Anterior Pituitary Extract Research Articles

X. THE INADEQUATELY TREATED CRETIN

The inadequately treated child with hypothyroidism may present diagnostic problems related to growth, and because of this a tendency has arisen to ascribe to understature an element of anterior pituitary growth deficiency and to administer anterior pituitary extracts containing the growth-stimulating factor, exclusively or combined with wholly inadequate thyroid therapy. 1 The pallor associated with this condition occasionally leads to a diagnosis of secondary anemia of unknown cause. The constipation, protuberant abdomen and megacolon that may be observed in the inadequately treated cretin may be mistaken for Hirschsprung's disease. We are presenting a case in which these diagnostic difficulties were encountered. REPORT OF CASE In October of 1939 M. B., a white boy aged 15 years, was referred to the hematology department because of anemia. Hematologic studies, including a sternal puncture, revealed an anemia which was not characteristic of any definite disease. This patient was referred to us in January

Effect of an Ant. Hypophyseal Extract upon Serum Calcium and Phosphorus

SummaryA slight increase in serum inorganic phosphorus without a significant increase in serum calcium after multiple injections of anterior pituitary extract in rats is regarded as insufficient proof of the presence of a parathyreotropic factor in the extract examined.

Maintenance of Pregnancy in the Hypophysectomized Rat.

SummaryPregnancy in rats hypophysectomized on or before the 9th day of gestation was maintained with lactogenic hormone, pituitary gonadotropic synergist, and whole anterior pituitary extract. Each of these substances maintained pregnancy presumably by its ability to stimulate function of the corpus luteum.

A Comparison of the Effects of Two Gonadotropic Hormones on Immature Fowl Gonads

That the anterior lobe of the pituitary is a major factor in controlling the normal functioning of the gonads, and that anterior pituitary and anterior pituitary-like extracts are potent gonad-stimulating agents when injected into experimental animals, has long been known. Domm (1), by hypophyseal implants, was able to cause precocious development of both primary and secondary sexual characters in fowls. Domm and Van Dyke (2), using hebin, an extract of the anterior pituitary of the sheep, obtained results which were quite similar. Riddle and Polhemus (3), Schockeart (4), Breneman (5), and others have made observations on the gross changes which take place in the gonads and other primary sex organs under the influence of these hormones. Kido (6) was able to demonstrate the chorionic origin of human anterior pituitary-like hormone by transplanting small bits of this tissue in the eyes of rabbits, and so inducing ovulation and corpus luteum formation. Since the fowl has no placenta, and anterior pituitary and anterior pituitarylike extracts have been shown to differ in their effect upon experimental animals, this study was undertaken to compare histologically the action of commercial anterior pituitary and anterior pituitary-like factors on the immature fowl gonad. Histological criteria had not been used in measuring such effects up to this time. Two( different age-groups of single comb white leghorn chicks were used in this work; the thirty-eight experimental and seventeen control chicks being kept in the same pen at all times. In each case the injections were made intramuscularly; the number and size of dose was constant within the groups, but varied between the groups. Criteria and a technique for study were developed by Groody (7) and the authors. In the case of the males, histological sections were made of each testis so that the thickness of the testis tubule wall and the diameter of the tubule lumen could be used as measurements of the effectiveness of the hormones. A typical section from each testis was swept at random with the microscope using an ocular micrometer. Every tubule encountered was measured until one hundred measurements were obtained. Observed differences between experimental and control chicks were considered to be insignificant. In a typical section from the ovary of each female, all of the follicles were counted and measured. Records were kept as to the total number, the number whose diameter was one hundred micra or over, and the number whose diameter was two hundred micra or over. The data obtained from the female chicks may be tabulated as follows: Percentage of follicles 100 micra or over in diameter Antuitrin 22.55% Antuitrin-S 18.88% Control 12.77%

Sterols. CXX. Anterior Pituitary Gland Extracts

Sterols. CXX. Anterior Pituitary Gland Extracts

THE METABOLISM OF DOGS WITH PERMANENT DIABETES PRODUCED BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACT

IN A RECENT PUBLICATION (1) we recorded our observations upon the induction,course and pathology of the permanent diabetes that may follow a series of injections of anterior pituitary extract in dogs. In this paper we present the results of studies upon: (a) the relationship of the concentration of the blood sugar and serum fatty acids to the severity of the diabetes, insulin administration and variations in diet, (b) the urinary excretion of glucose, nitrogen and ketone bodies under thesame circumstances and (c) the respiratory metabolism. An effort has been made to present data which supplement thosealready published. Marks and Young (2) have recently summarized their observations upon various aspects of this type of experimental diabetes to which they have given the name pituitary-diabetes.

The effect of combined administration of chorionic gonadotropin and the pituitary synergist on the human ovary: Preliminary report

In the human subject, in whom neither chorionic gonadotropin nor pituitary extracts exerts any appreciable influence on the ovaries (the latter because of lack of concentration), the combination of relatively small quantities of each produced definite stimulation and overstimulation of the ovaries in 20 of 23 patients who received the product preoperatively.Therapeutically, the combination of chorionic gonadotropin and the anterior pituitary extract evoked one or more menstrual flows in 19 of 23 severely amenorrheic women, some of whom had not menstruated for years, despite all other forms of treatment. Only two have thus far menstruated without further treatment.Injections of the combined extracts arrested dysfunctional uterine bleeding in 14 of 18 patients, 4 of whom were puberal girls.Only 2 of 8 women in whom anovular menstruation was presumably the main cause of the barrenness conceived promptly. Overdosage and the presence of other etiologic factors partly explain the lack of responsiveness of this group of patients.The increased effectiveness of chorionic gonadotropin with the addition of a pituitary extract containing very little of the gonad-stimulating hormones is variously explained as follows: 1.1. That it represents merely the expression of the combined physiologic activity of the two gonadotropins.2.2. That chorionic gonadotropn probably converts a prohormone, supposedly present in the pituitary extract, into an active gonad-stimulating hormone.3.3. That most anterior pituitary extracts contain a principle capable of converting chorionic gonadotropin into a universal gonad-stimulating substance.

INDUCTION AND COURSE OF PERMANENT DIABETES PRODUCED BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACT

THE OBSERVATION of Young (1) that permanent diabetes could be produced in dogs by the injection of anterior pituitary extract has been followed by numerous investigations. The present literature on this subject is fully cited in a recent paper by Marks and Young (2). Our initial report (3) on the production of diabetes in dogs by this method was based on the early results in 3 animals, and since that time 7 more dogs have been prepared. On the basis of a more adequate experience with these 10 animals further studies are here presented. These include additional observations on the induction of the permanent diabetes, and evidence for the pancreatic nature of the established diabetes based on the response to insulin, the fasting metabolism and the examination of the tissues. Also, the course of the permanent diabetes.has been charted and the possible influence of insulin treatment on its progress has been noted.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE OVARIES

There are several important points about the ovaries which have emerged clearly under experimental attack. Once clearly defined, in many cases accentuated through experimental conditions, some of the phenomena stand out as normal in certain species but occur in others only occasionally. An instance is the formation of corpora lutea (accessory ones) in large follicles that have not ovulated. The ova are trapped inside, but the cells of the follicle take on luteal characteristics. Known for many years, this condition was first induced experimentally by unbalanced stimulation of the ovaries with anterior pituitary extracts.1It appears normally in the pregnant mare2and the pregnant porcupine3and occasionally in the nonpregnant monkey.4More careful observations may establish this as an occasional occurrence in women! Another instance is the extreme development of the theca folliculi, the zone immediately surrounding the basement membrane about the outer layer of follicle

THE USE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPOPITUITARISM1

THE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT of patients with hypopituitarism implies the use of substitution or supportive therapy for the correction of the various endocrine deficiencies which result from limitation of anterior pituitary function. The relative impurity and low potency of available preparations have been chiefly responsible for disappointing results which have followed the use of anterior pituitary extracts in the treatment of many such patients. Correction of the secondary thyroid and gonad deficiencies by the administration of thyroid, ovarian and testicular preparations has been somewhat more successful. It is the purpose of the present communication to emphasise the usefulness of therapy directed at the secondary, limitation of adrenocortical function which occurs in some patients with hypo’ pituitarism. Atrophy of the adrenal cortex has been regularly observed following hypophysectomy in experimental animals (i) and in patients with Simmonds’ disease (2, 3, 4). Clinical and laboratory evidences of adreno...

An experimental study of the effects of the pituitary and thyroid glands on carbohydrate metabolism

1. The administration of anterior Iobe pituitary extract to the normal dog produces a hyperglycemic (diabetogenic) effect. 2. Sugar tolerance tests in hypophysectomized dogs with and without thyroidectomy, reveal an increased tolerance or hypoglycemic effect. 3. Sugar tolerance tests in hypophysectomized dogs with and without thyroidectomy to whom anterior lobe pituitary extract had been administered show relatively normal curves. 4. The effect of thyroid therapy upon the blood sugar of normal dogs is to produce a hyperglycemia. 5. Thyroid therapy in hypophysectomized dogs with and without thyroidectomy, produces an effect approximating a normal curve.

An experimental study of the effect of the pituitary on the motility of the gastro-intestinal tract

Though they may be modified by the more or less indirect method of approach the following conclusions seem justifiable: 1. Gastro-intestinal motility in normal dogs is not affected by the subcutaneous administration of anterior lobe pituitary extract therapy. 2. Gastro-intestinal motility is not affected by hypophysectomy. 3. The administration of anterior Iobe pituitary gland to these hypophysectomized animals had no effect upon gastro-intestinal motility. 4. Gastric test meals in these operated but otherwise untreated dogs revealed normal secretory values.

Carbohydrate Metabolism of the Chick Embryo

Summary1. Thyroxin and suprarenal cortical extract induce glycogenolysis of the glycogen normally present in the livers of 8-day embryos. 2. The injection of adrenalin in approximately physiological concentration appears to have no effect on liver glycogen. 3. Increased liver and skeletal muscle glycogen and a rise in the blood sugar level have been noted after the injection of crude anterior pituitary extract, suggesting a stimulation of gluconeogenesis. 4. Liver glycogen is increased in 8-day embryos by the injection of insulin and this increase is to be correlated with a rapid fall in the blood sugar level. 5. Injection of glucose fails to interrupt the normal disappearance of glycogen from the livers of 12-day embryos. 6. Both insulin and anterior pituitary extract cause an increase in the liver glycogen of 12-day embryos. The anterior pituitary extract also causes a rise in the blood sugar level at this time.

INFLUENCE OF CHLOROPHYLL ON THE ACTIVITY OF GONADOTROPIC EXTRACTS TESTED ON NORMAL AND HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED IMMATURE FEMALE RATS1

THE ACTION of various gonadotropic substances may be modified by the fre'I quency and site of injections, and by the addition of physiologically inert J L substances (I-IO). Some anterior pituitary extracts are augmented by the addition of inert substances whereas pregnancy urine and pregnant mare serum are unaffected or inhibited by the addition of zinc sulphate (4, 9). Recently, chloro' phyll has been shown to be capable of augmenting the action of pituitary gonado'tropic hormone (11). However, the influence of chlorophyll on the gonadotropic activity of extracts from other sources, namely, blood serum and urine, were not investigated. In this communication data are presented demonstrating the inhibiting action of chlorophyll on several gonadotropic extracts. MATERIAL AND METHODS For these experiments, a total of 2,23 female rats were used. One hundred seventy-two were used for experiments testing the action of chlorophyll with preg' nant mare serum.

FURTHER PURIFICATION OF THE GROWTH HORMONE OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY1

ALTHOUGH EXPERIMENTALLY produced overgrowth and undergrowth of the body gave convincing proof of the endocrine ‘control’ of growth by the anterior pituitary, the existence of a ‘growth hormone’ as a specific chemical entity has been challenged. The unquestioned increases in body weights and dimensions which follow the administration of certain anterior pituitary extracts have been looked upon as additive or synergistic effects from other specific pituitary hormones. One of us (1) has answered this contention elsewhere but it must be admitted that final proof that the growth hormone represents a separate entity can be obtained only by chemical separation of this hormone from the other hormones of the gland. The present paper reports a partial solution of this problem. A method of extraction and fractionation of beef anterior pituitaries has been described (2) which removes the follicle stimulating factor with the albumins and retains the growth potency in the globulin fraction.

TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS

In this communication I am reporting the results of my continued observations on the treatment and handling of patients with psoriasis. To be sure, no specific remedy has been discovered but some of the facts gleaned are worth recording. One hundred and twelve patients were treated from October 1937 to October 1939 with vitamin D, vitamin B₁, vitamin B complex, brewers' yeast, vitamin C, liver extract, diluted hydrochloric acid, estrogenic substance, sulfanilamide, bismuth salicylate, anterior pituitary extract or adrenal cortex extract alone or in combination with one another or in combination with a low fat diet. All the patients were ambulatory, some received several types of treatment, and only those with definite clinical and microscopic psoriasis were studied. The patients were started on the type of treatment being used when they were first examined. If a change was not noted in the psoriasis after a certain time had elapsed,

Species Variation in the Insulin Content of Pancreas

ALTHOUGH the administration of a diabetogenic anterior pituitary extract diminishes the insulin content of the pancreas of the dog1, treatment with a similar extract increases the amount of insulin to be found in the pancreas of the rat2. In the course of an investigation into the influence of pituitary extract on the pancreatic insulin content of different species, we have observed substantial differences in the amount of insulin found in the pancreas of normal members of a number of species (see accompanying table). In particular, as the data in the table show, the insulin content of the normal guinea pig pancreas is very much lower than that of any of the other species we have examined, a result which was somewhat unexpected in view of the well-defined β cells to be found in the pancreatic islets of this species. These β cells contain chromaphil cytoplasmic granules which are influenced by the blood sugar-level3 and appear to be associated with the insulin-secreting mechanism.

EFFECTS OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACTS IN THE FASTED RAT

AI NCREASED RETENTION of nitrogen in animals given extracts of the anterior pituitary containing the growth promoting fraction has been reported by several investigators. Teel and Cushing (1) observed that dogs on a constant diet showed a marked retention of nitrogen following the injection of an alkaline extract of anterior pituitary. Gaebler (2), as a result of carefully controlled balance studies, pointed out that the injection of an anterior pituitary extract into the normal dog kept on a high protein diet resulted in a decrease in urinary excretion of nitrogen which for periods of one or two days was as great as 50%. Lee and Schaffer (3), using the paired feeding technic, showed that rats treated with anterior pituitary extract gained more weight than their untreated controls. Analyses of the carcasses of the rats revealed a higher nitrogen content in the treated rats than in their litter-mate controls.

THE INFLUENCE OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACTS ON THE DETOXICATION MECHANISMS OF THE DOG

Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical ScienceVolume 18, Issue 2 p. 163-169 Original Article THE INFLUENCE OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACTS ON THE DETOXICATION MECHANISMS OF THE DOG† AH Ennor, AH Ennor Baker Institute for Medical Research, Alfred Hospital, MelbourneSearch for more papers by this author AH Ennor, AH Ennor Baker Institute for Medical Research, Alfred Hospital, MelbourneSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 June 1940 https://doi.org/10.1038/icb.1940.17 † This work was carried out under a grant from the National Health und Medical Research Council. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume18, Issue2June 1940Pages 163-169 Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Society for Immunology RelatedInformation

THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY ON THE KETOSIS PRODUCED IN RATS BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACT1

IT WAS FIRST SHOWN by Fry (i) that removal of the adrenal cortex brings about a reduction of the ketonuria which occurs in fasting rats after the injection of anterior pituitary extract. Confirmatory reports have subsequently appeared from other laboratories (2, 3, 4). Several workers, however, who have employed blood acetone measurements to detect ketosis have reported good ketonemic responses in adrenalectomised rats (2–6). Neufeld and Collip, and Mirsky found a slightly higher average ketonemia in groups of injected adrenalectomised rats than in groups of injected control animals. If one assumes that the urinary excretion of acetone bodies is reduced after adrenalectomy, two alternative causative mechanisms can be proposed. Either the blood acetone body response isdiminished, or the renal threshold is elevated. In order to decide between these two alternatives, the present work was undertaken.