properties and pharmacological actions along with their mechanism of actions wherever required were detailed with updated references under the mentioned headings and sub-headings in the current draft. Various activities including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, aphrodisiac, immune-stimulation, anti-arthritic and free radical scavenging were demonstrated as exhibited by different plant extracts by using suitable animal models. Inclusion of novel drug delivery system i.e. nanoparticle's formulations containing plant extract along with their method of preparation added by a note on their efficacy imparted novelty to the article. Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) dubard is an evergreen tree species that belongs to the Sapotaceae family which has been used in traditional system of medicines since ages in South Asia, especially in Western and Central India. This review aims to include a thorough report on phytochemicals found in the various sections of the plant, which are responsible for their medicinal properties in turn. All the informations in this article were collating from selected research papers from online database such as PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. An audit of its literature shows extracts from this plant and bio transformed products possess different activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, aphrodisiac, immuno-stimulation activity, arthritic activity, and free radical scavenging activity. Apart from therapeutic indications, the products obtained such as edible and nutritious fruit, valuable wood, latex, and bark, are cost effective and are a source of living for local people. The varieties of chemical compounds have been isolated from this species, including sterols, sugar, terpenoids, anthraquinone glycoside, cardiac glycoside, saponin and tannins, etc. Worldwide the large occurrence of this underutilized species offers an incentive to use this plant at crucial levels in the treatment of various ailments. This review attempts to systematically collate the scattered knowledge on M. hexandra , for its botanical elements, phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, and biological activities, to assess the range of variation among natural populations in opening research areas, and to identify elite cultivars for popularization among farmers/tribal for conservation and sustainable use on conducting field improvement studies.

A “biphasic glycosyltransferase high-throughput screen” identifies novel anthraquinone glycosides in the diversification of phenolic natural products

The sugar moieties of many glycosylated small molecule natural products are essential for their biological activity. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes responsible for installing these sugar moieties on a variety of biomolecules. Many GTs active on natural products are inherently substrate promiscuous and thus serve as useful tools in manipulating natural product glycosylation to generate new combinations of sugar units (glycones) and scaffold molecules (aglycones) in a process called glycodiversification. It is important to have an effective screening tool to detect the activity of promiscuous enzymes and their resulting glycoside products. Toward this aim, we developed a strategy for screening natural product GTs in a high-throughput fashion enabled by rapid isolation and detection of chromophoric or fluorescent glycosylated natural products. This involves a solvent extraction step to isolate the resulting polar glycoside product from the unreacted aglycone acceptor substrate and the detection of the formed glycoside by the innate absorbance or fluorescence of the aglycone moiety. Using our approach, we screened a collection of natural product GTs against a panel of precursors to therapeutically important molecules. Three GTs showed previously unreported promiscuity toward anthraquinones resulting in novel ε-rhodomycinone glycosides. Considering the pharmaceutical value of clinically used anthraquinone glycosides that are biosynthesized from an ε-rhodomycinone precursor, and the significance that the sugar moiety has on the biological activity of these drugs, our results are of particular importance toward the glycodiversification of therapeutics in this class. The GTs identified and the novel compounds they produce show promise toward new biocatalytic tools and therapeutics.

Molecular identification and functional characterization of two glycosyltransferases genes from Fallopia multiflora.

The traditional Chinese medicine plant Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Harald. contains various pharmacodynamically active glycosides, such as stilbene glycosides, anthraquinone (AQ) glycosides, and flavonoid glycosides. Glycosylation is an important reaction in plant metabolism that is generally completed by glycosyltransferase in the last step of the secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathway, and it can improve the beneficial properties of many natural products. In this study, based on the transcriptome data of F. multiflora, we cloned two Uridine-diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) from the cDNA of F. multiflora (FmUGT1 and FmUGT2). Their full-length sequences were 1602 and 1449 bp, encoding 533 and 482 amino acids, respectively. In vitro enzymatic reaction results showed that FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 were promiscuous and could catalyze the glycosylation of 12 compounds, including stilbenes, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phloretin, and curcumin, and we also obtained and structurally identified 13 glycosylated products from both of them. Further experiments on the in vivo function of FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 showed that 2, 3, 5, 4'- tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (THSG) content in hairy roots was elevated significantly when FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 were overexpressed and decreased accordingly in the RNA interference (RNAi) groups. These results indicate that FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 were able to glycosylate a total of 12 structurally diverse types of acceptors and to generate O-glycosides. In addition, FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 efficiently catalyzed the biosynthesis of THSG, and promoted the production of AQs in transgenic hairy roots.

Selective Inhibition of PTP1B by New Anthraquinone Glycosides from Knoxia valerianoides.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is highly validated as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. However, active site-directed PTP1B inhibitors generally suffer from poor selectivity and bioavailability. Inspired by the identification of a unique anthraquinone-coumarin hybrid from Knoxia valerianoides exhibiting good specificity for PTP1B over the highly homologous T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP), further chemical investigation of this plant species led to the isolation of nine new anthraquinone glycosides (1-9) and two known ones (10 and 11). Structures were characterized by a combination of spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. All compounds showed PTP1B inhibitory activities with IC50 values ranging from 1.05 to 13.74 μM. Compounds 4 and 8 exhibited greater than 64-fold selectivity over TCPTP. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed that compounds 4 and 7 behaved as mixed-type inhibitors. Docking studies predicted similar binding modes of these compounds at the allosteric site positioned between helices α3 and α6.

Synergistic Antifungal Analysis of Carica papaya Leaf and Solanum melongena Peel Ethanolic Extracts Against Candida albicans

Infectious diseases are responsible for most mortalities and morbidities globally. They are estimated to cause 17 million deaths annually. Candida albicans is a microflora found in mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and vagina. Though a commensal organism, it can cause either oropharyngeal or vaginal candidiasis in immunocompromised states. It thus, is a common opportunistic infection especially in patients living with HIV/AIDS. Management of candidiasis requires use of antifungal agents but some are costly or drug-resistant. Therefore, there is need for exploration of novel and affordable treatment modalities. Medicinal plants offer alternative therapeutic modalities. Against this backdrop, we sought to evaluate synergistic antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves and Solanum melongena fruit peel against Candida albicans. Ethical approval was sought from School of pharmacy, Kabarak University Research Ethics Committee (KUREC) and National commission for science, technology, and innovation (NACOSTI). Experimental research design was employed. Green leaves of Carica papaya were obtained from the school’s herbarium while the eggplant fruit was purchased from Nakuru town market. The sample plants were dried and powdered. Phytochemical analysis was carried out and antifungal activity evaluated via disk diffusion method. Phytochemical studies showed presence of tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids in both plants. Anthraquinone glycosides were absent in both samples. Carica papaya and Solanum melongena ethanolic extracts respectively showed activity against Candida albicans at different concentrations with zones of inhibition of 8.34mm and 7.98mm, respectively, at the highest concentrations. S. melongena extracts showed a lower zone of inhibition against Candida albicans compared to C. papaya extracts. Combined ethanolic extracts of Solanum melongena and Carica papaya showed higher activity at all concentrations than individual extracts, implying synergism between the two plant extracts. The difference in zones of inhibition was significant at different concentrations(P<0.05). Conclusion: The study findings have demonstrated that Carica papaya and Solanum melongena extracts have remarkable antifungal activity against Candida albicans. This makes them potential efficacious antifungal agents against Candida albicans.

Hepatotoxic metabolites in Polygoni Multiflori Radix- Comparative toxicology in mice.

Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PM) and Rhei radix et rhizoma (rhubarb) contain similar hepatocyte-toxic anthraquinones such as emodin (major free anthraquinone in PM), physcion and their glycosides. In clinical practice, PM hepatotoxicity has been widely reported, although rhubarb is not recognized as hepatotoxic. To clarify the substances basis (key components) of PM hepatotoxicity, based on the characteristic components’ similarity within PM, rhubarb and their concocted forms, a comparative sub-acute toxicity study was designed in mice. Nine groups of mice with 28 days of oral administration of these herbal extracts or 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG, major and unique characteristic component in PM)-herb combinations were set as follows: Group-1, control; Group-2, PM ethanol-extract (PME); Group-3, PM praeparata ethanol-extract (PMPE); Group-4, Rhubarb ethanol-extract (RME); Group-5, Steamed rhubarb ethanol-extract (RMPE); Group-6, TSG; Group-7, PMPE-TSG combination; Group-8, RME-TSG combination; Group-9, RMPE-TSG combination. Each experimental group received an equivalent emodin dose of 29 mg/kg except for the TSG group, and an equivalent TSG dose of 1,345 mg/kg except for the PMPE, RME and RMPE groups. The results showed that PME, PMPE-TSG and RME-TSG induced liver lesions and biochemical abnormalities of liver function compared with the control. In contrast, PMPE, RME, RMPE, TSG and RMPE-TSG caused no liver lesions and fewer biochemical abnormalities. Considering the related components, only the co-administration of high doses of TSG and emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside (EMG, major anthraquinone glycoside in PM) in these groups could cause liver lesions. According to tissue distribution and correlation analysis, EMG dose was positively correlated with the high hepatic emodin and TSG exposure, and the hepatic emodin and TSG exposure were positively correlated with the biochemical abnormalities of liver function. Cell viability test in vitro showed emodin was more hepatotoxic than TSG and EMG, and mainly emodin and TSG of the three had synergistic hepatotoxic effects. Therefore, creatively using rhubarb as a reference, this study revealed that PM hepatotoxicity in mice mainly came from the integrative contribution of TSG, EMG and emodin.

Glycosides and Vascular Complications of Diabetes.

Diabetes is linked with various microvascular and macrovascular complications. Nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy are important microvascular complications of diabetes. Different types of secondary metabolites including glycosides have been studied for their effects in diabetic complications. Various glycosides such as flavanoid glycosides and saponin glycosides are reported for their beneficial effects in diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiomyopathy by action on various pathways involved in the progression of these complications. Coumarin glycosides and cryanogenic glycosides have been studied for their effective role in diabetic nephropathy. Phenolic glycosides and anthraquinone glycosides also have beneficial role in diabetic neuropathy. The present review focuses on various classes of glycosides and their role in the prevention and treatment of vascular complications of diabetes.

STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPLEXES BASED ON RUMEX TIANSCHANICUS L. IN THE EXPERIENCE OF CHRONIC TOXICITY

Rumex tianschanicus L. is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, diarrhea, constipation, and skin diseases [1,2]. Despite the widespread use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine, only a few of them have been tested for efficacy and safety [3]. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the properties of biologically active complexes isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Rumex tianschanicus L. in the experience of chronic toxicity. Phytochemical analysis was carried out by HPLC. As a result of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the phytocomplex, its composition was established: 84.9% anthraquinone glycosides, 14.7% anthraquinone aglycones, 0.4% naphthaquinones. Animals of the experimental groups were administered Rumex tianschanicus L. extract orally at different doses of 10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg for 21 days. The extract had no direct effect on the functions of the gastrointestinal tract and liver, which is confirmed by the results of hematological and biochemical blood tests in rats. Thus, the extract based on Rumex tianschanicus L. was found to be safe when administered orally and should be studied as a therapeutic agent.

A Phytochemical Characterization and Screening Test of Simplisia and Sabrang Garlic (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) Tuber Extract

Sabrang onion (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) has been used for generations for various diseases such as breast and colon cancer, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and stroke. This study aims to determine the characterization and phytochemical screening of simplicia and sabrang onion bulb extract. Extracts were made by graded maceration using solvents based on their polarity levels, n-hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol as well as phytochemical screening and characterization of simplicia and extracts. The results of simplicia characterization, sabrang onion n-hexane extract (ENBS), sabrang onion ethylacetate extract (EEABS) and sabrang onion ethanol extract (EEBS) obtained water content of 8.64%, respectively; 4.98%; 8.27% and 9.11%; water soluble extract content of 8.52%; 1.12%; 9.51% and 72.19%; ethanol soluble extract content of 14.05%; 2.28%; 49.26% and 81.66%; total ash content 2.89%; 0.34%; 0.43% and 1.73% and the acid insoluble ash content is 0.59%; 0.06%; 0.07% and 0.20%. The results of the phytochemical screening of simplicia and extracts obtained groups of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, anthraquinone glycosides, tannins and triterpenoids/steroids.

Antimicrobic Activity of IPPU Padang (Ammannia octandra L.f.) Leaves Ethanol Extract against Skin Pathogenic Microbials

Ippu Padang plant (Ammannia octandra L.f.) belongs to the family of Lythraceae, a hardy plant that can grow to a height of 50 cm. According to previous research, Ippu Padang leaves contain glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. The presence of alkaloid compounds, flavonoids and tannins is predicted to have potential as an antifungal agent against fungi and antibacterial agent. This research used an experimental method. The steps included collecting plant material, plant identification, processing plants into Simplicia powder, phytochemical screening of Simplicia powder, extracting Simplicia by maceration method using ethanol solvent, antifungal and antibacterial activity test using agar diffusion method and determination of inhibition diameter of leaf ethanol extract. The results of phytochemical screening showed that ippu Padang leaves contained secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinone glycosides, tannins, saponins and steroids. The results also revealed that the concentration with the largest inhibitory diameter was 400 mg/ml, namely 12.4 mm against the Candida albicans, 17.46 mm against the Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis bacteria, 18.53 mm against the Micrococcus luteus bacteria, 19.38 mm against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, and 17.71 mm against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. It was concluded that the ethanol extract of ippu Padang leaves could inhibit the growth of the Candida albicans, the bacteria Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Phytochemical Content, Inorganic Composition, Mineral Profile, and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Some Common Medicinal Plants

The current research focuses on the antioxidant activity, phytochemical, and inorganic content of five common medicinal plants: Asian pigeonwings, lemon balm, lemongrass, ginger, and turmeric. According to the phytochemical screening, flavonoids were present in all plants; tannins were present in lemon balm and lemongrass, saponins were present in all plants except lemongrass, and anthraquinone glycosides were detected only in turmeric. The aqueous extracts from lemon balm, Asian pigeonwings, and the methanolic extract from turmeric had the highest phenolic content, respectively. The inorganic composition of plants was determined using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Asian pigeonwings, ginger and turmeric are mainly composed of K, while lemon balm and lemongrass are mainly composed of Ca. The mineral profile of each herb was determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry analysis. The antioxidant activity of each herb was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity assay. Among the extracts, the aqueous extract from ginger had the highest antioxidant activity with a percentage of 88.05 ±0.31 %.

KARAKTERISASI DAN UJI TOKSISITAS AKUT EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SERAI (Cymbopogon citratus) DESA BANDAR KHALIPAH TERHADAP MENCIT JANTAN (Mus musculus)

Research has been carried out to determine the LD50 value and observe the toxic effects of Ethanol Extract of Lemongrass Leaves (EEEL) on male mouse using 64 male mouse which were divided into 4 groups. The control group was given 0.5% CMC-Na suspension while the treatment group was given a single dose of EEEL suspension with doses of 1500, 3500, and 7000 mg/kg BW given on the first day. Observations of toxic symptoms, changes in body weight and number of deaths were carried out for a span of 7-14 days. After observation, the surviving mouses were sacrificed for macropathological and histopathological examination of the liver and kidneys. The determination of the LD50 value was calculated based on the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia Method Edition VI, while the statistical data was tested using Quadratic Nonlinear Regression (QNR) with the SPSS computer program. The simplicia characterization showed positive results on triterpenoid, tannin, flavonoid, and saponin tests, and anthraquinone glycosides and negative results on alkaloid and steroid tests. The results showed that there were toxic symptoms starting in the 3500 and 7000 mg/kg BW dose groups. The statistical results of Quadratic Nonlinear Regression (QNR) also showed no significant difference between each group. In addition, there were no color differences in all groups in the results of organ macropathology. However, liver damage was found on organ macropathological examination at doses of 1500, 3500, and 7000 mg/kg BW. Meanwhile, EEEL doses of 3500 and 7000 mg/kg caused glomerular hypertrophy and dilation of several renal tubules. The LD50 result is 4,965.92 mg/kg BW which indicates that EEEL was categorized as moderate toxic.

Pharmacognostical investigation of Clitoria ternatea L. leaves

Clitoria ternatea L. (Family: Fabaceae) is also commonly known as Aparajita or Shankapushpi. The folklore claims the use of whole plant for curing various ailments. The leaves are used for hepatic problems, otalgia and eruptions. Pharmacognosy is an indispensable aid in standardization of herbal drugs. For the present investigation, pharmacognostical evaluation of C. ternatea L. leaf is carried out for quality standards. The study involves the following parameters like macroscopic, microscopic, histochemical analysis, powder microscopy, preliminary phytochemical screening, and physicochemical analysis. The keystone characteristic of microscopic studies under light and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of sclerenchyma ring around the vascular bundle in the midrib region and; two types of non-glandular bicellular trichomes, first type is smooth walled with curved apex, and second type is warty walled with blunt apex. The presence of wax crystalloids on the surface of the leaflets was clearly observed in ESEM. Powder study goes concurrent with microscopy. The physicochemical studies revealed i.e. total ash (8.15 %), water soluble ash (6.58 %), acid insoluble ash (1.88 %) and sulphated ash (9.05%); water soluble extractive value (14.92%) and alcohol soluble extractive values of (9.66%) which are comparatively higher to other solvents. The preliminary phytochemical and histochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinone glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids etc. In the current studies, pharmacopeial standards are laid down for the leaves of C. ternatea L.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activities of Lantana camara - Review

The purpose of the present study was to analysis the anti-inflammtory, anticancer, anthelmintic, antipyretic, spasmolytic, medication and activity of the Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) leaf and bark extract. The methanolextract of the Lantana camara (MELC) was screened for the potential anti-hyperglycemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The anti-microbial activity of the oil ether, methanolic, and water extract of was investigated against Bacilli, E. coli, Candida albicans. The plant contained the alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, carbohydrates, chemical group anthraquinones, anthraquinone glycosides, proteins. L. camara leaves yeilded 0.8% of the essential oils. α-selinene, β-elemene, β-selinene , delta-cadinene , germacrene D, aromadendrene, caryophyllene chemical compound, nerolidol, & spathulenol.

Screening of Manilkara zapota (L) P. Royen stem bark ethanolic extract for in vitro \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition, preliminary antidiabetic effects, and improvement of diabetes and its complications in alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar rats

BackgroundA perusal of the literature suggested that Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen stem bark (MZSB) is enriched with several bioactive phytoconstituents but had not been yet screened for its in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic potentials. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of 70% ethanolic extract of Manilkara zapota (L) P. Royen stem bark (EMZSB) in DPPH- and H2O2-scavenging assay, in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay, ameliorating diabetes and its complications in alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar rats.ResultsWith a maximum extractive yield of 9.16% w/w, EMZSB has shown the presence of various phytochemicals like flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, anthraquinone glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. EMZSB has elucidated a considerable in vitro free radical scavenging potential by DPPH and H2O2 assays when compared with absolute ethanolic extract of Manilkara zapota (L) P. Royen stem bark (AEMZSB), while ascorbic acid was taken as the standard. Further, EMZSB demonstrated high in vitro α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition potential (IC50 = 119.79 ± 1.52 µg/mL) than AEMZSB (IC50 = 129.92 ± 2.29 µg/mL) with a significant difference (p < 0.01), when acarbose was taken as reference inhibitor (IC50 = 86.43 ± 1.26 µg/mL). During acute toxicity studies EMZSB was safe up to 2000 mg kg−1 doses while, found causing moribund status followed by mortality in mice at 3000 mg kg−1 and above doses. A preliminary antidiabetic study with EMZSB-250 mg kg−1 in normal rats showed no sign of hypoglycemia; however, a dose-dependent antihyperglycemic effects were observed in oral glucose tolerance test in glucose-loaded rats. In vivo assessment with EMZSB-250 mg kg−1 in alloxan-induced rats demonstrated significant blood glucose-lowering effects with perfection in serum lipid profile, body weight enhancement, cardiovascular risk indices, nephroprotective effects, augmentation in liver glycogen content, and histopathological evidence of normal architecture of kidneys with no marks for nephritis.ConclusionsEMZSB-250 showed significant antidiabetic effects and ameliorated diabetic complications by improving glycemic control and accompanying biochemical alteration.