Chamomile Research Articles

Phytochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Anthemis Nobilis Extract and Its Antibacterial Activity

Abstract In this work, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles is described by phytochemical reducing silver nitrate aqueous solution using Anthemis nobilis. For this purpose, Anthemis nobilis extract was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles as both surfactant and reducing agent. Green synthesis method is a good alternative to physical and chemical methods, since it is fast, simple, environmentally-friendly and economic. The produced nanoparticles are identified using FE-SEM, EDX, and FT-IR and Uv/Vis techniques. Formation of silver nanoparticles is verified in 430–420 nm range. Reduction of silver ions by hydroxyl functional group is also confirmed by FT-IR device. EDX device confirms the presence of a peak for Ag element without any impurity peak. Silver nanoparticles are identified by FE-SEM device and found to have average size between 17 and 42 nm. Also, the antibacterial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles is compared with that of staphyloccusaureus and pseudomonasa aeruginosa and the maximum inhibitory activity against the bacteria is obtained using 1 mM nitrate solution.

Roman chamomile inhalation combined with clomipramine treatment improves treatment-resistant depression-like behavior in mice

It is well known that chamomile is one of the oldest known medicinal herbs and has been used to treat various disorders, but it is mainly German chamomile. The effects of Roman chamomile on depression still unclear. In this study, we used chronically stressed mice to investigate whether inhalation of Roman chamomile essential oil affects depression-like behavior. We previously reported that restraint and water immersion stress produce depression-like behavior and a blunted response to the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine. Each mouse was exposed to restraint and water immersion stress for 15 days, and resistance to the effect of clomipramine was induced in a behavioral despair paradigm. In the present study, we found that cotreatment with clomipramine and inhalation of Roman chamomile attenuated depression-like behavior in a forced swim test. Next, we examined the hippocampal mRNA levels of two cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6); a neurotrophic factor, brain derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF); and nerve growth factor (NGF). TNF alpha, IL-6 and BDNF mRNA levels did not change in the hippocampus of stressed mice. However, the NGF mRNA level was significantly decreased, and this decrease was not attenuated by treatment with clomipramine or inhalation of Roman chamomile alone. We also examined whether Roman chamomile combined with clomipramine treatment affects hippocampal neurogenesis and serum corticosterone levels. Stressed mice had fewer doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, but this was significantly attenuated by Roman chamomile and clomipramine treatment. In addition, the serum corticosterone level was also significantly decreased by treatment with Roman chamomile and clomipramine. These results suggest that Roman chamomile inhalation may enhance the antidepressant effect of clomipramine by increasing hippocampal neurogenesis and modulating corticosterone levels in patients with treatment-resistant depression.

A review on research advances in ethnobotany and pharmacognosy of some medicinal plants

Since remote times herbal medicines are the primary sources of health cure of the rural people throughout the world. The knowledge on the medicinal plants is inherited from generation to generation in the family of herbal doctors. Although significant advances have been made in modern allopathic medicine, medicinal plants are extensively used even in the cities specially in Mexico and Medicinal plants are largely sold both in the rural and urban markets. One of the reasons is due to the no-availability of good doctors in the rural areas, high confidence of the rural people and high cost of the allopathic medicine. In Mexico although several hundreds of medicinal plants are known to alleviate various types of diseases, still many species are not yet explored from the rural areas. There is a great necessity to formulate a systematic research starting from ethnobotany, botany and pharmacognosy including histochemistry and finally phytochemistry. With these objectives, some advances have been made on some medicinal plant species both in north-east and high land valleys of Mexico obtained mainly through research projects and thesis projects both in the bachelor and post-graduate levels. In the first step in the north-east of Mexico, through several visits in the rural areas and herbal shops and interviews a list of common species has been made, collected and preserved in the herbarium sheets. Then on the basis of a very careful analysis, most important and common medicinal species was selected for the studies on pharmacognosy, histochemistry and pharmacological tests on animals. An analysis of pharmacognosy showed the presence of distinct morphological, anatomical and histochemical characters in each species which can distinguish among species. In the high land valleys in Puebla and Tlaxcala, a more systematic interdisciplinary research has been undertaken including ethnobotany, pharmacognosy and some preliminary phytochemistry of several medicinal plant species. The efficacy of some medicinal plant species used by the herbal specialists has also been confirmed by a specialist of high recognition in the city. The species studied are: Artemisia absinthium, Chamaemelum nobile, Chenopodium ambrosoides, Ocimum sanctum, Origanum vulgare, Origanum majorana, Lavandula angostifolia, Marrubium vulgare, Mentha spicata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Semipervivum tectorum, Thymus vulgaris and Turnera vulgaris. The medicinal herbs contained several secondary metabolites, among which alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes, flavonoids, cyanogenic and cardiotonic glucosides, the presence, absence and intensity of which vary among species. Although sufficient researches have been concentrated mostly on the phytochemistry in Mexico, no systematic research has been undertaken as planned. A catalogue of some medicinal plants has been made and some medicinal plant species are grown in the green house. Finally, a systematic research plant has been suggested on the medicinal plants. An interdisciplinary research including herbal specialists, botanists, agronomists and chemists is in progress.

Perancangan Bisnis Untuk Produk Teh Bunga "Beautea"

Too much activity and work tend to make us forget to rest. Tea has been known for generations for its antioxidant content and relaxation properties. A study in Taiwan with 80 postnatal women suffering from sleep deprivation shows that the consumption of Chamomile flower tea may help increase the quality of sleep and reduce the symptoms of depression. Human adults need at least 7 hours of quality sleep. If we fulfill the amount of sleep our body needs, we may notice less wrinkles, obscured dark circles, denser hair, healthier appearance, and even improves the absorption of product by our system. Beautea offers flower tea that may help women relax and achieve their true beauty potential. The purpose of this journal is to develop and research the product “Beautea” to understand public’s awareness about flower tea and plan on strategy that matches the product. The research is done by observing marketing strategy of similar businesses to understand the interest of target audience towards the offered products. This journal is supported by field data as primary source and references as secondary sources such as books and journals which undergo observations, expert and extreme user interviews, and online and offline questioner.

Biosynthesis and characterization of magnesium oxide and manganese dioxide nanoparticles using Matricaria chamomilla L. extract and its inhibitory effect on Acidovorax oryzae strain RS-2

Bacterial brown stripe (BBS) is one of the most economically important diseases of rice caused by Acidovorax oryzae (Ao). In order to ensure food security and safe consumption, the use of non-chemical approach is necessary. In this study, MgO and MnO2 were synthesized using chamomile flower extract. The synthesized MgO and MnO2 nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission/scanning electron microscopy. The sizes were 18.2 and 16.5 nm for MgO and MnO2 nanoparticles, respectively. The MgO and MnO2 nanoparticles reduced the growth of Ao strain RS-2 by 62.9 and 71.3%, respectively. Also, the biofilm formation and swimming motility were significantly reduced compared to the control. The antibacterial mechanisms of MgO and MnO2 nanoparticles against RS-2 reveals that MgO and MnO2 nanoparticles penetrated the cells and destroyed the cell membrane leading to leakage of cytoplasmic content. Also, the flow cytometry observation reveals that the apoptotic cell ratio of RS-2 increased from 0.97% to 99.52 and 99.94% when treated with MgO and MnO2 nanoparticles, respectively. Altogether, the results suggest that the synthesized MgO and MnO2 nanoparticles could serve as an alternative approach method for the management of BBS.

Phytochemical composition, and analgesic and antiinflammatory properties of essential oil of <i>Chamaemelum nobile</i> (Asteraceae L All) in rodents

Purpose: To investigate the in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil of dried flowers of Chamaemelum nobile (Asteraceae L. All) in Swiss mice and Wistar rats, respectively.Methods: The volatile oil of the dried flowers of C. nobile obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Animals were assigned to the following experimental groups: C. nobile (180 mg/kg), ibuprofen (100 mg/kg) and vehicle-treated groups. Chemical and thermal pain models were used for the antinociceptive study in mice while fresh egg albumin-induced acute inflammation model in rats was used for anti-inflammatory study of the essential oil.Results: The most abundant components of the oil were α-bisabolol (50 %) and farnesene (5.35 %). Oral administration of essential oil (180 mg/kg, po) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced pain and prevented inflammation in the different test models used in this study.Conclusion: The essential oil of the dried flowers of C. nobile shows in vivo analgesic and antiinflammatory activities in rodents, and therefore, possesses potentials for development into effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.Keywords: Chamaemelum nobile, Asteracea, essential oil, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive

Chemical characterization of fructooligosaccharides, inulin and structurally diverse polysaccharides from chamomile tea

Chamomile is one of most known species of medicinal plants. It has valuable pharmacological properties that produce positive effects in many therapeutical uses. Some of these properties are attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites but is already known that primary metabolites can also produce positive effects. In this study we elucidate the fine chemical structure of polysaccharides present in the infusion of chamomile flower chapters. After ethanolic precipitation, polysaccharides were obtained from the tea (fraction MRW, 3.2% yield), purified and characterized as an inulin type fructan, a highly methyl esterified and acetylated homogalacturonan (DE = 87% and DA = 19%), and a type II arabinogalactan. From ethanolic supernatant (20.2% yield), fructooligosaccharides (FOS) ranging from GF2 (m/z 543) to GF10 (m/z 1839) were detected. Inulin and FOS are well-established prebiotics, as well as the pectic polysaccharides. Thus, chamomile could be a source of structurally diverse dietary fibers with potential prebiotic, gastrointestinal and immunological functions.

EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF AROMATIC PLANTS OILS ON IMMUNITY, UDDER HEALTH AND MILK PRODUCTION OF FRIESIAN COWS

Eight weeks prior to expected calving date, 32 Friesian cows were assigned according to parity to four homogenous groups (8 animals each). Cows were fed a basal ration alone as a control group 1 (CON G1), or basal ration supplemented with 25 mg black seed oil per kg body weight, (BSO G2), 11 mg chamomile flower oil (CFO G3), or 25 mg oregano leaves oil (OLO G4). Biochemical and hematological parameters were measured and there were within the normal ranges of cattle. Relative to the control group, aromatic plant oils significantly reduced plasma lipids and increased plasma concentration of IgG. Feed intake was similar among groups. Economic evaluations were in favor of BSO group. BSO significantly (P&lt;0.05) improved daily milk yield (DMY), fat and protein, but reduced lactose content of milk. CFO increased (P&lt;0.05) daily milk yield. Only fat-corrected DMY was increased with OLO supplementation. The three supplements reduced (P&lt;0.05) milk electric conductivity (EC) and somatic cell count (SCC). Overall, our results indicated that supplementing diets of Friesian cows with aromatic plant oils, particularly black seed oil, improved milk yield, udder health, and some immune parameters.Key words: aromatic oils; cows; blood parameters; milk production and immunity

Primary energy demand and energy costs of fixed-bed drying using the example of chamomile flowers

Energy use efficiency in the drying of medicinal and aromatic plants is largely determined by weather conditions and process parameters. While the former are beyond control, the latter can be optimized. In order to achieve such optimization, different energy supply variants, based on typical operating conditions of batch-type grate drying in Thuringia, Germany, were analyzed. It was found that partial air recirculation and integration of heat pumps allow substantial savings in primary energy. However, under the constraint of German energy prices, significant savings in energy costs can only be achieved if combined heat and power generation systems are applied at the same time.

YIELD OF CHAMOMILE MEDICINAL DEPENDING ON SOWING DATE AND FERTILIZING IN TERMS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

On the market of medicinal plants of Ukraine there is a deficiency of chamomile. Increasing its production and obtaining profits from the sale of medicinal raw materials is possible through the use of new breeding practices and adaptive technologies for growing this crop in the context of global climate change. The conducted scientific researches in different regions of our country and abroad show that the yield of chamomile and the content of biologically active substances in it depend on genetic features of a variety, type of soil, climatic factors, dates and methods of sowing, fertilization, etc. The purpose of our research was to establish the regularities of the formation of the Perlyna Lisostepu chamomile variety yield, depending on the elements of the technology of cultivation in the agroecological conditions of Pollyssya, where this question is not sufficiently studied. We have found that the autumn sowing of this culture has significantly higher yields than spring sowing. This is due to the fact that culture has a larger vegetation period, and therefore it is better to assimilate fertilizers in post-sowing period, and at the time of spring regrowth, it is rapidly increasing the weight and gaining superiority over weeds. The yield of raw mass of flowers varies from 0.7 to 1.4 t/ha depending on the fertilizer, and the dry mass, respectively, from 0.3 to 0.7 t/ha. The best weather conditions in the period of sowing and the formation of generative organs of chamomile plants were in 2018. During the autumn sowing season (September) there was more heat. The average monthly air temperature in April, May and June significantly exceeded the average multi-year norm. On average, over two years of research, the maximum yield of crude mass of chamomile flowers was 1.3 t/ha and dry mass of 0.65 t/ha was obtained with the addition of N16P16K16 (to the main fertilizer). Chamomile plants respond well to the N10 foliar feeding which provided 1.2 t/ha and 0.6 t/ha of raw material. During spring sowing, the yield was in the range of 0.5-1.1 t/ha of raw mass and, respectively, 0.2-0.6 t/ha of dry mass of flowers. Fertilized options were not inferior to each other in yield of medicinal raw material. Application of fertilizers according to the experimental scheme increased the yield of finished medicinal raw materials by 0,1-0,3 t/ha

Разработка и исследование влияния биоразлагаемых пленок на показатели свежести мясных полуфабрикатов

Barrier storage technologies are a promising means of increasing the shelf life of meat products, in particular, food wrap. The authors developed an edible food film with antioxidant and antibacterial properties and tested its efficiency in storage of semi-finished meat products. The formula includes nutrients available for industrial production: structure-forming polysaccharide nature-agar-agar, thickener, stabilizer, antioxidant-arabinogalactan, plasticizer-food glycerin, and universal solvent-distilled water. The food film was produced by extrusion dosing of bulk components and distilled water. Then suspended mixture of agar-agar and arabinogalactan was prepared, followed by preparation of film-forming mixture. The film was blown through a narrow slit head of the extruder; after that it was cooled, calibrated, and dried. The films appeared to have a thickness that varied from 28.5 to 54.0 microns, depending on the concentration of the basic prescription components. The thickest film (54 µm) was observed in the sample with the maximum agar content (2%); an increase in the concentration of arabinogalactan in the film solution contributes to the film thickening to a lesser extent (47.1 µm). An increase in the glycerol content of the film formulation to 2% allowed the authors to obtain a film with a minimum thickness (28.5 microns). An increase in agar concentration raises the tensile strength to 36.2 MPa and elongation at break to 29.2%. However, with an increase in glycerol content, these indicators deteriorate to 25.3 MPa (24.6%). High structural and mechanical properties of the film and a high degree of decomposition were observed in the film sample with 2% agar-agar content. As an antimicrobial component, a liquid extract of chamomile flowers was introduced into the film. On the basis of the conducted organoleptic, physico-chemical, and microbiological studies, packaging of semi-finished meat products in a biodegradable film helps to increase their shelf life.

Influence of Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC) as an Organic Fertilizer on Nutrient, Growth, Yield, and Essential Oil Composition of German Chamomile (Matricaria Recutita L.)

ABSTRACTTo investigate the effect of Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC) as an organic fertilizer on German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) nutrient, growth, yield, essential oil and osmolytes a greenhouse experiment was conducted through a randomized complete design in six replications. A mixture of sandy loam soil with 5, 10 and 15% volume rates of spent mushroom compost was used as the partial substrate for German chamomile pot culture. Finding of results revealed that usage of SMC in the growing media increased significantly plant growth, flower yield, essential macro nutrient uptake, sodium concentration, proline and soluble sugars content as well as essential oil percentages in compared to control. Comparison between the treatments indicated that addition of 10% SMC to the plant soil substrate cause to higher growth and addition of higher rates of SMC (10% and 15%) led to better yield. The obtained results showed that absorption of K and Na enhanced significantly by increasing of SMC percentage in growing media but there was no significant difference in N and P uptake in SMC treatments. The results of GC and GC-MS analysis presented that the main compositions of essential oil extracted from German chamomile flowers accounted for 83.99–99.84% of total essential oil in SMC treatments. Regarding important role of SMC on the essential oil yield, we can consider SMC could be a suitable substitute for chemical fertilizers as environmentally friendly material in cultivation medicinal plant German chamomile.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using different plant extracts and their antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

The synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles with the use of plant extract is a promising alternative to the conventional chemical method. This work aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using plant extract of chamomile flower (Matricaria chamomilla L.), olive leave (Olea europaea) and red tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum M.). The synthesized ZnONPs were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS profile. The XRD studies confirmed the presence of pure crystalline shapes of ZnO nanoparticles. The ZnONPs synthesized by Olea europaea had the least size range of 40.5 to 124.0 nm as revealed by the SEM observation while XRD revealed a dominant average size of 48.2 nm in the sample which is similar to the size distribution analysis obtained from TEM. The antibacterial effect of ZnONPs synthesized by Olea europaea on Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) strain GZ 0003 had an inhibition zone of 2.2 cm at 16.0 µg/ml which was significantly different from ZnONPs synthesized by Matricaria chamomilla and Lycopersicon esculentum. Also, the bacterial growth, biofilm formation, swimming motility and bacterial cell membrane of Xoo strain GZ 0003 were significantly affected by ZnO nanoparticle. Overall, zinc oxide nanoparticles are promising biocontrol agents that can be used to combat bacterial leaf blight diseases of rice.

Effect of plant extracts derived from thyme and chamomile on the growth performance, gut morphology and immune system of broilers fed aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A contaminated diets

This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of chamomile flower extract (CFE) and thyme-oil extract (TOE) for the preventing effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB) in broiler productivity, biochemical parameters, gut morphology and immune response of broilers. The experiment was conducted as a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement, being the factors: phytogenic additives (control, 3 g/kg diet of CFE, or 3 g/kg diet of TOE) and dietary contaminated diets (none, 0.50 mg/kg diet of AFB, 0.25 mg/kg diet of OTA, or 0.50 mg/kg diet of AFB + 0.25 mg/kg diet of OTA). Each of the 12 dietary treatments was fed to six replicate pens (10 birds/pen) from 0 to 28 d of age. Inclusion of phytogenic additives increased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI), and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) from day 11 to 28 and day 0 to 28 in the birds fed OTA-AFB toxin diets. Significantly increased levels of HDL, IgG, IgM and anti-Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody titre were observed in the two essential oil-treated groups when compared with the control group. When compared with the control, relative weights of gizzard, liver and pancreas were significantly higher for broilers fed diets containing OTA alone. The results indicated that OTA and AFB toxins, alone or in combination, reduced villous height (VH) and ratio of VH to crypt depth in the jejunum. The levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and plasma immunoglobulin, as well as NDV antibody titre were significantly decreased by AFB-OTA toxin combination. In summary, the combination of OTA and AFB impaired chick immune function even at combined concentrations as low as 0.25 mg/kg diet of OTA and 0.50 mg/kg diet of AFB. The inclusion of TOE and CFE can be an alternative to ameliorate the adverse effects of low doses of AFB and OTA in broiler diets.HighlightsOchratoxin A and aflatoxin B1, alone or in combination, affect negatively productive performance and immune function.Dietary inclusion of chamomile flower extract (CFE) and thyme-oil extract (TOE) had positive effects on growth performance and immune response.Addition of CFE and TOE to diets can ameliorate the adverse effects of mycotoxins in broiler diets.

Using chamomile for alleviating oral mucositis among patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiotherapy

Background Radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis remains one of the main and most common adverse effects affecting all patients receiving radiotherapy for head and neck cancer (HNC). Aim To evaluate the use of chamomile on alleviating oral mucositis among patients with HNC receiving radiotherapy. Design A quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group interrupted time series design was utilized. Research hypotheses H1: patients who receive chamomile gel will have a statistically significant difference regarding oral mucositis grade compared with the control group who receive only routine hospital care. H2: patients who receive chamomile gel will have statistically significant lower mean severity scores of pain intensity associated with oral mucositis compared with those who receive only routine hospital care. H3: patients who receive chamomile gel will have statistically significant lower mean severity scores of patient-reported oral mucositis symptoms compared with those who receive only routine hospital care. Sample A convenient sample of 60 patients with HNC was recruited along 6 months. Tools Four tools were used to collect data: Structured Interview Questionnaire, National Cancer Institute Scoring for Mucositis, Patient-Reported Oral Mucositis Symptoms Scale, and Pain Numeric Rating Scale-11. Results In spite of the increase in oral mucositis grade among the study and the control groups, there was a statistically significant difference between both groups, and the increase in oral mucositis grade in the study group was significantly less than the control group. Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference in pain severity mean scores, as well as patient-reported oral mucositis symptom mean scores in favor of the study group that received chamomile gel compared with the control group that received only routine hospital care. Conclusion Chamomile gel was effective in reducing oral mucositis grade, severity of pain, as well as patient-reported oral mucositis symptoms in the study group compared with the control group.

Залежність урожайності суцвіть ромашки лікарської від тривалості вегетаційного періоду культури

Залежність урожайності суцвіть ромашки лікарської від тривалості вегетаційного періоду культури

The antibacterial activity of five commercial plant extracts against lt;emgt;Staphylococcus aureuslt;/emgt; and lt;emgt;Escherichia colilt;/emgt;

In the present work, the antibacterial activity of five commercial vegetable extracts (Allium sativum, Chamaemelum nobile, Thymus vulgaris, Zingiber officinale and Ricinus communis) was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by the agar diffusion method, and the microdilution for the determination the minimum inhibitory concentration. For Vincent&#039;s method, the diameters of inhibition range between 6 and 20 mm against Escherichia coli, in contrary for Staphylococcus aureus, the extracts were inactive except garlic extract which is weakly inhibited. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration shows that the highest activity was recorded to thyme extract against Escherichia coli (108.75 mg / ml), but for Staphylococcus aureus, 350 mg / ml of garlic extract was necessary for its inhibition.

Antifungal Properties of Some Commercial Extracts Against &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Candida albicans&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;

To evaluate the antifungal activity of five commercial extracts against Candida albicans in vitro, five commercial extracts obtained from Allium sativum, Chamaemelum nobile, Thymus vulgaris, Zingiber officinale and Ricinus communis were tested at three different concentrations (pure, 1/2 and 1/4) for their antimicrobial activity against C. albicans using agar disc diffusion method. C. albicans was least susceptible to the commercial extracts. The diameter of zone inhibition ranged between 6 and 13 mm. Z. officinale and T. vulgaris extracts appeared to be the most active, while A. sativum, C. nobile and R. communis extracts exhibited most weak antifungal activity against C. albicans. These findings increase the possibility of exploiting these commercial extracts as a safe alternative natural preservative.

Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis and Anthemis nobilis Widespread in the Syrian Coast

We aimed in this study to determine the antibacterial efficacy of essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis leaves and Anthemis nobilis flowers widespread in the Syrian coast against several strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The essential oils were extracted and the yield was measured using Clevenger apparatus. In vitro investigation of antibacterial activity using agar disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each essential oil was determined by microdilution method against studied bacteria. Results demonstrated that Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil had the highest activity (MIC for Staphylococcus aureus was 3.9µl/ml and MIC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 7.8 µl/ml). Salvia officinalis essential oil had moderate antibacterial effect with MIC of 31.2 µl/ml and 125µl/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. On the other hand, Anthemis nobilis essential oil had no efficacy against tested bacterial strains. According to our study, Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil exhibited higher antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa than this of Salvia officinalis.

Óleos essenciais de plantas contra bactérias isoladas de peixes: uma triagem in vitro e eficácia in vivo de Lippia origanoides

ABSTRACT: The use of natural products, such as essential oils (EOs), is a potential novel approach to treat fish bacterial infections with a lower risk of developing resistance. There has been a number of studies reporting the activity of EOs as those obtained from the species Achyrocline satureioides, Aniba parviflora, Aniba rosaeodora, Anthemis nobilis, Conobea scoparioides, Cupressus sempervirens, Illicium verum, Lippia origanoides, and Melaleuca alternifolia against bacteria. However, there are few studies investigating the effect of these EOs against fish bacteria. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of EOs against the following fish bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter freundii, and Raoultella ornithinolytica. Additionally, the in vivo antibacterial activity of the EO L. origanoides was evaluated against experimentally induced A. hydrophila infection of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). The EO of L. origanoides was chosen as it showed the highest in vitro antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 mg mL-1. This EO also presented a therapeutic success of 58.33%, on a 30 day A. hydrophila infection. Therefore, we suggested that the EO of L. origanoides may be a viable alternative as a treatment for A. hydrophila infection.