Anterior Poliomyelitis Research Articles

Tests for Immunity to Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis

Summary The serum colloidal gold test is not acceptable as a substitute for the monkey serum neutralization test for poliomyelitis antibody. The complement fixation test employing antigens of monkey poliomyelitic spinal cord gave completely negative reactions with the sera of human beings containing antiviral antibody. The sera of normal and poliomyelitic immune monkeys gave completely negative Wassermann reactions. The sera of normal monkeys gave completely negative complement fixation reactions with antigens of monkey poliomyelitic spinal cord. Some of the sera of monkeys with poliomyelitis as well as some immunized with poliomyelitis vaccine or previously inoculated intracerebrally with neutralized serum-virus mixtures gave positive complement fixation reactions. All of the human and monkey sera employed in the complement fixation tests gave completely negative precipitation reactions with an antigen of monkey poliomyelitic spinal cord.

Tests for Immunity to Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis

Summary The intracutaneous injection of 0.05 cc. of 5, 10 and 20 per cent suspensions of monkey poliomyelitis spinal cord did not produce in normal Macacus rhesus monkeys any reactions ascribable to the virus. Normal Macacus rhesus monkeys receiving intracutaneous injections of 0.1 cc. of a Berkefeld filtrate of the Kolmer vaccine of 4 per cent monkey poliomyelitis spinal cord in 1 per cent sodium ricinoleate showed mild temporary reactions ascribed to the effects of sodium ricinoleate. The intracutaneous injection of monkeys vaccinated fourteen months previously by 10 daily subcutaneous injections of Kolmer vaccine in dose of 0.05 cc. per kilogram of weight, with 0.05 cc. of 10 and 20 per cent suspensions of monkey poliomyelitis spinal cord produced no reactions ascribable to the effects of virus or possible acquired allergic sensitization to spinal cord protein. Among 34 human adults given intracutaneous injections of 0.1 cc. of the Kolmer vaccine or a Berkefeld filtrate of it, mild temporary reactions occurred in 2 which were ascribed to the effects of sodium ricinoleate. There were no evidences of reactions due to virus or to natural allergic sensitization to monkey spinal cord protein. Among 6 children varying in age from twenty-two months to seven years receiving intracutaneous injections of 0.1 cc. of Kolmer vaccine temporary reactions occurred in 3. Of 6 children varying in age from seven to twelve years receiving intracutaneous injections of 0.1 cc. of a Berkefeld filtrate of this vaccine, mild temporary reactions occurred in one. These reactions were ascribed to the irritating effects of sodium ricinoleate and spinal cord tissue rather than to attenuated virus or natural allergic sensitization to monkey spinal cord protein. Among 18 children varying in age from eight months to eleven years receiving 3 subcutaneous injections of Kolmer vaccine at weekly intervals, 4 showed mild to moderate reactions following the intracutaneous injection of 0.1 cc. of Kolmer vaccine given about seven days after the last dose of vaccine. These reactions were ascribed to the irritant effects of sodium ricinoleate and spinal cord tissue plus the possibility of acquired allergic sensitization to monkey spinal cord protein in the vaccine previously administered in at least one of these.

Tests for Immunity to Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis

Summary The only antibody known at present to bear a definite relationship to resistance and immunity in acute anterior poliomyelitis is that occurring in serum capable of neutralizing virus in vitro and designated as antiviral antibody. The presence of an amount of this antibody in 0.5 cc. of serum neutralizing at least 10 minimal infective doses of monkey passage virus is believed to indicate effective resistance to poliomyelitis. It is likely however that resistance to poliomyelitis may be present without demonstrable amounts of this antibody in the blood. This tissue resistance may be constituted by body cells sensitized to virus and capable of rapidly producing antibody upon infection or vaccination or represent a type of resistance due to “maturation immunity” or the physiological activity of the tissues. The antibody varies greatly according to age being absent in the sera of the majority of children over six months of age and present in the majority of adults. The antibody may be absent in the blood of recovered cases of poliomyelitis although one attack of the disease usually confers a solid immunity for the balance of life. The technic of conducting antiviral tests has varied on the part of different investigators which has influenced the results reported. The variable factors have been discussed and a technic described which is hoped will assist in evolving a standardized method so highly desirable at the present time. The method is based upon the principle of expressing the amount of antibody in terms of the number of minimal infective doses of virus for Macacus rhesus monkeys inoculated intracerebrally, neutralized by 0.5 cc. of serum in an exposure of two hours at 37°C. in a water bath. While this method is expensive and requires about three weeks for its conduct yet it is available as a practical test for determining susceptibility before vaccination against poliomyelitis. The spinal cords of monkeys developing the disease during the conduct of the test may be employed for the preparation of the Kolmer vaccine of attenuated virus for active immunization of human beings against the disease which greatly reduces the cost of the test since the cord of a single monkey furnishes sufficient vaccine for the immunization of 40 to 50 children.

PROPHYLACTIC USE OF PARENTS' WHOLE BLOOD IN ANTERIOR POLIOMYELITIS

The great need for the prevention of poliomyelitis prompted this study of the effects of parents' whole blood and convalescent serum used solely as a prophylactic measure. Poliomeylitis developed in a certain number of children who received the injections. We have attempted to correlate the potency of the blood of the donors with the type of disease experienced by the children and to compare the potency of the donor's blood with that of the blood of the children when they became convalescent. Finally, we determined the immune properties of the blood of physicians and a nurse who had been in attendance on patients with poliomyelitis. Passive immunization to anterior poliomyelitis by means of adult whole blood and serum or by means of convalescent serum is based on three main premises: 1. Other virus diseases, such as measles, can be prevented or modified by similar passive immunization. 2. Several investigators have

The Vaccine Treatment of Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis of Monkeys

The Vaccine Treatment of Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis of Monkeys

Some Hints Aiding in the Diagnosis of Anterior Poliomyelitis before the Paralytic Stage

Some Hints Aiding in the Diagnosis of Anterior Poliomyelitis before the Paralytic Stage

A SUCCESSFUL METHOD FOR VACCINATION AGAINST ACUTE ANTERIOR POLIOMYELITIS

As recently stated by Kolmer and Rule, 1 it is possible to vaccinate Macacus rhesus monkeys safely and successfully against acute anterior poliomyelitis with subcutaneous and intracutaneous injections of vaccines of living but attenuated virus composed of 4 per cent suspensions of poliomyelitic monkey spinal cord in sterile 1 per cent solutions of sodium ricinoleate. All of a series of eighteen monkeys were immunized sufficiently without the slightest evidences of ill effects to protect them completely against infection following the intracerebral injection of about eighteen minimal infective doses of virus given under ether anesthesia about one month after the last dose of vaccine, the disease developing in unvaccinated controls in from five to nine days after inoculation. Following these observations, two of us received subcutaneous injections of 0.5, 1.5 and 2 cc. of the vaccine at intervals of five days without any ill effects whatever except local reactions at the

EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS

Cellular changes appearing at some stages of experimental acute anterior poliomyelitis have been recorded on several occasions.1However, the changes that develop throughout the experimental disease have not been recorded, nor has the nonspecific arachnoiditis that follows intracerebral inoculation been taken into account.2Therefore it seemed important to report the changes in the spinal fluid that occurred in over one hundred Macacus rhesus monkeys at the various stages of the disease and to correlate these changes with the clinical manifestations and various experimental types of the disease. EXPERIMENTAL DATA Technic. —The spinal fluid was obtained from the cisterna magna of animals anesthetized with ether. Only the findings of clear taps were considered. To the spinal fluid was added an equal amount of 10 per cent solution of glacial acetic acid colored well with methylene blue, and after the mixture had been agitated for five minutes the counts were

The Conduct of the Convalescent Stage of Anterior Poliomyelitis

The Conduct of the Convalescent Stage of Anterior Poliomyelitis

POLIOMYELITIS IN CALIFORNIA

With the news spreading widely over the United States that there is an increase in the incidence of anterior poliomyelitis in the Los Angeles area, physicians everywhere are being besieged with questions as to whether or not it is safe to travel into that district and as to whether or not the incidence is sufficiently great to be termed epidemic. The number of cases is well beyond the average incidence of infantile paralysis in the community concerned and is therefore of epidemic proportions. No one can say just when the epidemic will reach its peak. The factors concerning the duration of such epidemics are not well established. Some epidemics in southern California, according to information received from the U. S. Public Health Service, seem to extend over longer periods than elsewhere, and the curves have flatter tops than those of other similar areas. This does not necessarily mean a larger

Absence of Antiviral Substance in Normal Adults for the Virus of the St. Louis Encephalitis Epidemic

Webster and Fite1,2,3 have reported, that on the basis of serological tests, the virus isolated from the St. Louis encephalitis epidemic is not related to that of louping-ill, vesicular stomatitis, equine encephalomyelitis, acute anterior poliomyelitis, Japanese encephalitis (Type B), herpes, or chronic cases of von Economo's disease. The present work confirms and extends some of these findings.To determine further whether or not there exists any relationship between the virus of the St. Louis epidemic and herpes virus, since there is a possible relationship between the latter virus and that of epidemic encephalitis (reviewed by report of Matheson Commission4) both of these viruses were studied. Since neither rabbit, guinea pigs, nor rats could be infected with the encephalitis virus and since animals actively immunized against the latter were found not immune to herpes virus, it was evident that, as far as our tests went, there was no apparent relationship between the 2 viruses.In the following experimen...

Some Experiences of Sympathectomy in Anterior Poliomyelitis

Some Experiences of Sympathectomy in Anterior Poliomyelitis

Early Care of Paralysis from Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis

Early Care of Paralysis from Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis

Attempts to Transmit the Virus of Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis Through Aedes aegypti

In experiments performed at the Army Medical School, Kelser has shown that Borna disease, or epidemic equine encephalomyelitis, can be transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. This suggested the advisability of reconsidering the abandoned theory of insect transmission in poliomyelitis, using mosquitoes of the genus Aedes or other insects not previously considered. Poliomyelitis presents certain epidemiological features which have suggested insect transmission: (1) it is claimed that all outbreaks, even those that extend into the winter months, begin during the summer; (2) relatively few cases can be traced to previous cases or carriers, and the incidence of infection among contacts is low; (3) the rural distribution of the disease usually equals or exceeds urban incidence; and (4) many outbreaks occur in the neighborhood of water or water systems. Arguments advanced against this possibility include: (1) the virus has not been demonstrated in the blood of human patients, and only in small amounts in the blood of monkeys; (2) large amounts of virus have been required to infect monkeys injected by the intravenous route; (3) with one exception virus has not been demonstrated in filtered saline suspensions of insects previously fed on infected human beings or monkeys; and (4) such transmission experiments as have been reported indicate that biological transmission does not occur. In experiments based on the inoculation into normal monkeys of filtered saline extracts of insects which had previously fed on materials containing virus, it has been shown that the virus survived in Musca domestica as long as 48 hours (Flexner and Clark; Howard and Clark; that adult Musca domestica and Calliphora vomitoria developed from larvae grown on infected tissues gave negative results (Noguchi and Kudo); and that virus was not demonstrable in Culex pipiens, C. sollicitans, or C. cantator (Howard and Clark).

Anterior Poliomyelitis and Its after Care

Anterior Poliomyelitis <i>and Its after Care</i>

RELIEF OF CARDIAC DYSPNEA BY DRINKER RESPIRATOR

The chief use of the Drinker respirator in the past has been in the treatment of respiratory weakness or paralysis. It has been employed most often in the treatment of two types of patients: (1) adults and children suffering from respiratory weakness due to anterior poliomyelitis and (2) new-born infants suffering from birth asphyxia. During the observation of patients in both of these groups, one of us (D. P. M.) has been struck by the apparently beneficial effect of artificial respiration on the circulation. The rate and volume of the pulse of adults has been improved greatly by the treatment, and the cardiac action of new-born infants has been improved and maintained for long periods without spontaneous respiration taking place. Such clinical observations and additional experimental ones on asphyxiated animals have suggested that the respirator might be of some value in the treatment of patients in whom the failure of

Physical Therapy in Infantile Paralysis.

This monograph is a reprint of a chapter from The Principles and Practice of Physical Therapy by Drs. Mock, Pemberton and Coulter. This section was written by two authorities on the subject and reflects the best work being done. The authors divide the subject, the course and treatment of anterior poliomyelitis, into four stages. There is an instructive chart showing the symptoms and signs in the febrile stage of the disease. During the last few years there has been definite progress in the treatment of infantile paralysis. These advances fall to a certain degree into the field of physical therapy. The objects of treatment during the second stage are the prevention of early deformities and the relief from sensitiveness. The authors recommend that active physical therapy should be started when the sensitive stage is over; that is, at the beginning of the third or convalescent stage. Before any intelligent physical

Principles of Early Care of the Paralysis Resulting from Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis

Journal Article Principles of Early Care of the Paralysis Resulting from Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis Get access Edward L. Compere, M. D., Edward L. Compere, M. D. *From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, of the University of Chicago. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Margaret S. Campbell Margaret S. Campbell Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Physical Therapy, Volume 13, Issue 2, March 1933, Pages 57–60, https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/13.2.57 Published: 01 March 1933

RELATION OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS TO SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTERIOR POLIOMYELITIS

In view of various opinions as to a possible relationship existing between physical characteristics of an individual and susceptibility to anterior poliomyelitis, the following study was undertaken during the month of April, 1932: Fifty-two children, all of whom had been paralyzed during the epidemic of 1931 in New York City, were studied from an anthroposcopic point of view. The factors taken into consideration were the separation of the teeth, the presence of lunulae at the base of the finger nails, the color of the individual, the presence of pigmented spots, the shape of the aperture of the eyes, the development of the male genitalia, and the general build of the individual. These factors were chosen since they were made the anthroposcopic basis of the study recently reported by Draper1on the same subject. In order to make the results as accurate as possible, an equal number of controls was

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF THE ACUTE STAGE OF ANTERIOR POLIOMYELITIS IN THE 1931‐1932 EPIDEMIC

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 1, Issue 1 p. 1-5 Original Article SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF THE ACUTE STAGE OF ANTERIOR POLIOMYELITIS IN THE 1931-1932 EPIDEMIC† S. F. McDonald M.D., M.R.C.P., S. F. McDonald M.D., M.R.C.P. Honorary Physician Hospital for Sick Children, BrisbaneSearch for more papers by this author S. F. McDonald M.D., M.R.C.P., S. F. McDonald M.D., M.R.C.P. Honorary Physician Hospital for Sick Children, BrisbaneSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1933 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1933.tb14925.xCitations: 4 †Read at a meeting of the Queensland Branch of the British Medical Association on November 4, 1932. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume1, Issue1January 1933Pages 1-5 RelatedInformation