Antenna For Mobile Communications Research Articles

Design and Development of 3D Printed Omnidirectional Patch Antenna for Mobile Communication

Design and Development of 3D Printed Omnidirectional Patch Antenna for Mobile Communication

Study of the characteristics of broadband matching antennas for fifth-generation mobile communications based on new composite materials

The presented research aims to analyze in detail the characteristics of broadband matching antennas specifically designed for 5G mobile communications applications, with an emphasis on innovative composite materials. The study focuses on a compact planar loop antenna designed for use on smartphones, covering the LTE/WWAN frequency bands 824 to 960 MHz, 1,710 to 2,690 MHz, and 3,300 to 3,600 MHz for full coverage of modern 5G networks. Experimental and numerical methods are used to broadly analyze the frequency range associated with 5G networks. The features of the use of composite materials in the implementation of antenna devices in 5G technologies are noted. A broadband matching circuit (BMC) with elements with lumped parameters and a reduced sensitivity invariant has been synthesized. A 3D model of the adaptive selective surface controller (SSC) was developed using CST Studio. The study results highlight the benefits of new composite materials in improving the performance of 5G antennas. This research makes a significant contribution to the development of 5G technologies by optimizing antenna design for efficient data transmission in modern mobile networks and can be a valuable resource for engineers and designers working in this field.

Far-Field Estimation Method of Antennas Above Conductive Plane Using a Partially Spherical Near-Field

For evaluating the practical performance of land mobile communication antennas via near-field measurement, it is essential to measure the electromagnetic field, including the housing in which the antennas are mounted. When measuring a heavy housing, scattered waves from the supporting turntable for the antenna under test (AUT) disturb the electromagnetic field. A technique for eliminating the influence of scattered waves is required to evaluate the abnormal AUT radiation performance. This paper proposes a method for estimating the far-field when the antenna exists above an infinite conductive plane, using partially spherical near-field measurements that include the turntable. The proposed method estimates the far-field by combining the equivalent source reconstruction and the far-field estimation with the reflection coefficient method. In the proposed method, the equivalent source distribution surrounding an AUT is reconstructed from a partially spherical near-field to remove the effects of the turntable. Through numerical calculations and experiments, this paper shows that the proposed method can estimate the far-field pattern above an infinite conductive plane, with arbitrary electric constants from a partially spherical near-field. The far-field estimation error is less than -20 dB when the upper hemispherical near-field can be obtained.

Sickle-shaped high gain and low profile based four port MIMO antenna for 5G and aeronautical mobile communication

The construction of the four-port MIMO antenna in the form of a sickle is provided in the article. Initially, the single port element is designed and optimized. Next, a structure with two ports is created, and lastly, a design with four ports is completed. This process is repeated until the design is optimized. Three types of parametric analysis are considered, including variations in length, widths of sickle-shaped patches, and varying sizes of DGS. The frequency range of 2–8 GHz is used for structural investigation. The − 18.77 dB of return loss was observed at 3.825 GHz for a single-element structure. The optimized one-port structure provides a return loss of − 19.79 dB at 3.825 GHz. The port design offers a bandwidth of 0.71 GHz (3.515–4.225). The four-port design represents two bands that are observed at 3 GHz and 5.43 GHz. Both bands provide the return loss at respectively − 19.79 dB and − 20.53 dB with bandwidths of 1.375 GHz (2.14–3.515) and 0.25 GHz (5.335–5.585). The healthy isolation among both transmittance and reflectance response is achieved. The low-profile material was used to create the design that was presented. The article includes a comparison of the findings that were measured and those that were simulated. The four-port design that has been shown offers a total gain of 15.93 dB, a peak co-polar value of 5.46 dB, a minimum return loss of − 20.53 dB, a peak field distribution of 46.43 A/m and a maximum bandwidth of 1.375 GHz. The values for all diversity parameters like ECC are near zero, the Negative value of TARC, Near to zero MEG, DG is almost 10 dB, and a zero value of CCL is achieved. All diversity parameter performance is within the allowable range. The design is well suited for 5G and aeronautical mobile communication applications.

Platform Integrated Multiband MIMO Antennas for 5G Mobile Communications

Platform Integrated Multiband MIMO Antennas for 5G Mobile Communications

A microstrip patch antenna for 5G mobile communications

The advantages of microstrip patch antennas include small size, adaptable surface, ease of fabrication, and compatibility with integrated circuit technology. Numerous experiments have been done over the past few decades to enhance the performance of this antenna, and both military and commercial sectors have found many uses for it. This paper introduces a microstrip patch antenna with an operating frequency of 28GHz for 5G mobile communication. This research designed and simulated a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with 3.494 mm * 5.3 mm * 0.003 mm. The proposed antenna resonates at 28 GHz with a reflection coefficient of -24 dB, a bandwidth of 280 MHz, and a gain of 2.2 dBi. The inset feed technique matches the 50 Ω transmission line impedance. In the design, Rogers RT5880 substrate and copper ground are used. The antenna’s geometry was calculated, and simulated results were analyzed using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio. In conclusion, the proposed antenna has a reflection coefficient of -24 dB, VSWR of 1.24, an input impedance of 51.6Ω, and a gain of 2.2 dBi at operating frequency with a compact geometry can be used in 5G mobile communications. The future shift in resonance frequencies and beams can be considered to make the antenna operate as a smart antenna.

Low-Profile Ultra-Wideband Dual-Polarized Omnidirectional Antenna for Indoor Base Station

A low-profile ultra-wideband omnidirectional antenna with dual polarizations for indoor mobile communication is presented. The horizontally polarized (HP) omnidirectional element is introduced by using twelve I-shaped slot antennas, which are arranged in a circle-shaped array and excited by a 1-to-12 power divider. The vertically polarized (VP) omnidirectional performance is introduced by using a dual-M-shaped monopole with a small ground plane. To enhance the impedance matching within an ultra-wide bandwidth, a top metal disk with four chunks, a bottom metal loop and a ring slot embedded in the ground plane are employed for the design of the VP element. After replacing the metal disk of the VP element with the designed HP element, the omnidirectional antenna with dual polarizations is then simply achieved. By utilizing this new method, an ultra-wideband dual-polarized omnidirectional antenna for indoor mobile communications is designed, manufactured and measured. It has an ultra-wide bandwidth of 117% (1.44-5.5 GHz), a high isolation of 30 dB, and a low profile of 0.16λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> (λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> denotes the wavelength at the lowest frequency of the operating band). Good omnidirectional radiation performance with gain variation < 2.6 dBi is obtained for both HP and VP ports over the ultra-wide operating band.

A 28/38 GHz tuned reconfigurable antenna for 5G mobile communications

In this paper, a compact tuned reconfigurable microstrip antenna for fifth generation (5G) mobile communications is designed to operate at 28 GHz or 38 GHz or both frequencies. The proposed antenna can be reconfigured by using a group of PIN diodes switches across a slit in the upper traditional patch antenna or through the ground plane side. The tuning between the 28 GHz and 38GHz frequency bands can be achieved through ON/OFF states of the PIN diodes switches. The tuned reconfigurable antenna is simulated using CST software package and then fabricated and measured. The simulated and measured results show good agreement with a little deviation. The proposed tuned antenna is small in size with 18×11.25 mm2 overall area.

Design and simulation of a low return loss UWB CPW-fed patch antenna for mobile wireless communications

With the recent development of wireless communication systems and the 5G spectrum, mobile broadband technology (MBB) has been thriving. In this contribution, the design of an Ultra Wide Band T-slotted rectangular microstrip patch antenna is presented which is suitable for high data rate applications. The antenna is fed using a coplanar waveguide and is designed for two central operating frequencies, the lower resonant frequency at 3.6 GHz, an internationally recognized standard for 5G wireless mobile communications and a higher frequency at 6.8 GHz, which is part of the new wifi-6E standards. All data of the characteristic parameters have been obtained by using the Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio Student suite 2021 (CST MWS).

DESIGN OF A MICROSTRIP DUAL BAND FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Antennas are an essential component of communication systems. They are responsible for transmitting and receiving signals in various frequency ranges, including radio, microwave, and millimeter-wave frequencies. Antenna design is critical to ensuring optimal performance, high efficiency, and robustness of a communication system. The Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) has established the IEEE 802.11 protocol for coordinating the implementation of computer communications in wireless local area networks (WLAN). The antennas in this protocol should be designed to function at certain operating frequencies including 2.4, 5, 6, and 60 GHz. Although the channels that could be used in WLANs are specified by IEEE 802.11, the availability of the allowed radio frequency spectra is determined by the regulatory domain. In this paper, a proposed design and the implementation of a dual band microstrip fractal antenna for WLANs is presented. The proposed antenna has dual bands with center frequencies of 2.45 and 5.8 GHz according to the IEEE 802.11 standards. The antenna design relies on a Minkowski pattern and is implemented using photoetching. The simulation and measurement results of the radiation pattern, impedance, voltage standing wave ratio, return loss, bandwidth, gain, and polarization were obtained, analyzed, and compared to the standard specifications.

Design and development of T-Shaped antenna structure for wireless communication

This paper presents a two-element multiband multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna system for 4G/5G and IoT applications. It consists of two T-shaped structures each with a bandwidth of 350MHz, and more than operating frequencies at 2.8GHz to 4.0GHz, respectively. The antenna is a new 1X2 phased array elliptical inverted T-shaped slotted sectored patch antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) that can resonate at projected ultra-wide tetra band frequencies of 2.8GHz to 4.0GHz with high gain and beam-steering capabilities. The top and bottom edges of mobile PCBs with high gain are equipped with 1X2 phased arrays. The antenna features four ultra-wide bands, with a maximum gain of 8.5dB, according to modeling results: 2.8GHz to 4.0GHz. The suggested millimeter wave antenna is especially well suited to cellular infrastructures and might be a contender for 5G mobile applications in the future. The main goal of this paper is to design a microstrip patch antenna for millimeter wave mobile communication using basic microstrip conductor technology and line calculation analysis using the HFSS. In this form, the antenna's input reflection coefficients, or S11 parameter, are −29.08dB decibels at a resonant frequency of 3.8GHz. In the simulation of the S11 parameter for the center frequency, the gain is high as 8.5 dB.

A novel probe‐fed directional dielectric resonator antenna for mobile communication

AbstractA directional dielectric resonator antenna (DDRA) for 5G mobile communication system is proposed. The antenna is side‐fed with the metal probe to make it work in quasi‐TEδ11 mode, so as to realize the characteristics of directional radiation. The stacked structure is adopted, and the two side walls of the rectangular dielectric resonator parallel to the microstrip line are grooved to improve the frequency bandwidth of the antenna. Furtherly, the Koch snowflake fractal is used for the second iteration of the top cylindrical dielectric resonator, and the parasitic metal columns inside the DRA are also helpful for the enhancement of bandwidth. The prototype was fabricated and tested to verify the design, and the measured results show −10 dB impedance bandwidth of about 23% and an average gain of 5.2 dBi within the operation band.

Simulating the Dispersion of the Energy Flux Density of the Electromagnetic Field Generated by Antennas for Mobile Communications

The last two decades have faced a significantly increased number of telecommunication antennas emitting electromagnetic radiation in residential areas. The theoretical simulation of the dispersion of the energy flux density of the electromagnetic field has been performed applying the physical peculiarities of the waves generating electromagnetic radiation. Having evaluated studies on simulation, the visual representation of the spread of electromagnetic radiation has been carried out according to the results obtained applying the AutoCad package. A comparison of the simulated value of the energy flux density radiated from antennas for mobile telecommunications with the measured one has disclosed an overlap of 30%. The simulation of the energy flux density showed that, in the close proximity zone (under a distance of 30 m), antennas radiate values within the range 10–10,000 µW/cm2. At a distance larger than 30 m, the values of energy flux density fluctuate from 10 to 0.001 µW/cm2.

Antenna for 5G Mobile Communication at 28 GHz

Fifth generation (5G) mobile communications has become one of the trendiest issues in recent years, especially in the development of wireless technology for communications. As such, 5G mobile communications will also suffer severe path loss, due to the high frequency bands. This work presents the antennas for 5G mobile communication at 28 GHz on Rogers RT5880 with a dielectric constant, εr of 2.2, loss tangent, tan δ of 0.0009 and thickness, h of 0.787 mm. A rectangular microstrip patch are proposed in this work which consist of a single element and array configurations with two and four elements. Microstrip feed line and inset feed line are implemented to observe their performances. It can be observed from the simulation results that the gain and directivity increase from a single element up until four elements array antenna for both the microstrip feed line and inset feed line of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna. This confirm to the fact that array antenna produces high gain and directivity which could overcome the challenge of high free space path loss in millimeter-wave. The spacing between each element in the array antenna are spaced accordingly and not so close with each other in order to suppress the mutual coupling between the elements. It is shown that the mutual coupling is greatly reduced based on the greater values of reflection coefficient in two-element and four-element array antennas. Based on the gain, directivity and reflection coefficient, inset feed line antennas perform better than microstrip feed line antennas. In terms of dimensions, the size of the antenna with an inset feed line reduces as compared to microstrip feed line as the number of elements increases. Thus, it is safe to conclude that inset feed line antennas outperform microstrip feed line antennas when it comes to gain, directivity, reflection coefficient, and dimensions of antennas. Therefore, the proposed array antennas in this work are suitable to be used in 5G mobile communications.

Complex Electromagnetic Issues Associated with the Use of Electric Vehicles in Urban Transportation.

The electromagnetic field (EMF) in electric vehicles (EVs) affects not only drivers, but also passengers (using EVs daily) and electronic devices inside. This article summarizes the measurement methods applicable in studies of complex EMF in EVs focused on the evaluation of characteristics of such exposure to EVs users and drivers, together with the results of investigations into the static magnetic field (SMF), the extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF) and radiofrequency (RF) EMF related to the use of the EVs in urban transportation. The investigated EMF components comply separately with limits provided by international labor law and guidelines regarding the evaluation of human short-term exposure; however other issues need attention—electromagnetic immunity of electronic devices and long-term human exposure. The strongest EMF was found in the vicinity of direct current (DC) charging installations—SMF up to 0.2 mT and ELF magnetic field up to 100 µT—and inside the EVs—up to 30 µT close to its internal electrical equipment. Exposure to RF EMF inside the EVs (up to a few V/m) was found and recognized to be emitted from outdoor radiocommunications systems, together with emissions from sources used inside vehicles, such as passenger mobile communication handsets and antennas of Wi-Fi routers.

A novel single-feed hybrid reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna for 5G mobile communication and radio frequency energy harvesting applications at 28/38GHz.

Reconfigurable antennas have received much attention in RF energy harvesting models owing to their selectivity for operating frequency and polarization. The characteristic of having frequency selectivity and polarization selectivity can be termed as frequency diversity and polarization diversity, respectively. This paper investigates a rectenna device with a new proposed topology in order to eliminate coupling between input and output lines and increase the rectification efficiency with the use of single feed hybrid reconfigurable antenna, switch between 28GHz and 38GHz frequency. Moreover, it is designed to charge a rechargeable battery of 1watt(W). The Reconfiguration mechanism is realized by electronically controlling different states of Switches. PIN Diode (as RLC Equivalent circuit) is used as a switch for ON/OFF states. This antenna mainly comprises rectangular shaped patches (28GHz and 38GHz) with Triango-Truncated edge at the corners. Eighteen PIN Diodes are placed symmetrically throughout the antenna presenting as, S1 & S2 for frequency reconfiguration, S3 to S6 & S7 to S10 connects Triango Truncated edge at the corners for polarization reconfiguration, and for radiation pattern reconfiguration at S11 to S14 & S15 to S18 has been used. The proposed antenna model is capable of simultaneously changing, the radiation patterns as clock and anti-clockwise directions at ±90-degree shift in E and H planes, circularly polarized (CP) states among, Linear Polarization (LP), Right Hand Circularly Polarization (RHCP), and Left Hand Circularly Polarization (LHCP). The current design describes using single antenna for energy harvesting and 5G mobile communication application. This would lead to higher output currents, leading to the ability to efficiently charge a wide variety of batteries. A fully functional prototype has been designed, fabricated and its compound reconfiguration characteristics have been validated for simulated and measured results. For validation of results, the experimental results and the simulation results from the proposed mathematical model were made into comparison, and excellent correlation between the measured and simulated results was obtained.

Methodology for designing covert antennas for mobile radio communications and radio access

Methodology for designing covert antennas for mobile radio communications and radio access

A New PIFA Antenna For Future Mobile and Wireless Communication

In this work, a new antenna will be presented in the form of F-inverted working at 28Ghz frequency is proposed for 5G wireless com- munications. This antenna has been designed based on an FR-4. with shaped slots on the patch and interdigital slots in the ground for band- width enhancement. The PIFA antenna has an operating frequency of 28 GHz with S11,-39.0885 dB, while the peak gain is 7.85dBi. Therefore, it is suitable for applications of 5G wireless communications with good matching and return loss characteristics. The proposed design model and performance evaluation of the PIFA antenna has been executed by CST Microwave Studio and HFSS.

Dual-Band Millimeter-Wave Circularly Polarized Antenna for Mobile Communications

A novel design of dual-band circularly polarized patch antenna is proposed for millimeter-wave applications of the future generations of mobile communication handsets. The antenna structure is composed of a primary circular patch and four parasitic printed elements. The circular patch has two notches on its perimeter. The primary circular patch is designed to operate at 38 GHz as its first-order resonance with perfect impedance matching over the frequency band (37 &#x2013; 38.5 GHz). Four parasitic elements with Y-shaped slots are capacitively coupled to the primary patch to get it operational at an additional higher frequency with perfect impedance matching over a wideband (48.2 &#x2013; 50.1 GHz). Defects in the ground plane are made as two square slots. The notches on the circumference of the circular patch and the square slots in the ground plane are aligned to a diagonal that makes 45&#x00B0; with the axis of symmetry of the feeding line. The width of each slot and the diagonal distance between them are the design parameters that can be set to produce circular polarization with satisfactory axial ratio (AR). The outline of the composite planar antenna structure has a square shape so as not to degrade the circular polarization. Also, to satisfy the impedance matching without disturbing the circular polarization, the primary patch is fed through a tapered microstrip line instead of using a microstrip line with inset feed. The achieved gain, AR, and radiation efficiency are 6.6 dBi, 0.6 dB, and 92%, respectively, at 38 GHz and are 6.7 dBi, 1.6 dB, and 75%, respectively, at 50 GHz. The antenna is printed on a substrate of thickness 0.25 mm and the outer dimensions of the planar composite patch structure are 2.9 mm &#x00D7; 2.9 mm. The antenna bandwidth to provide good circular polarization with perfect impedance matching at the same time are 800 MHz (37-37.8 GHz) and 200MHz (49.9-50.1 GHz) for the lower and higher frequency bands, respectively. The proposed antenna is fabricated and its performance assessed by simulation is validated by comparison with the results of microwave measurements. Both the simulation and measurement results show good performance of the proposed antenna over the lower and higher frequency bands of operation.

A Hybrid Reconfigurability Structure and Improved Gain Characteristics for a Novel 5G Monopole Antenna for Future Mobile Communication

A Hybrid Reconfigurability Structure and Improved Gain Characteristics for a Novel 5G Monopole Antenna for Future Mobile Communication