Review on Phytochemistry, Biology and Nano Formulations of Manilkara hexandra: An Update

Abstract

• This review encompasses geographic distribution, characteristic phytochemical features and with special emphasis on traditional uses of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard belonging to the Sapotaceae family, as the plant has been used since ages in South Asia, particularly in Western and Central India. Botanical aspects of different parts of plant and their organoleptic characteristics, phytochemical work done so far along with their chemical structures, screening procedures, and methods of characterization of constituents present in the different plant part extracts were updated in the current review. • Ethno botany/traditional uses of plant part extracts due to the varied types of chemical constituents present in them were elaborated. The section covered the different processed forms of the plant and same were highlighted for possessing therapeutic utility in different regions/states of India for their usage by the local population residing over there since long time. In fact the multifarious benefits of crude plant parts and their processed conversions were tabulated to have an overview of traditional utility of M. hexandra in the current manuscript. • Biological properties and pharmacological actions along with their mechanism of actions wherever required were detailed with updated references under the mentioned headings and sub-headings in the current draft. Various activities including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, aphrodisiac, immune-stimulation, anti-arthritic and free radical scavenging were demonstrated as exhibited by different plant extracts by using suitable animal models. Inclusion of novel drug delivery system i.e. nanoparticle's formulations containing plant extract along with their method of preparation added by a note on their efficacy imparted novelty to the article. Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) dubard is an evergreen tree species that belongs to the Sapotaceae family which has been used in traditional system of medicines since ages in South Asia, especially in Western and Central India. This review aims to include a thorough report on phytochemicals found in the various sections of the plant, which are responsible for their medicinal properties in turn. All the informations in this article were collating from selected research papers from online database such as PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. An audit of its literature shows extracts from this plant and bio transformed products possess different activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, aphrodisiac, immuno-stimulation activity, arthritic activity, and free radical scavenging activity. Apart from therapeutic indications, the products obtained such as edible and nutritious fruit, valuable wood, latex, and bark, are cost effective and are a source of living for local people. The varieties of chemical compounds have been isolated from this species, including sterols, sugar, terpenoids, anthraquinone glycoside, cardiac glycoside, saponin and tannins, etc. Worldwide the large occurrence of this underutilized species offers an incentive to use this plant at crucial levels in the treatment of various ailments. This review attempts to systematically collate the scattered knowledge on M. hexandra , for its botanical elements, phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, and biological activities, to assess the range of variation among natural populations in opening research areas, and to identify elite cultivars for popularization among farmers/tribal for conservation and sustainable use on conducting field improvement studies.