Anthelmintic Effect Research Articles

Anthelmintic Resistance of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Communally-Grazing Goats in Humbo District, Southern Ethiopia.

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) is currently present worldwide and a major challenge to goat production. However, no updated information is available on this topic in the study area. Thus, this study evaluated the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics on GINs in naturally-infected goats and assessed farmers' perception of anthelmintic utilization practices in Humbo district, Southern Ethiopia. The field experiments for routinely used anthelmintics, namely, albendazole, ivermectin, and tetramisole, were conducted from September 2022 to April 2023. Sixty naturally-infected goats with nematodes were selected based on egg count (≥150 eggs per gram of feces) and allocated randomly into four groups (15 animals per group). Then, fecal samples were collected pre- and post-treatment and examined for fecal egg count reduction (FECRT) to determine the AR status of goat GINs. The modified McMaster technique using standard floatation was used for quantifying the eggs. In addition, a questionnaire survey was conducted to assess anthelmintic utilization practices among goat owners. The FECR levels for albendazole, ivermectin, and tetramisole were 94.6, 95.9, and 97.3%, respectively. By coproculture, the nematode genera identified before treatment were Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum, and Chabertia Species. However, post-treatment fecal cultures showed that some Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, and Strongyloides spp. did not respond to the treatments. The questionnaire survey revealed that albendazole was the most commonly used anthelmintic to treat nematode infection in goats. Respondents expressed that anthelmintic treatment was utilized based on veterinarian prescription (59%), availability (32%), efficacy (4%), and affordability (5%). Tetramisole should be used cautiously to prevent the development of resistant strains, as it was still effective in the study area. Additionally, regular monitoring of anthelmintic effectiveness is necessary.

Evaluation of The In-Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Leucas zeylanica Extracts on Earthworms

Leucas zeylanica known as Ketumbit has a wide range of medical applications. This fact includes the traditional practice of L. zeylanica for the treatment of worm infections successfully, however to date, the anthelmintic effect has still not been scientifically proven. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of L. zeylanica. The study began with the extraction of L. zeylanica extracts using methanol, ethanol, and aqueous. Subsequently, experiments were conducted to evaluate the possible in vitro anthelmintic activity of various extracts of L. zeylanica against earthworms. Various concentrations (25, 50 & 100 mg/mL) of extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of the time of paralysis and time of death of worms. All extracts of the plant exhibited considerable anthelmintic activities in a dose-dependent manner. Of them all, methanolic extract at 100 mg/mL showed the most efficacious anthelmintic activity that was comparable to the reference drug (albendazole, 25 mg/mL). Therefore, we conclude that methanolic extract at the concentration of 100 mg/mL could be considered a candidate for worm treatment apart from the standard medication. This work may provide a framework for further study of L. zeylanica as an alternative treatment for worm infection.

Synthesis, in silico Profiling, in vitro Anthelmintic and Antibacterial Activities of Novel 6-Bromo-2-Phenyl-3-Substituted Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones

In this study, eight novel derivatives of 6-bromo-2-phenyl-3-substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones were synthesized, which was achieved through the use of bromoanthranilic acid, benzoyl chloride, and different substituted amino synthons. The chemical structures of these compounds through IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry were successfully characterized. By employing computational tools like PASS, Molinspiration, Osiris, and Swiss ADME, we made predictions about the properties of these molecules. These predictions encompassed factors such as anthelmintic and antibacterial traits, drug-likeness, bioactivity scores, toxicity, and potential molecular targets. Furthermore, we performed in vitro assays to evaluate the bioactivities of the synthesized compounds. For anthelmintic effectiveness, the conventional method of assessing paralysis and mortality in earthworms for each compound was followed. The antibacterial efficacy was tested against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, using the agar cup plate technique. The results of these assays provide valuable insights into the potential of these compounds as agents with anthelmintic and antibacterial properties.

Anthelmintic effect of Stachytarpheta schottiana in Caenorhabditis elegans

Helminthiasis is considered a serious illness in tropical countries. The study of activity of natural products has proven to be an excellent alternative to parasite control. This work evaluated the anthelmintic activity of the crude extract of Stachytarpheta schottiana on viability, movements, reproduction behaviors and morphology of different stages of Caenorhabditis elegans. The extract did not decrease L1 hatching, and the survival of L1-L2 and adults in all tested concentrations. And it did not alter the movements of C. elegans adults and the egg-laying activity and brood size. Chemotaxis behavioral assays showed that C. elegans was not attracted or repelled by the extract. The morphological analysis of different forms showed several alterations as cuticular damages that promoted the detachment from the nematode body. The eggs were degraded or not present in adult bodies treated. The results obtained with the crude extract suggest that several secondary metabolites isolated from S. schottiana have an anthelmintic effect and for this confirmation, future analyses will be necessary.

Trichuris muris egg-hatching assay for anthelminthic drug discovery and characterization

Trichuriasis is a neglected tropical disease widely distributed among tropical and sub-tropical areas and associated with poverty and lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene. Existing drugs have limited efficacy and face a constant risk of developing resistance, necessitating the search for alternative treatments. However, drug discovery efforts are sparse and little research has been performed on anthelminthic effects on embryonated eggs, the infectious life stage of Trichuris spp.We examined bacterial species dependent egg hatching of the murine model parasite Trichuris muris and identified Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter hormaechei effective as hatching inducers, resulting in hatching yields of 50–70%. Streptococcus salivarius, reported to be associated with reduced drug efficacy of ivermectin-albendazole coadministration in Trichuris trichiura infected patients, did not promote egg hatching in vitro. We optimized hatching conditions using E. coli grown in luria broth or brain-heart infusion media to reach consistently high hatching yields to provide a sensitive, robust and simple egg-hatching assay. Oxantel pamoate demonstrated the strongest potency in preventing hatching, with an EC50 value of 2–4 μM after 24 h, while pyrantel pamoate, levamisole and tribendimidine exhibited only moderate to weak inhibitory effects. Conversely, all tested benzimidazoles and macrolide anthelminthics as well as emodepside failed to prevent hatching (EC50 > 100 μM).Our study demonstrates that egg-hatching assays complement larval and adult stage drug sensitivity assays, to expand knowledge about effects of current anthelminthics on Trichuris spp. Further, the developed T. muris egg-hatching assay provides a simple and cheap screening tool that could potentially lead to the discovery of novel anthelminthic compounds.

Eficácia do extrato das folhas de Teucrium polium como anticoccidiano e anti-helmíntico: Estudo in vitro

ABSTRACT Natural sources are microbiological species and medicinal plants, which could be potential new sources for development of drugs against different diseases. Coccidiosis affects many animals and leads to great economic losses. Drug-resistant strains of Eimeria species have emerged because of overuse and misuse of drugs. In vitro, using Eimeria papillata oocyst and earthworm (Eisenia fetida), we evaluated the anticoccidial and anthelmintic effect of Teucrium polium leaves extract (TPLE). Using infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of thirteen compounds for TPLE. Mebendazole (10 mg/mL) caused paralysis and earthworm death by 13.91±0.373 and 18.2±0.980 min, respectively, while, for TPLE (100 mg/ml) were 4.23±0.077 and 4.817±0.386 min. Also, the histological study revealed obvious surface architecture abnormality for treated worms. Moreover, TPLE (300 mg/mL) and formalin (5%) at 72, 96, and 120 hrs led to inhibition of sporulation by approximately 100% with marked deformities, while TPLE (200, 100, 50, and 25 mg/mL), amprolium, DettolTM, and phenol at 120 hr approximately 65.9%, 23.6%, 4.8%, 3.2%, 12.6%, 68.4%, and 46.6%, respectively. This pilot investigation revealed that TPLE possesses anticoccidial and anthelmintic activity, encouraging additional testing in vivo to create a new medication for the treatment of coccidiosis and helminthiasis.

Unveiling the Anthelminthic Potential of Merremia vitifolia Stem through in Vitro and in Silico Approach.

This study aimed to assess the anthelmintic activity of methanol extracts from Merremia vitifolia stems using a combination approach encompassing experimental, in vitro, and in silico evaluations. Despite the well-recognized pharmacological properties of M. vitifolia, its potential as an anthelmintic agent remained unexplored. This plant's anthelmintic potential was assessed on adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma), revealing a dose-dependent reduction in spontaneous motility leading to paralysis and eventual mortality. The most effective dose of M. vitifolia (200 mg/ml) for anthelmintic effects on Pheretima posthuma was identified. Complementary in silico investigations were also conducted, employing Autodock PyRx 0.8 for docking studies of reported M. vitifolia compounds. Notably, quercetin emerged as a promising candidate with superior binding energies against β-tubulin (-8.3 Kcal/mol). Moreover, this comprehensive research underlines the anthelmintic potential of Merremia vitifolia stem extract and highlights quercetin as a noteworthy compound for further investigation in the quest for novel anthelmintic agents.

Effects of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics on seed germination of temperate grassland species.

Macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics are widely used to control invertebrate pests in livestock, such as sheep. While anthelmintic effects on non-target animals, such as dung-dwelling insects, are well studied, effects on seed germination are largely unknown. Seeds can come into contact with anthelmintics either during passage through the gastro-intestinal tract of grazing animals or when anthelmintics are excreted with their dung into the environment, which may result in changed germination patterns. We used four commonly applied macrocyclic lactones to assess their effects on germination: moxidectin, ivermectin, abamectin and doramectin as pure substances; moxidectin and ivermectin also in formulated form. We tested these pharmaceuticals on 17 different temperate grassland species from five plant families. Seeds were exposed to three concentrations of macrocyclic lactones (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg·l-1 ) under controlled conditions, and germination was assessed over a 6-week period. From these data, we calculated germination percentage, mean germination time and germination synchrony. Most of the tested species were significantly affected in germination percentage and/or mean germination time by at least one of the tested pharmaceuticals, with formulated moxidectin having the largest impact. In general, the effects found were species- and pharmaceutical-specific. While formulated substances generally reduced germination percentage and increased mean germination time, pure substances increased germination percentage. Synchrony showed less clear patterns in all pharmaceuticals. Although effect size and sign varied between species, our study shows that non-target effects of macrocyclic lactones commonly occur in terrestrial plants. This may impede successful seed exchange between habitats via sheep, and even translate into profound changes to grazed ecosystems.

Anthelmintic effects of aqueous extract <i>Balanites aegyptiaca</i> stem bark on strongyle larvae and the earthworm <i>Pheretima posthuma</i>

The development of anthelmintic resistance and the high cost of conventional anthelmintics have led to the evaluation of medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. In the current study, in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the possible anthelmintic effects of Balanites aegyptiaca stem bark aqueous extract on Strongyle larvae and the earthworm Pheretima posthuma. The in vitro studies revealed that the extract at graded concentrations of 300 mg/ml, 400 mg/ml, 500 mg/ml and 600 mg/ml exhibited larvicidal activity (p<0.05) against earthworms with 600 mg/ml having the highest activity causing paralysis and death. In a similar vein, a graded concentration response was observed against Strongyle larvae. The highest effective concentration on larvae was 250 mg/ml which had a larval mortality rate of 100% and a mortality index of one (1) comparable with that of albendazole. The IC50 and IC99 values for the time of paralysis were 442.7mg/ml and 767.80mg/ml respectively. The anthelmintic activity exhibited by the extract could be linked to the presence of phytochemicals present in the plant. These findings support the folkloric use of this plant in the control and management of gastrointestinal nematodes in humans and animals.

Efficacy of Azadirachta indica in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Helminthiasis

The study was carried out to assess the anthelminthic efficacy of Azadirachta indica commonly known as Neem (Dogoyaro). The phytochemical components of the leaf extract was accessed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and the efficacy was carried out in vitro and in vivo using Toxocara canis (as worm model) of dogs. Twenty peaks of compounds were revealed in the GS-MS chromatogram, with Hexadecanoic acid which is saddled with anthelminthic effect as one of its major constituents. In the in vitro study, the lethal concentration was 92.48ml/mg at 6hrs. Percentage egg reduction of 76.2% and 83.9% from the Faecal Egg Count (FEC) at LC25 and LC50 respectively was recorded for the in vivo study. The overall blood count of all the puppies used for the experiment were 4.46 X 106µL for RBC, 31.32% for PCV and 11.23 X 103for WBC. Puppies treated with Azadirachta indica leaf extract showed minimal alteration of the three heamatological parameters (WBC, PCV and RBC) analyzed compared to the uninfected control group and group treated with Mbendazole. This indicates that Azadirachta indica leaf extract is effective in the treatment of gastrointestinal helminthiasis and also further investigations are recommended as it may be useful in the treatment of other diseases.

A Study of the Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potential, and Acute Toxicity of Bulgarian Tanacetum vulgare L. Essential Oil.

Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) is a plant with medicinal properties that has traditionally been used in folk medicine for its anthelmintic, antispasmodic, and choleretic effects, for the treatment of diarrhea and digestive problems, and externally, as an insecticide in veterinary practices. In the current study, we investigated, for the first time, the chemical profile and antioxidant activity of essential oil from a wild population of T. vulgare L. growing in Bulgaria. Common tansy essential oil (EO), which is rich in bicyclic monoterpenes, was obtained using hydrodistillation and characterized by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-seven compounds were identified in Bulgarian tansy EO. Among the major constituents were oxygenated monoterpenes, including compounds such as camphor (25.24%), trans-chrysantenyl acetate (18.35%), cis-verbenol (10.58%), thujone (6.06%), eucaliptol (5.99%), and α-campholenal (5.98%). The analysis results identified the essential oil from T. vulgare L. grown in the western Rhodope Mountains of Bulgaria as the camphor chemotype. Furthermore, its antioxidant activity was analyzed using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method and was found to be 605.4 ± 49.3 µmol TE/mL. The essential oil was also tested for single-dose acute toxicity on Wistar rats and was found to be non-toxic by oral administration. The mean lethal dose by intraperitoneal administration was LD50 i.p. = 14.9 g/kg body weight. The results of the conducted study can serve as a basis for the evaluation and subsequent exploration of other pharmacotherapeutic effects of the essential oil obtained from the inflorescences of the Bulgarian species T. vulgare L.

Efficacy of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf against strongyle and coccidia infections in sheep

Gastrointestinal parasites are developing resistance to various commercial anthelmintics. Hence, the need to explore the efficacies of herbal plants against gastrointestinal parasites. The study was therefore conducted to determine the efficacy of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf against strongyles and coccidia spp. in sheep. A total of 60 sheep were used for the study. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the four groups. Those in group A, B, C, and D were given albendazole (ABZ), 10% aqueous V. amygdalina extract (BL10) , 20% aqueous V. amygdalina extract (BL20), and 10 mL distilled water, respectively. All four treatments were given orally, depending on the body weight of the animals, with the exception of the distilled water, which was constant (10 mL) for each animal. Faecal samples were collected from each sheep and examined using McMaster technique. The data were analyzed using R version 4.2. The study brought to light that the prevalence of strongyles in sheep was 70% in the study area at pre-treatment. BL10 had efficacies of 52.58% and 65.08% against strongyles and coccidia spp., respectively. BL20 produced similar anthelmintic effect against strongyles as ABZ. Strongyle spp. showed resistance against ABZ in the study area.

Repurposing drugs to treat trichinellosis: in vitro analysis of the anthelmintic activity of nifedipine and Chrysanthemum coronarium extract

Albendazole is the most common benzimidazole derivative used for trichinellosis treatment but has many drawbacks. The quest for alternative compounds is, therefore, a target for researchers. This work aims to assess the in vitro anthelmintic effect of nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, and a methanol extract of the flowers of Chrysanthemum coronarium as therapeutic repurposed drugs for treating different developmental stages of Trichinella spiralis in comparison with the reference drug, albendazole. Adult worms and muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis were incubated with different concentrations of the studied drugs. Drug effects were evaluated by parasitological and electron microscopic examination.As a result, the effects of these drugs on muscle larvae were time and dose-dependent. Moreover, the LC50 after 48 h incubation was 81.25 µg/ml for albendazole, 1.24 µg/ml for nifedipine, and 229.48 µg/ml for C. coronarium. Also, the effects of the tested drugs were prominent on adult worms as the LC50 was 89.77 µg/ml for albendazole, 1.87 µg/ml for nifedipine, and 124.66 µg/ml for C. coronarium. SEM examination of the tegument of T. spiralis adult worms and larvae showed destruction of the adult worms' tegument in all treated groups. The tegument morphological changes were in the form of marked swellings or whole body collapse with the disappearance of internal contents. Furthermore, in silico studies showed that nifedipine might act as a T. spiralis β-tubulin polymerization inhibitor.Our results suggest that nifedipine and C. coronarium extract may be useful therapeutic agents for treating trichinellosis and warrant further assessment in animal disease models.

Reproductive and Biochemical Toxicity of Biobased Silver Nanoparticles against Toxocara vitulorum

Background: Toxocara vitulorum is a common parasitic worm of buffalo and cattle, causing livestock mortality and morbidity worldwide. Several countries suffered substantial eco-nomic losses due to animal death and reduced meat and milk production. Therefore, it became nec-essary to discover a new alternative drug, especially with the emerging resistance to current medica-tions. The present study aims to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic effect of different concentrations of biobased silver nanoparticles on T. vitulorum adults. Methods: Different concentrations of silver nanoparticles were synthesised using lemon juice. Groups of male and female adult worms were incubated in 50, 100, and 200 mg/L silver nanoparti-cles for 48 h. The parasite motility, histology, and biochemical parameters were observed and com-pared to the control. Results: The results showed that silver nanoparticles decreased the worm motility, increased mor-tality rate, induced structural damage, caused collagen disruption, and showed elevated levels of as-partate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, total protein, urea, and creatinine, as well as reduced levels of acetylcholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles established a significant anthelmintic effect against T. vitulorum and could become one of the up-and-coming antiparasitic drugs in the future.

Screening the anthelmintic effects of leaves and fruits extracts from various Acacia species as a potential feed for small-ruminant animals

Abstract. Handayanta E, Hadi RF. 2023. Screening the anthelmintic effects of leaves and fruits extracts from various Acacia species as a potential feed for small-ruminant animals. Biodiversitas 24: 3140-3144. This study aimed to determine the anthelmintic properties of leaves and fruits obtained from various Acaciaspecies against Haemonchus contortus Rudolphi, 1803. Both leaf and fruit samples were allocated into five different groups: negative control (NC), 0.9% of NaCl solution; positive control (PC), albendazole solution; and solutions containing 12% concentration of each Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth.(AA), Acacia mangium Willd.(AM), and Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth.(AC) powder. The added concentration was set at 12%, and each treatment group was brought to incubation in 6 different time parameters (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours) against H. contortus. Each Acacia leaves extract did not significantly differ in eliminating H. contortus, unless for AM under 4 hours of incubation (p<0.05), wherein at the final incubation time, all Acacia-treated samples displayed complete mortality. Meanwhile, treatment with Acacia fruits during 6-hour incubations led to a removal of 76.66-83.33 % H. contortus population, in which Albendazole-treated groups showed complete mortality. Thus, this study suggested the leaves from Acacia are a potential animal feed as anthelmintic against H. contortus parasites. However, further studies investigating the potential mechanism by which various Acacia species present anthelmintic activity are necessary.

The diversity and quality of forages and their potency as herbal anthelmintic for swamp buffalo in Brebes District, Central Java.

Swamp buffaloes play an important role in the rural economy of Indonesia. They consume various forages during their grazing time, including those with anti-parasitic potential. However, the information about the type and quality of forages and their potential as a natural anthelmintic for swamp buffalo is very limited. This study aimed to identify the diversity, quality, and anthelmintic potency of forages consumed by swamp buffaloes reared in Bantarkawung Subdistrict, Brebes District, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Samples of forages were obtained during three observation periods of the study, with a 12-week interval between each period. Forage diversity was evaluated by identifying its consumption by swamp buffaloes during their grazing activity in the field and feeding time in their shed. The quality of forages was analyzed using proximate analysis to measure their dry matter (DM), crude fiber (CF), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CFat), and ash contents. This is followed by the calculation of their total digestible nutrient based on the proximate analysis results. Botanical composition analysis was then conducted to measure the predominance of forages consumed by the livestock during their grazing activity. Literature reviews were carried out to explore forage's anthelmintic activity. The results showed that swamp buffaloes consume nine species of forage in the shed and 47 in the grazing area, including nine legumes, 18 grass, and 20 others. Swamp buffaloes consumed forages of lower quality, which contained high CF contents and varying levels of other nutrients below their daily nutritional needs. The grazing activity allowed swamp buffaloes to consume a higher variety of forages with better nutritional quality, thereby enabling them to meet their nutritional needs. Legumes and other forages served as the major protein sources, providing CP of 20.03% DM and 11.53% DM, and CF levels of 17.01% DM and 20.35% DM, respectively. The results also showed that the consumption of these forages increased during the rainy season. The predominant species of legumes consumed were Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia spp., while Alternanthera sessilis and Merremia umbellata were the predominant species of other forages. A total of 13 of the 47 species could potentially be used as natural anthelmintic due to their secondary metabolites, namely, tannin, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, diterpenoid, and mimosine. These compounds exert anthelmintic effects by inhibiting egg-hatching and larval development, as well as damaging the surface structure of both larvae and adult worms, ultimately leading to the death of the parasites. Overall, swamp buffaloes consumed more variety of forages during grazing compared to when they were kept in sheds. While the low-variety and low-quality forages provisioned for swamp buffaloes in their shed resulted in a low nutrient intake below their daily requirement. Furthermore, daily grazing activities allowed swamp buffaloes to fulfill and supplement their need by consuming a variety of grasses, legumes, and other forages in their respective grazing areas. Some of these forages also have the potential to become natural anthelmintic because they contain secondary metabolites, such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, diterpenoids, and mimosine.

Treatment Effects of Chitosan Nanoencapsulated Bromelain against Gastrointestinal Nematodes and Coccidia in Goats of Kenya

The management of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and coccidiosis of livestock relies on the use of commercial anthelmintic; however, the excessive and frequent usage of these drugs has led to the substantial and dramatic development of anthelmintic and anticoccidial resistance. The present study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic and anticoccidial efficacy of chitosan nanoencapsulated bromelain (CNB) against a wide spectrum of GIN and coccidia in goats. Additionally, the study assessed the safety of CNB in the goats. Bromelain was extracted from the pineapple peels and then encapsulated using chitosan. A total of 20 healthy male goats naturally infected with GIN and coccidia were used. The goats were separated into four treatment groups, with five goats per each. The CNB was orally administered at dosages of 270 and 90 mg/Kg, once daily for 60 days. Fecal egg counts (FEC), fecal oocyst counts (FOC), packed cell volume (PCV), aspartate aminotransferases (AST), alanine aminotransferases (ALT), urea, and creatinine were determined weekly. The goats were monitored for clinical signs daily, and their body weight was recorded weekly. The findings revealed that FEC reduction rates in the group that received 270 mg/Kg CNB and the group that received Albendazole were 73.41% and 79.54% at day 7 post-treatment. Also, the reduction of FOC in the group receiving 270 mg/Kg CNB at day 7 (84.12%) did not show a significant difference with Diclazuril (82.12%). The FEC and FOC were zero (reduction of FEC and FOC was 100%) at 28 days of treatment in goats treated with 270 mg/Kg CNB. During the monitoring period, no mortalities and no clinical signs were observed in the treated goats. The PCV, AST, ALT, creatinine, and urea levels for the goats in all groups were within normal limits. No pathological lesions were observed in the goat’s organs. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that repeated (60 days) dosages of 270 mg/Kg had anthelmintic and anticoccidial effects and were safe for goats. The study recommends further investigation in a field setting involving more animals. This would allow the development of a novel product for managing helminthiasis and coccidiosis in ruminants.

<i>In vivo</i> anthelmintic efficacy of some plant species of the family Compositae Cisece

The purpose of the researchis to study the anthelmintic efficacy of decoctions of various parts of plants, as well as granules and essential oils of plants of the speciesİnula heleniumL.,Cichorium intybusL.,Arctium lappaL. andHelichrysum araxiniumTaxt ex Kirp of the family Compositae Cisece in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan.Materials and methods. Herbal preparations were tested on sheep spontaneously infected with gastrointestinal Strongylates. Decoctions of various parts of plants, as well as prepared granules and herbal essential oils were administered to the experimental animals in different doses. Sheep of the control group did not receive the drug. After the administration of the drugs, the condition of the animals was recorded. The drug efficacy was recorded at 5 days based on coproovoscopy results.Results and discussion. The decoctions of the tested plant species were found to have a high anthelmintic effect against nematodes parasitizing in the digestive tract of sheep. The efficacy of the decoctions prepared from roots and aerial parts of plants of the speciesI. heleniumwas 72–78%, the decoction efficacy from roots and aerial parts of the speciesC. Intybuswas 70–76%, the decoction efficacy from roots and aerial parts of the speciesA. lappawas 69–71%, and the decoction efficacy from the aerial parts part of plants of the speciesH. araxiniumwas 74.6%. The anthelmintic effect of essential oils in the experiment was higher and reached 86.7 % fromI. helenium, 85.1% fromC. intybus, 80.8 % fromA. lappa, and 83.5% fromH. araxinium. The anthelmintic efficacy of the decoction fromI. heleniummixed withC. intybusprepared from the aerial parts of plants was 72.4%, the decoction efficacy fromH. araxiniummixed withA. lappawas 65.1, and the efficacy of the flour mixture from the roots ofI. helenium,A. lappaandC. intybuswas 71.9%.

The effect of a herbal anthelmintic (garlic and neem) on the production performance of Karan Fries cows

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a herbal anthelmintic (Garlic and Neem combination) on the production parameters of Karan Fries cows. For this study, a total of 28 freshly calved cows (1-3 parity), were divided into four groups with 7 cows in each group (T1, T2, T3, T4). The cows in T1 were kept as the control. In T2, a commercial dewormer was used, whereas in T3, a single dose of garlic and neem in the ratio of 1:5 @ 4g/kg BW was used 7 days post calving, and in T4, in addition to the first dose, a second dose was also supplemented on day 60 after calving. The milk samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 fortnights after the deworming treatment and analyzed for milk composition and SCC. From the 5th fortnight onwards, a significantly higher (P≤0.05) daily milk yield (kg) was observed in T1, T2, T3 groups compared to T1. The overall average Somatic Cell Count (SCC) was found to be significantly lower in T4 followed by T3, compared to T2, which was further significantly lower than T1. From the 3rd to the 8th fortnight, protein (%) was observed to be significantly (p≤0.05) higher in the anthelmintic treated groups (significantly higher in T4 followed by T2, T3) compared to T1. From the 4th to the 8th fortnight, fat (%) was significantly (P≤0.05) higher in T4 compared to T1. The overall SNF (%) in T2, T3 and T4 differed significantly (P≤0.05) from the control group (T1). The overall value of lactose (%) was found to be significantly higher in the T4 group compared to the other groups. During the 7th and 8th fortnight significantly higher (P≤0.05) lactose (%) was observed in the T4 group compared to the other groups. This study concluded that besides providing better anthelmintic effects in comparison to chemical anthelmintics, the garlic and neem combination might improve the production performance of dairy cows.

Chemical Composition, Anthelmintic Activity, and Mechanism of Action of Lippia dominguensis Mold. Essential Oil on Haemonchus contortus.

Gastrointestinal nematode parasitism is a major burden to small ruminant production globally, compounded by increasing anthelmintic resistance. Previous studies have identified essential oils (EOs) from the Lippia genus with antiprotozoal and anthelmintic effects. Lippia dominguensis Moldenke (Ld), an endemic specie from the Dominican Republic, has similar popular uses, however, is chemically and pharmacologically yet uncharacterized. Here, we investigated the in vitro anthelmintic activity of LdEO and its ultrastructural effects on eggs and adult nematodes of Haemonchus contortus multidrug-resistant isolated. The GC/MS analysis showed linalool (33.85 %), 1,8-cineole (30.88 %), and δ-terpineol (10.61 %) as the main EO constituents. The LdEO showed an IC50 =0.523 mg/mL in the egg hatch test, and the motility in the adult worm motility test was 95.8 % at 1 mg/mL. The confocal scanning laser microscopy of eggs indicated permeabilization or disruption of egg cell membranes as the possible mechanism of action of LdEO. The scanning electron microscopy of adult worms showed wrinkling, undulations, and cuticular disruptions. The LdEO displayed significant in vitro anthelmintic activity on eggs and adult worms of H. contortus. Additionally, the LdEO showed low oral toxicity in mice at 2,000 mg/kg. Thus, additional in vivo studies are justified to determine its anthelmintic efficacy in small ruminants.