Anthelmintic Effect Research Articles

Impact of resveratrol and zinc on biomarkers of oxidative stress induced by Trichinella spiralis infection.

Trichinellosis is a re-emerging worldwide foodborne zoonosis. Oxidative stress is one of the most common detrimental effects caused by trichinellosis. In addition, Trichinella infection poses an infinite and major challenge to the host's immune system. Resistance and side effects limit the efficiency of the existing anti-trichinella medication. Given that concern, this work aimed to investigate the anti-helminthic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of resveratrol and zinc during both phases of Trichinella spiralis infection. Sixty-four Swiss albino mice were divided into four equal groups: non-infected control, infected control, infected and treated with resveratrol, and infected and treated with zinc. Animals were sacrificed on the 7th and 35th days post-infection for intestinal and muscular phase assessments. Drug efficacy was assessed by biochemical, parasitological, histopathological, immunological, and immunohistochemical assays. Resveratrol and zinc can be promising antiparasitic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory agents, as evidenced by the significant decrease in parasite burden, the significant improvement of liver and kidney function parameters, the increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) level, the increase in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 factor expression, and the improvement in histopathological findings. Moreover, both drugs enhanced the immune system and restored the disturbed immune balance by increasing the interleukin 12 (IL-12) level. In conclusion, resveratrol and zinc provide protection for the host against oxidative harm and the detrimental effects produced by the host's defense response during Trichinella spiralis infection, making them promising natural alternatives for the treatment of trichinellosis.

Antibacterial and anthelmintic effect of the combination of pomegranate peel and olive leaf extracts

Antibacterial and anthelmintic effect of the combination of pomegranate peel and olive leaf extracts

Exploration of In Vivo and In Vitro Biological Effects of Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Fruits Supported by Molecular Docking and ADMET Study.

Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) is a common mangrove plant which has significant medicinal value in traditional medicine. Ethanol extract from the fruits of S. caseolaris (SCE) was used in this project to explore its different pharmacological effects considering its traditional usage. In the castor oil-induced diarrheal method, SCE significantly lengthened the latency of the first defecation period up to 95.8 and 119.4 min as well as lowering stool count by 43.3% and 64.4% at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. In evaluating the neuropharmacological effect using the open-field model, a significant central nervous system (CNS) depressant nature was observed after a reduction in the no. of squares crossed by mice at various time intervals. In evaluating the blood coagulation effect, SCE significantly reduced blood clotting time at 5.86, 5.52, and 5.01 min at 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml doses, respectively. In the assessment of the anthelmintic effect, SCE significantly killed Paramphistomum cervi (P. cervi) where the death times of the nematodes were 40.3, 36.8, and 29.9 min at 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/ml doses, respectively. The extract showed a very poor cytotoxic effect in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. In molecular docking analysis, maslinic acid, oleanolic acid, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside, myricetin, ellagic acid, and R-nyasol showed the best binding affinities with the selected proteins which might be the credible reasons for eliciting pharmacological responses. Among these seven compounds, only luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside had two violations in Lipinski's rule of five.

A Review of Erythrina Variegate Leaf Melluma in the Management of Kaphaja Krimi (Tapeworms): A Comprehensive Analysis

One or more kinds of intestinal worms infect more than 50% of people worldwide. One of the earliest diseases affecting humans is tapeworms correlated to Kaphaja Krimi in Ayurveda. They still have a significant role in global morbidity and death today. Erythrina variegate leaf Melluma (dry curry or condiment) is a traditional remedy for intestinal worms and this review’s objective was to investigate the effectiveness of this leaf Melluma in the management of worms. Information about worms was gleaned from Ayurvedic scriptures, contemporary texts and earlier research studies. Subsequently, a comprehensive survey of the literature was conducted for Erythrina variegate leaf Melluma, which was then scrutinized for their Pancha Padārtha (five elements of the herb) and pharmacological qualities related to the management of frontal sinusitis. Analysis of Ayurvedic Pancha Padārtha showed positive impact on derangement of Dōsha (body humors) involved in Kaphaja Krimi and the herbal formula’s anti-helminthic properties, stemming from their alignment with anti-parasitic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. While the majority of studies have demonstrated the anti-helminthic effects of Erythrina variegate, reviewed articles have also highlighted additional qualities that alleviate the symptoms of worm infections. Based on the literature review and Pancha Padārtha analysis, the selected Melluma proves to be valuable in the management of worms.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF SORGHUM CHAFF FOR THE CONTROL OF HELMINTHIASIS IN YANKASA RAMS.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the anti-helminthic effect of sorghum chaff fed to small ruminants. Fifteen growing Yankasa rams with an average live weight of 17.5 kg were dewormed using Albendazole at 10mg/kg body weight and infected with nematodes larvae (2,100 L3 of strongyle per ram) and allotted to five (5) treatments of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% inclusion levels of sorghum chaff in diets in a completely randomized design with three replications. Each ram was offered the experimental diet at 1.5% of its body weight as supplement daily for eight weeks. Faecal samples were collected from the rams before and at the end of the experiment to detect the presence of parasitic infections (fecal egg and oocyst counts). The control treatment (0% sorghum chaff) was dewormed using Albendazole at 10mg/kg body weight. The results showed mild infestations with strongyle and moniezia at four weeks after L3 infestation but were statistically (P>0.05) similar. Similarly, there were no significant (P>0.05) differences observed in the number of eggs per gram of faeces across treatments at week six, but numerically, animals on treatment 4 (60% inclusion level of sorghum chaff) had better worm clearance relative to other treatments. It was concluded that inclusion of sorghum chaff in the diets of small ruminants up to 60% level could be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes infestation in sheep. Further studies to isolate the active ingredients having anti-helminthic effect in the sorghum chaff and standard inclusion levels are hereby recommended.

In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic efficacy of condensed tannins extracted from the seeds of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) against Haemonchus contortus infection

This study was designed to examine in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic efficacy of condensed tannins (CT) extracted from seeds of Medicago sativa on Haemonchus contortus in sheep. CT's in vitro anthelmintic effect was assessed at a 300 μg/ml concentration compared with albendazole (reference drug) at 10 μg/ml. The results showed that CT had a nematocidal effect on H. contortus, and the cuticle of the adult worm appeared to be its initial target. For the in vivo experiment, nine 3-month-old helminths-free lambs were distributed into three groups. Group 1 (n=3) was challenged only as infected untreated controls; Group 2 (n=3) was treated with condensed tannin, and Group 3 (n=3) was treated with albendazole. Fecal and blood samples were collected every 3 days until the end of the experiment; for fecal egg count (FEC) and anti- H. contortus IgG titers determination, respectively. The lambs treated with the CT in G2 exhibited a pronounced decrease of mean FEC with great FECR% detected from the first-week post-treatment (PT) until the end of the experiment compared with G1 animals. The antibody levels gradually increased in G2 following the 2nd dose of CT treatment compared to other groups. A brilliant consistent relation between the elevation of IgG response and reduction of FEC was observed following the second booster dosing of the CT in G2. In conclusion, the CT evoked strongly in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity against H. contortus and could be used as a natural alternative treatment of high potency against haemonchosis in sheep.

Diethylcarbamazine, TRP channels and Ca2+ signaling in cells of the Ascaris intestine.

The nematode parasite intestine absorbs nutrients, is involved in innate immunity, can metabolize xenobiotics and as we show here, is also a site of action of the anthelmintic, diethylcarbamazine. Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is used to treat lymphatic filariasis and activates TRP-2, GON-2 & CED-11 TRP channels in Brugia malayi muscle cells producing spastic paralysis. DEC also has stimulatory effects on ascarid nematode parasites. Using PCR techniques, we detected, in Ascaris suum intestine, message for: Asu-trp-2, Asu-gon-2, Asu-ced-11, Asu-ocr-1, Asu-osm-9 and Asu-trpa-1. Comparison of amino-acid sequences of the TRP channels of B. malayi, and A. suum revealed noteworthy similarity, suggesting that the intestine of Ascaris will also be sensitive to DEC. We used Fluo-3AM as a Ca2+ indicator and observed characteristic unsteady time-dependent increases in the Ca2+ signal in the intestine in response to DEC. Application of La3+ and the TRP channel inhibitors, 2-APB or SKF 96365, inhibited DEC mediated increases in intracellular Ca2+. These observations are important because they emphasize that the nematode intestine, in addition to muscle, is a site of action of DEC as well as other anthelmintics. DEC may also enhance the Ca2+ toxicity effects of other anthelmintics acting on the intestine or, increase the effects of other anthelmintics that are metabolized and excreted by the nematode intestine.

Effect of Spice Drinks (Red Ginger and Cinnamon) on Dysmenorrhea Pain

Menstrual pain is called dysmenorrhea; 15% of women who experience menstrual pain feel uncomfortable. Savitri & Swari (2020) stated that menstrual pain occurs 1-2 days before menstruation appears and continues until the third day of menstruation or the end. Some studies declare that ginger water decoction can reduce menstrual pain or dysmenorrhea. In vitro and in vivo, ginger has been shown to have antimicrobial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antilipidemic, analgesic properties, and protective effects on the digestive tract. Likewise, cinnamon and cloves can relieve toothache. This research method uses a quasi-experimental design with control by giving ginger and cinnamon spice drinks. The population of this study was women aged 19-21 years who experienced menstrual pain with a large sample of the results of the calculation of the average difference test in two pairs of groups, which were 30 respondents in each group, both intervention, and control. The study found that a spiced drink consisting of red ginger, cloves, and cinnamon and given honey positively affected menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) with the p-value. There is an effect of a spiced drink consisting of red ginger, cloves, and cinnamon and given honey on menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea).

Phytochemical profiling and biological activity of the extracts obtained from green biomass of three Miscanthus L. species using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Taxa belonging to the genus Miscanthus L. (silvergrass) are non-invasive plants that can grow on marginal land that are not suitable for food production. These species give high yields of lignocellulosic biomass, being a rich and renewable source of organic matter for the production of second-generation biofuels (ethanol) and for other practical purposes, such as raw material for paper production. The most promising species of the genus Miscanthus L., in terms of practical use in industry and agriculture, are M. sinensis, M. sacchariflorum and their hydride - M. × giganteus. In this study, extracts obtained from the green biomass of these Miscanthus L. species underwent detailed phytochemical investigation and multidirectional biological evaluation. The extracts were prepared using supercritical fluid extraction with water as co-solvent. The qualitative RP-HPLC/PDA analysis of the extracts after their purification with solid-phase extraction confirmed their similar phytochemical profiles. Six free phenolic acids ( p -hydroxybenzoic, isovanillic, syringic, p -coumaric, ferulic and isoferulic) and one trans -cinnamic acid derivative were identified and determined. The antimicrobial, antiviral, anthelmintic and anticancer activity of the supercritical extracts of Miscanthus L. species studied was revealed for the first time. Moreover, the extracts possessed low cytotoxicity against normal cells. This screening evaluation showed that, besides giving high yields of lignocellulosic biomass, these grasses could also be a source of valuable bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. • Supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of silvergrasses had similar phenolic profiles. • All slivergrass extracts showed antibacterial and antifungal activities. • Amur and giant silvergrass extracts revealed anthelmintic (nematocidal) effects. • Chinese and giant silvergrass extracts inhibited herpes simplex virus type-1 cycle. • Amur silvergrass extract was selectively cytotoxic against melanoma cells.

In vitro anthelmintic activity of Lippia alba essential oil chemotypes against Haemonchus contortus

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the essential oils of Lippia alba chemotypes carvone and citral on H. contortus. Chemical characterization was performed by means of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The anthelmintic effects of the essential oils were assessed through the egg hatch test (EHT) and the adult worm motility test (AWMT) using a multidrug-resistant H. contortus Kokstad isolate. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of eggs and adults of H. contortus and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of adults were performed after treatment with oils for qualitative observations of their effects. The carvone chemotype of L. alba (LaCV) presented 70% carvone, and the citral chemotype of L. alba (LaCT) presented 29.4% geranial and 20.4% neral, respectively. In the EHT, the EC50 values of LaCV and LaCT were 0.2 and 0.3 mg/mL, respectively. In AWMT, after 12 h of exposure to 2 mg/mL LaCV and 2 mg/mL LaCT, 100% of adult nematodes were immobile. CLSM showed changes in larval motility inside the egg caused by LaCV, while LaCT promoted changes in larval formation. In adults exposed to both chemotypes, alterations in the anterior portion of the oesophagus were observed. In SEM, morphological changes were observed in the buccal capsule and in the medial portion of H. contortus adults. It is concluded that the two essential oils of L. alba, the chemotypes carvone and citral, caused morphological changes and inhibited the hatching of eggs and the motility of adult H. contortus nematodes.

Essential Oils as Novel Anthelmintic Drug Candidates

Helminths, with an estimated 1.5 billion annual global infections, are one of the major health challenges worldwide. The current strategy of the World Health Organization to prevent helminth infection includes increasing hygienic awareness, providing better sanitation and preventative anthelmintic drug therapy in vulnerable populations. Nowadays, anthelmintic drugs are used heavily in livestock, both in case of infection and as a preventative measure. However, this has led to the development of resistance against several of the most common drugs, such as levamisole, ivermectin and thiabendazole. As many as 70% of the livestock in developed countries now has helminths that are drug resistant, and multiple resistance is common. Because of this, novel anthelmintics are urgently needed to help combat large-scale production losses. Prior to this review, no comprehensive review of the anthelmintic effects of essential oils and their components existed. Multiple review articles have been published on the uses of a single plant and its extracts that only briefly touch upon their anthelmintic activity. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of essential oils and their components as anthelmintic treatment against a wider variety of helminths.

Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling ofTrewia nudifloraLinn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects

AbstractThe objective of the current study was to examine the phytochemical andin vitrothrombolytic, anti-arthritic, anthelmintic, and insecticidal effects ofTrewia nudiflora(TN) methanolic leaf extract with its methanol (MTN), chloroform (CTN), and ethyl acetate (ETN) fractions.Pheretima posthumaandTribolium castaneumwere employed for evaluating the antihelmintic and insecticidal properties, respectively. All the tested extracts showed the presence of copious potential constituents in phytochemical analysis. Among all extracts, MTN extract exhibited the utmost clot lysis (35.95 ± 4.81%) property compared to standard streptokinase (SK) (53.77 ± 7.52%). All samples displayed striking protein denaturation activity in a dose-dependent manner (100–500 µg/mL), where the highest inhibition was observed for MTN (67.26 ± 6.39% at 500 µg/mL). Each extract demonstrated considerable anthelmintic activity at 25–75 mg/mL dose ranges. ETN showed the strongest anthelmintic activity at the highest dose. Among all samples, the CTN extract displayed the utmost mortality rate (77.22%) in the insecticidal test. The results of the study suggest thatT. nudifloraleaf extracts may have potential against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects, which warrants the necessity of extensive isolation and identification of bioactive compounds to develop newer effective drugs upon preclinical and clinical investigations.

Deciphering the anti-filarial potential of bioactive compounds from Ocimum sanctum: a combined experimental and computational study

Context The anthelminthic effect of Ocimum species (Lamiaceae) has been reported, however, its anti-filarial effect has not been explored to date. Objective This study evaluates the effect of Ocimum sanctum L. (OS) against lymphatic filarial parasites. Material and methods The ethanol extract of OS (EOS) leaves was tested for anti-filarial activity against Setaria cervi. Equal size and number (n = 10) of adult female S. cervi worms were incubated in 125, 250 or 375 μg/mL EOS extract for 6 h at 37 °C. The OS bioactive components were identified by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and subjected to docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation against filarial antioxidant proteins. Results The EOS significantly inhibited the motility of adult female S. cervi after 6 h of incubation. The motility was found to be reduced by 53.7% in 375 µg/mL and 43.8% in 250 µg/mL EOS after 6 h of treatment. The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of ethanol extract of O. sanctum revealed the presence of 13 bioactive compounds. The docking analysis showed eight OS bioactive compounds to have high binding affinity (> 4.8 kcal/mol) towards antioxidant proteins of filarial parasites. Additionally, MD simulation studies showed significant impact of (RMSD ≤ 10 Å) chlorogenic acid, luteolin and ursolic acid on filarial antioxidant enzymes/proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the anti-filarial activity of Ocimum sanctum. Discussion and conclusions The effect of EOS and OS bioactive components on human filarial parasites can be further evaluated for the development of new anti-filarial formulations.

Temperature moderates impact of formulated moxidectin on seed germination of three temperate grassland species.

Formulations of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics such as moxidectin are regularly administered to sheep to combat parasites. A disadvantage of these pharmaceuticals are their side effects on non-target organisms when entering the environment. Little is known about anthelmintic effects on plant reproduction and whether the effects depend on environmental factors. For ecological and methodological reasons, we aimed at testing whether temperature affects the efficacy of a common moxidectin-based formulation on seed germination. We carried out a germination experiment including three typical species of temperate European grasslands (Centaurea jacea, Galium mollugo, Plantago lanceolata). We applied three temperature regimes (15/5, 20/10, 30/20°C), and a four-level dilution series (1:100-1:800) of formulated moxidectin (i.e., Cydectin oral drench). These solutions represent seed-anthelmintic contacts in the digestive tract of sheep shortly after deworming. In addition, a control was carried out with purified water only. We regularly counted emerging seedlings and calculated final germination percentage, mean germination time and synchrony of germination. Formulated moxidectin significantly reduced percentage, speed and synchrony of germination. A 1:100 dilution of the formulation reduced germination percentage by a quarter and increased mean germination time by six days compared to the control. Temperature moderated effects of the anthelmintic drug on germination in all response variables and all species, but in different patterns and magnitudes (significant anthelmintic x temperature x species interactions). In all response variables, the two more extreme temperature regimes (15/5, 30/20°C) led to the strongest effects of formulated moxidectin. With respect to germination percentage, G. mollugo was more sensitive to formulated moxidectin at the warmest temperature regime, whereas P. lanceolata showed the highest sensitivity at the coldest regime. This study shows that it is important to consider temperature dependencies of the effects of pharmaceuticals on seed germination when conducting standardised germination experiments.

Antihelminthic effect of thymoquinone against biliary amphistome, Gigantocotyleexplanatum

Recent research on the emergence of parasitic resistance to commonly prescribed anthelmintics has sparked a greater interest in finding novel therapeutic molecules, including those derived from plants. The use of medicinal plants and their derivatives has been viewed as an alternative source of anti-parasitic compounds and as being safe in comparison to synthetic medications due to the absence of adverse effects, ease of accessibility, and little to no expense.Consequently, in the current study, thymoquinone (TQ), an active component of Nigella sativa (Black cumin), has been tested to see their effect on the activity of some important parameters of Gigantocotyle explanatum worms, including Gamma-glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT), glutathione (GSH), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), Superoxide dismutase (NO). Additionally, various other survival indicators are also used, such as assays for motility, tegument damage, and DNA fragmentation.G. explanatum adult flukes were in vitro treated to thymoquinone at various concentrations for 3 h at 37 °C. Even though all of the worms were still alive after 3 h of exposure, there was a substantial (p < 0.05) reduction in worm motility at a concentration of 90 M. There were pronounced tegumental disturbances, a loss of surface annulations, and erosion in the papillae posterior region and around the acetabulum. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) level was observed. A significant inhibition of Gamma-glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) in thymoquinone treated worms was also evident. Thymoquinone and GGT also displayed a high interaction during in silico molecular docking, suggesting that this combination may be more effective at inhibiting the antioxidant enzymes of G. explanatum. The present findings suggest that thymoquinone would reduce the worm capacity for detoxification, while GGT inhibition would have a major impact on their ability to transport amino acids across the tegument. Thymoquinone thus seemed to be a promising anthelmintic compound for future investigations.

Phytochemical profile and anthelmintic effects of Laurus nobilis essential oil against the ovine nematode Haemonchus contortus and the murine helminth model Heligmosomoides polygyrus

Small ruminant production in tropical and temperate countries faced substantial anthelmintic resistance due to the intensive use of commercial anthelmintic drugs. Therefore, alternative treatments including natural bioactive compounds with anthelmintic potential have been investigated looking for its successfully use in the parasite control. In the present study, we describe the chemical profile of Laurus nobilis essential oil (EO), the in vitro anthelmintic activity of L. nobilis EO against Haemonchus contortus and its in vivo anthelmintic effect against the murine helminth parasite model Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Chromatographic profile of L. nobilis (EO) extracted from the leaves of L. nobilis have shown the presence of monterpens 1,8-cineol (Eucalyptol) (29.47%), D-Limonène (18.51%) and Linalool (10.84%) in high fractions. The in vitro anthelmintic potential was expressed by an ovicidal effect against H. contortus egg hatching with inhibition value of 1.72 mg/mL and 87.5% of immobility of adult worms after 8 h of exposure to 4 mg/mL of L. nobilis EO. Regarding, the in vivo anthelmintic potential, L. nobilis (EO) at 2400 mg/kg bw completely eliminated the egg output of H. polygyrus after 7 days of oral treatment, together with a 79.2% of reduction in total worm counts. Based on the obtained results, L. nobilis EO showed promising in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic capacities against gastrointestinal parasites.

In vitro effects of the green synthesized silver and nickel oxide nanoparticles on the motility and egg hatching ability of Marshallagia marshalli

BackgroundGastrointestinal nematodes are one of the serious health problems on the human society and in the livestock industry. Marshallagia marshalli is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminant, have subtle but more significant adverse effects on the health and fitness of their hosts.AimIn this study, green synthesized nickel oxide (NiO) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) have been checked to evaluate the possible antiparasitic effects of nickel oxide and silver nanoparticles on Marshallagia marshalli.MethodsThe characterization of synthesized NiO NPs and Ag NPs was confirmed using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The adult worms were incubated with various concentrations of NiO and Ag NPs with the quantity of; 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 ppm for 24 h. Mobility and egg hatching abilities of the parasites were recorded at 4-h intervals.ResultsThe results showed that both of the nanoparticles NiO and Ag NPs have anthelmintic activity against Marshallagia marshalli. The anthelmintic effects increased with an increase in the concentration of nanoparticles and the incubation time.ConclusionThe outcome data concluded that Ag-NPs possess a higher level of efficacy than NiO NPs.

Annona muricata (Graviola) (Annonaceae): Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Future Directions, a Review

Aims: Promote Annona muricata (Graviola) and provide information on its phytochemistry and bioactivity.&#x0D; Study Design: Multidisciplinary advanced bibliographic surveys, utilization of ChemBioDraw software package, and dissemination of the resulted knowledge.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: UR73, Development in Pedagogy and Health, Interdisciplinary Research Center of the National Pedagogical University, National Pedagogical University, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, between June 2021 and July 2022.&#x0D; Methodology: A bibliographic review was carried out to acquire information on the pharmacognosy and phytochemistry of A. muricata from various electronic databases (PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct and Google Scholar). The terms phytochemistry, pharmacognosy and the scientific name of this plant species were used as keywords for the search. The ChemBioDraw Ultra 15.0 software package was used to draw the chemical structures of natural compounds of A. muricata.&#x0D; Results: From the results obtained, it should be noted that A. muricata is traditionally used as an analgesic or stimulant. Various studies inform that this plant has various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, antihelminthic, cytotoxic, antipyretic, analgesic, healing and anti-sickling effects. Many natural phytochemicals like tannins, alkaloids, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids and steroids are responsible for its properties.&#x0D; Conclusion: This review therefore helps to inform future research on the design and development of new relevant drugs from A. muricata to improve human health and well-being. Especially drug candidates for the treatment of cancer and tuberculosis.

In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of a Hydroalcoholic Extract from Guazuma ulmifolia Leaves against Haemonchus contortus.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of a hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) and their fractions (aqueous, Aq-F and organic, EtOAc-F) from Guazuma ulmifolia leaves using Haemonchus contortus as a biological model. The egg hatching inhibition (EHI) and larval mortality against infective larvae (L3) tests were used to determine the anthelmintic effect of the treatments. The extract and fractions were tested at different concentrations against eggs and L3. Additionally, distilled water and methanol were used as negative controls and ivermectin as a positive control. The extract and fractions were subjected to HPLC analysis to identify the major compounds. The HAE displayed the highest ovicidal activity (100% EHI at 10 mg/mL). Fractionation of the HA extract allowed increasing the nematicidal effect in the EtOAc-F (100% EHI at 0.62 mg/mL and 85.35% mortality at 25 mg/mL). The phytochemical analysis of the extract and fractions revealed the presence of kaempferol, ethyl ferulate, ethyl coumarate, flavonol, luteolin, ferulic acid, luteolin rhamnoside, apigenin rutinoside, coumaric acid derivative, luteolin glucoside, and quercetin glucoside. These results suggest that G. ulmifolia leaves could be potential candidates for the control of H. contortus or other gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes.

Experience with and perceptions of non-prescription anthelmintics for cancer treatments among cancer patients in South Korea: A cross-sectional survey.

Although non-prescription anthelmintics are used by many patients as cancer treatment in South Korea, data regarding the experiences or perceptions of these drugs are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the repercussions of non-prescription anthelmintics for cancer treatment and evaluate their perceived effectiveness and adverse effects. This survey included 86 cancer patients, aged 19 years and older, who underwent anthelmintic therapy for cancer. They were recruited from two online communities in South Korea through a structured questionnaire that was provided online. Cancer patients under non-prescription anthelmintic therapy for cancer in South Korea were mostly in their advanced stages and had started the treatment in 2019. About half of the cancer patients had taken non-prescription anthelmintics during their chemotherapy, and 96.5% of them did not inform the clinicians. These participants had a positive perception (79.1%) toward the effectiveness of anthelmintics, as they felt it improved their physical condition. Data on the adverse effects of anthelmintics showed that more than two-third of the participants did not report experiencing any adverse effects. Communication between the clinicians and cancer patients regarding the use of non-prescription anthelmintics should be enhanced to prevent adverse effects.