Answer Options Research Articles

The Relationship between Self-Esteem and Academic Burnout in Students of SMPN 5 Jambi City

Based on the background of the problem, the phenomenon of academic burnout among students is a serious concern in Indonesia. Academic burnout is a condition experienced by individuals due to high academic demands resulting in fatigue, apathy towards academics, and a decrease in academic achievement. One of the causes of academic burnout is the individual's lack of confidence in his abilities. This research aims to show that there is a relationship between self-esteem and academic burnout of students at SMPN 5 Jambi City. This research is limited to academic burnout which has aspects of Exhaustion, Cynicism, and Reduced academic efficacy. Self-esteem which consists of competence and worthiness. The sample in this research was 285 students. This research uses research instruments in the form of an academic burnout scale and a self-esteem scale with the selection of answer options using a Likert scale. This research applies a quantitative approach in this type of research, namely correlation using product moments with the aim of finding out the relationship between academic burnout and self-esteem. The research results show that there is a significant relationship between academic burnout and negative self-esteem. Negative in this case, if the level of self-esteem is high then the level of academic burnout is low, and vice versa. The correlation analysis obtained was 0.573 which was included in the moderate or adequate relationship category. Analysis of the percentage of academic burnout was found to be 58% which is included in the medium category. Meanwhile, the self-esteem analysis obtained was 66.75% which was included in the high category. Thus it gets higher self-esteem , the lower the academic burnout of SMPN 5 Kota students.

Do routine questions provide reliable information about the patient’s diet: the results of the survey of parents of children with brain tumors being on the 2nd rehabilitation period

Introduction. The course of central nervous system tumors in children and their therapy are associated with nutritional disorders that persist after the end of antineoplastic treatment. It is important to determine nutritional problems, which is usually carried out in the form of a survey by a physician. He also needs to be aware and understand the degree of fulfillment of appointments by patient at home.Aim. To study the problems of organizing nutritional support for children with tumors of the central nervous system after the end of antitumor treatment.Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted, which included a survey, involving the parents of 71 patients with central nervous system tumors, aged 10 to 18 years, undergoing routine rehabilitation at the Russian Field Medical and Rehabilitation Scientific center. The survey included questions that a nutritionist usually asks during a consultation, with answer options, as well as a description of the diet and usual food intake. Anthropometry data (z-score of height-on-age, BMI) are included.Results. 45% of the children had deviations in BMI. The answers to the routine questions “What is the child’s appetite” and “Are there (any) problems with nutrition” were the most uninformative, did not coincide with the actual composition of the diet and food intake. More accurately, the parents answered the questions “Are there (any) problems with diet/regimen organization” and “... associated with eating”. 21 children were prescribed diets (gentle and “low-carb”), but only 6 followed these diets. 58% noted periodic “physical exhaustion”, only 7% are engaged in physical therapy at home. Only 2 children received nutritional support at home. An analysis of the composition of the diet and diet revealed significant problems in 61% of children.Conclusion. In a routine medical survey, simple questions about appetite and “are there any problems with nutrition” are not enough. Simple anthropometry is not enough. The survey has shown its effectiveness, but an analysis of the questionnaire is needed. Not all patients can follow dietary recommendations, it is necessary to take into account the motivation and understanding of both parents and children.

Health professionals' perceptions of the development needs of incident reporting software: A qualitative systematic review.

To systemically identify and synthesize information on health professionals' and students' perceptions regarding the development needs of incident reporting software. A systematic review of qualitative studies. A database search was conducted using Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science and Medic without time or language limits in February 2023. A total of 4359 studies were identified. Qualitative studies concerning the perceptions of health professionals and students regarding the development needs of incident reporting software were included, based on screening and critical appraisal by two independent reviewers. A thematic synthesis was conducted. From 10 included studies, five analytical themes were analysed. Health professionals and students desired the following improvements or changes to incident reporting software: (1) the design of reporting software, (2) the anonymity of reporting, (3) the accessibility of reporting software, (4) the classification of fields and answer options and (5) feedback and tracking of reports. Wanted features included suitable reporting forms for various specialized fields that could be integrated into existing hospital information systems. Rapid, user-friendly reporting software using multiple reporting platforms and with flexible fields and predefined answer options was preferred. While anonymous reporting was favoured, the idea of reporting serious incidents with both patient and reporter names was also suggested. Health professionals and students provided concrete insights into the development needs for reporting software. Considering the underreporting of healthcare cases, the perspectives of healthcare professionals must be considered while developing user-friendly reporting tools. Reporting software that facilitates the reporting process could reduce underreporting. The ENTREQ reporting guideline was used to support the reporting of this systematic review. There was no patient or public contribution. The protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews with register number CRD42023393804.

Ставлення школярів до занять єдиноборствами

Purpose: to determine modern aspects of schoolchildren's interest in martial arts classes. Material and methods. The following research methods were used in the work: analysis of scientific and methodological literature and Internet sources, questionnaires, methods of mathematical statistics. In order to determine the main aspects of schoolchildren's interest in martial arts classes, a questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire consisted of five questions; the first two questions had two answer options (yes/no). Answer options were presented for the last three questions, and in the option, other schoolchildren could provide their answer option if they wished. Results: the results of the conducted questionnaire among schoolchildren indicate a high level of physical activity among schoolchildren, where the majority of respondents (84,6 %) confirmed their experience of playing sports or visiting sports sections. At the same time, 15,4 % do not have such experience. Interest in martial arts turned out to be significantly less, however, more than half of schoolchildren (56,3 %) expressed a desire to practice or try martial arts. The following results were obtained during the survey of schoolchildren regarding their desire or existing experience in martial arts. Eastern martial arts stand out as the predominant choice among respondents, accounting for 38,2 %. Boxing and kickboxing (26,8 %) also showed great interest, overtaking wrestling and judo (19,7 %) in the choice of schoolchildren. 15,3 % of schoolchildren want to practice other types of martial arts. The results indicate a high level of interest of respondents in the development of self-defense skills (68,6 %), which exceeds other aspects. Improving physical fitness (47,2 %), the opportunity to learn something new and interesting (34,5 %), as well as forming new acquaintances (31,4 %) combine a significant number of answers. The most important factors preventing attending martial arts classes were the lack of appropriate infrastructure or a coach near the place of residence (46,6 %) and insufficient free time (38,4 %). Conclusions. The survey revealed a high level of physical activity among schoolchildren, but interest in martial arts turned out to be less. More than half of the students expressed their desire to engage in this activity, in particular, oriental martial arts were of particular interest. The ability to self-defense and the desire to improve physical fitness turned out to be key motivators for students. However, less than a third of schoolchildren consider martial arts to participate in competitions, which should be taken into account when developing this direction. The most important obstacles to attending classes are lack of infrastructure and limited time. Keywords: schoolchildren, martial arts, attitude, aspect, questionnaire.

ChatGPT Generated Otorhinolaryngology Multiple-Choice Questions: Quality, Psychometric Properties, and Suitability for Assessments.

To explore Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer's (ChatGPT's) capability to create multiple-choice questions about otorhinolaryngology (ORL). Experimental question generation and exam simulation. Tertiary academic center. ChatGPT 3.5 was prompted: "Can you please create a challenging 20-question multiple-choice questionnaire about clinical cases in otolaryngology, offering five answer options?." The generated questionnaire was sent to medical students, residents, and consultants. Questions were investigated regarding quality criteria. Answers were anonymized and the resulting data was analyzed in terms of difficulty and internal consistency. ChatGPT 3.5 generated 20 exam questions of which 1 question was considered off-topic, 3 questions had a false answer, and 3 questions had multiple correct answers. Subspecialty theme repartition was as follows: 5 questions were on otology, 5 about rhinology, and 10 questions addressed head and neck. The qualities of focus and relevance were good while the vignette and distractor qualities were low. The level of difficulty was suitable for undergraduate medical students (n = 24), but too easy for residents (n = 30) or consultants (n = 10) in ORL. Cronbach's α was highest (.69) with 15 selected questions using students' results. ChatGPT 3.5 is able to generate grammatically correct simple ORL multiple choice questions for a medical student level. However, the overall quality of the questions was average, needing thorough review and revision by a medical expert to ensure suitability in future exams.

Analisis Butir Soal Penilaian Akhir Tahun Pelajaran Bahasa Arab Kelas VII MTs Al-Ma’arif Rakit Banjarnegara Jawa Tengah

Analysis of question items is very important in learning evaluation because it determines the quality of the evaluation tool used. The aim of this research is to analyze the results of the final semester Arabic evaluation at the Al-Ma’arif Junior High School. The researchers conducted a series of tests consisting of measurements of validity, reliability, differential strength, difficulty level, and debilitating power. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive method. The population of the study was 25 students of the 7th grade in the IT High School Building Amal School Year 2022/2023. As for the sample used, the final evaluation of the Arabic semester of the teaching year 2022/2023 was documentation and observation. The result of this study is; in the validity test found 30% of questions can be said to be valid. Then the remaining 70% is declared invalid because it has a significance value <0,05 and the value of R count is smaller than R Table. Then in the reliability test found using Cronbach's Alpha method, and the element of this question is worth 0.625 with the number of questions (N of items) amounting to 40. Difference shows 6 questions in the category "Bad once in distinction, 25 questions in category "badly once in differentiation", 6 issues in the categories "Sufficient enough in distinguishment", 3 questions with category "Good once in distinctness" whereas with the question of category "good once in discrimination" was not found. Difficulty level there are 25 questions with very easy questions category, 14 questions with easy categories, 1 questions with difficult categories. The fractional strength of the answer option A indicates that the question is not working well with the student as the data indicates more fractionals of the question are rejected than accepted. The same applies to options B, C, and D. Thus, a question that does not meet the revised criteria can be concluded or a new question created and tested again. This research can be used as evaluation material for teachers to create quality evaluation tools. Further research can focus on discussing the development of superior evaluation instruments.

KIA-CHAT: A QnA Chatbot for Postnatal and Newborn Care

Background: Postnatal care information is relatively less provided than information about prenatal or pregnancy. Several causes of this is the mothers already delivered the baby safely, and soon after the baby's birth, mothers will be busy taking care of the newborns. They frequently miss their postnatal meeting with doctors because of these reasons. Aims: Therefore, this article aims to develop a chatbot in which the knowledge is taken from Buku KIA and focus group discussion. Method: The targeted users of the KIA chatbot are postpartum mothers with live newborns. Rapid Application Development method is used to develop the KIA chatbot. The KIA chatbot is constructed using Google Dialog Flow with Telegram-based messenger. Results: The chatbot evaluation follows the Chatbot Usability Questionnaire with an overall score is 84.23 out of 100. Sixty-nine respondents confess that the KIA chatbot is easy to use and the knowledge is easy to comprehend. But, since the chatbot provides the answer options, the users feel some limitations. One of the limitations is they are unable to type their questions to the chatbot; only type the numerical order of the answer options. Conclusion: However, this limitation also brings another advantage to the mothers who have no time to type because of busy taking care of the newborns.

P721 Dutch Crohn’s disease patients’ (pediatric and adult) perspectives of CDED diet and Modulife program

Abstract Background The Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) with partial enteral nutrition can induce remission in patients with mild-to-moderate Crohn’s disease. As adherence is the key of (possibly) success of a medical therapy and CDED might be a complicated diet to perform, we aimed to investigate patients’ experience with CDED and the available tools (Modulife programme) to improve patientcare. Methods All mild-to-moderate active Crohn’s disease (CD) (adult and pediatric) patients treated with CDED as nutritional therapy as part of their medical treatment at Amsterdam UMC between 2019-2022 were approached for this retrospective qualitative study. A structured telephone interview was conducted by a dedicated dietician/doctor with the patients and/or parent/guardian in case of children. Questions about CDED-experience and Modulife program were either measured with the NET Promotor Score (NPS -100 - +100), as yes/no answer options or with 5-point likert scales (1=strongly agree/always to 5=strongly disagree/never). Lastly, patients were asked to evaluate the effectiveness of CDED on complaints and experience on a scale from 0-10. Results 44 patients (33 pediatric/11 adults; 26 women) participated in the interviews. The majority (61%) of the pediatric patients started CDED at diagnosis. The remaining 39% started 1-11 years (median 3[IQR 2-5]) after diagnosis at an age of 7-17 years (median 15[IQR 12-16]). 91% of the adult patients started CDED 3-37 years (median 11[IQR 4-28]) after diagnosis and only 1 immediately after diagnosis at an median age of 48 [IQR 33-60] (range: 19-69). The majority of the pediatric participants would recommend CDED to others (77%) and consider to start the diet again (55%). All of the adults would recommend CDED to others and consider to start CDED again. The NPS scores on CDED experiences are shown in figure 1. The median score for the effect of the diet on complaints was 8[IQR 5-9] (range 0-10) and 7[IQR 6-7](range 2-8.5) for experience. The majority of the patients (75%) used the Modulife program always or often during therapy and did (strongly) agree that the Modulife program was helpful. A NPS of 31 was given for recommending the app to others. The recipes-feature was the most used and most esteemed part of the app and was assessed with a good NPS of 27 for recommendation to others. Conclusion The majority of the pediatric and all of the adult participants would recommend CDED to others and would reconsider starting the diet again. CDED is better assessed by adults (positive NPS) then children and/or their parents (negative NPS). Most of the patients, assess the Modulife programme very positively and the majority would rate this as helpful in performing the diet.

The Relationship between Social Support and Well-Being in Elementary School in Singkawang

The objectives of this study are: 1) to describe the level of social support in students at SD Negeri 15 Singkawang, 2) to describe the level of well-being in students at SD Negeri 15 Singkawang, 3) to examine the relationship between social support and well-being in students at SD Negeri 15 Singkawang. This type of research is quantitative correlation design. The population of this study were all students in grades V and VI of SD Negeri 15 Singkawang, totaling 76 students. The population was sampled using saturated sampling technique, the sample used was 76 students. Data collection techniques in this study with questionnaire and scale research instruments. The Social Support Questionnaire amounted to 37 statements, the validity value was in the range of 0.329-0.881 while the reliability value α was 0.945 and the Well-being Scale amounted to 26 statements, the validity value was in the range of 0.305-0.801 while the reliability value α was 0.903 with yes and no answer options. The data analysis techniques used are percentage and correlation. The results showed that the level of student social support was in the low category (57.15%), meaning that students did not get optimal social support from those closest to them while following the learning process at school. The results of the level of well-being of students are in the low category (59.41%), meaning that students have not fully felt happiness or well-being.

The Method for Implementing Test Constructors Using the Lualatex Publishing System

One of the key factors of successful learning is the control of mastering the material that has been passed, which can be implemented, including by performing control test tasks. The work is devoted to the use of the desktop publishing system LuaLaTeX to automate the process of forming test control papers. The control generated with its help includes a set number of randomly selected test tasks on the specified topics, followed by mixing both the questions themselves and their answer options. Each generated control work is personalized, i.e. generated directly for a specific student, and is a control work in the form of a PDF-document. To achieve the goal of the work, the capabilities of the LuaLaTeX publishing system are used, which include: the Lua scripting language, which is used to form a pool of control work tasks and personalize it; the TeX language is used to design the content of the control work being formed; the capabilities of the PDF format, including the JavaScript programming language, implement automated verification of control work, demonstration of correct answers to questions, preservation of the test result and provide additional security, which consists in the use of hashes instead of correct answers to tasks and a password. As a practical significance of the proposed solution, we can note an increase in the efficiency of the process of controlling the development of the material passed by students by minimizing the speed of preparation of test control works and their verification, as well as the use of a minimum software tools for its implementation.

Effect of changing multiple choice questions from “all of the above” to “select all that apply”

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of converting multiple choice questions (MCQs) that include an “all of the above” (AOTA) answer option to a “select all that apply” (SATA) question type on question performance.Methods: A summative assessment at the end of the first professional pharmacy year was comprised of approximately 50 multiple choice questions covering material from all courses taught. Eight questions contained AOTA answer options and were converted to SATA items in the subsequent year by eliminating the AOTA option and including the words “select all that apply” in the stem. Majority of the other questions included on the exam remained the same between the two years. Item difficulty, item discrimination, point biserial, and distractor efficiency were used to compare the MCQs on exams in the two years.Results: The AOTA questions were significantly easier and less discriminating than the SATA items. The performance of the remaining questions on the exam did not differ between the years. The distractor efficiency increased significantly when the questions were converted to SATA items.Conclusions: MCQs with AOTA answer options are discouraged due to poor item construction resulting in poor discrimination between high and low performing students. The AOTA questions are easily converted to the SATA format. The result of this conversion is a more difficult and more discriminating question with all answer options chosen, which prevents students from easily guessing the correct answer.

Measuring the Growth of Gender-Inclusive Surveys Around the World

As ideas about gender identity evolve, survey researchers around the world are working to understand how best to measure sex and gender in a way that is both accurate and inclusive. Emerging best practices differ widely between countries based on cultural and societal norms and the construction of language around gender. In this paper, we examine how survey creators have changed how they ask about gender in the past decade across 11 linguistically and culturally diverse countries. We measure the number of answer options included in gender questions created by SurveyMonkey users between 2012 and 2022. Our findings show that the number of gender questions with more than two answer options increased in all countries examined in our research. Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia show the highest levels of gender questions with more than two answer options in 2022, while Egypt and Nigeria have the lowest levels.

Hierarchical clustering analysis of musculoskeletal stress factors and their risk level in cardboard manufacturing: research from PLIBEL.

A hierarchical cluster analysis for the cardboard manufacturing industry was developed with the aim of identifying similarities between workstations in terms of musculoskeletal stress factors (MSFs) and their impact on workers' bodies. The hierarchical clustering analysis was conducted using data from 44 workstations, which included 6 body part divisions and 51 stress factors as variables with 36 answer options. Firstly, the content of the dataset was defined. Secondly, the data were agglomerated and classified into 3 clusters using Ward's method based on the presence or absence of stress factors. Finally, the multivariable matrix was reduced to 2 factors: the x-axis representing the risk level of the workstation, and the y-axis representing the impact on the workers' health. The study found that workers' knees were the most affected body parts, with 47 cases. The resulting work-related musculoskeletal disorders included tendinitis, arthralgia, chondromalacia, and gonarthrosis. The MSF with the most significant impact on the body's health was fatiguing work that involves repeated jumps, prolonged squatting, or kneeling, present in cluster 1 and cluster 3. Moreover, two of the most common MSFs associated with repeated work positions were identified: a mild forward flexion of the back (63 cases) in combination with one leg being used more often to support the body (56 cases). It was possible to identify the main work-related musculoskeletal disorders and the associated stress factors for the cardboard manufacturing industry by using hierarchical cluster classification and analysis, enabling the classification of risk levels and the impact on body health for each workstation.

Opening the Gender Box: Legibility Dilemmas and Gender Data Collection on U.S. State Government Forms

US states collect sex and gender data on official government forms to understand, identify, classify, and surveil populations. These forms’ gender boxes—sets of questions about sex, gender, and gender identity paired with a wide variety of answer options—can mean the difference between legibility and erasure or between surveillance and privacy. They also create classic disclosure and legibility dilemmas that disproportionately burden transgender, nonbinary, gender-nonconforming, and intersex individuals. And yet, the socio-legal forces determining the design of these gender boxes have been insufficiently studied. Documents obtained through public records requests and interviews with civil servants responsible for form design demonstrate that gender box design stems from the competing yet mostly inertial pressures that define the socio-legal contexts of street-level bureaucracy. In other words, gender boxes are products of the institutional, technological, political, and social contexts in which they are designed. Specifically, gender boxes look the way they do because they are subject to the effects of bureaucratic processes, social networks, expertise, intergovernmental dependence, norms, path dependencies, and technologies, with implications for research and advocacy.

Factors Affecting Attitude Towards Research among Nursing Students: A Cross-sectional Survey from Taif, Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Research skills are an essential part of what it takes to be a professional nurse. While the research attitudes of nursing students in other countries have been extensively studied, research on nursing students’ attitude towards nursing research in Saudi Arabia is limited. Aim: To examine the factors affecting nursing students’ Attitude Towards Research (ATR). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences at Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia, over a duration of five months from March 2023 to August 2023. 60 fourth-year nursing students from a single Saudi University (Taif University) participated in the present cross-sectional research. The English version of the ATR questionnaire scale was the main instrument for data collection. The scale consists of 32 items, each with a corresponding Likert scale answer option ranging from “1-strongly disagree” to “5-strongly agree.” Those who scored higher exhibited a more positive attitude toward research. Differences in research attitudes were analysed using the t-test and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: The mean age of the study population was 21.7±1.4 years. All 60 (100%) participants were males, and 44 (73.3%) of the study subjects were in the age group of 21 to 23 years. A total of 32 (53.3%) of the participants had high school research experience. The research attitude among nursing students had a composite mean score of 106.6±18.4. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in mean attitude toward research scores among different age groups, types of secondary and high school graduates, and those with high school research experience. Conclusion: The present study found a significant difference in ATR among nursing undergraduates concerning age, types of secondary and high school graduates, and high school research experience. Qualitative research might provide additional insights into the topic of attitude toward research among undergraduates.

Development and validation of Russian olfactory test

To develop and validate the national olfactory test on healthy volunteers. The development and validation of the olfactory test included several stages. First, the development of an olfactory test was carried out, the selection of aromas to assess the threshold and identification ability of olfaction. 25 dilutions of n-butanol were used for the assessment of the threshold olfactory ability. For the stage of assessing the identification ability of the sense of smell, in our previous study, an assessment of the recognition of odor names in the territory of the Russian Federation was carried out. A total of 3.000 people from 8 federal districts of the Russian Federation were interviewed. During the development of the test, 20 names of flavors with the highest rating were used. By the 8th, the selection of monocomponent substances was carried out. Commercially available certified food and perfume flavorings have been used for fragrances whose equivalent in the test cannot be a monocomponent substance. A group of 25 healthy volunteers selected a flavor or a monocomponent for each of the 20 positions. To carry out the identification stage of testing, a booklet was developed with answer options for each fragrance, including 80 images associated with the smell. A methodology for conducting diagnostics has been created. Next, the validation of the developed olfactory test was carried out on 150 healthy volunteers. The study included an assessment of the threshold and identification ability of the sense of smell using the developed test and conducting a comparative analysis with a set of flavors and descriptors corresponding to the Sniffin' Sticks test. The developed test includes: 2 panels - panel 1 to assess the threshold ability of smell, panel 2 to assess the identification ability of smell, a booklet with 80 images and captions to them. The norms of threshold and identification olfactory abilities were also determined in the developed test. The domestic test was validated against the relative foreign Sniffin' Sticks test. Spearman's correlation between the accuracy values of the domestic test (17-20; 85.00-100.00%) and the values of the foreign test (11-16; 68.75-100.00%) did not reveal statistically significant differences (rs=0.065, p=0.432), which confirms the equally effective assessment of olfactory ability by the domestic olfactory test in comparison with its foreign counterpart. In this work, a methodology for the use of Russian olfactory test was developed and validated on healthy volunteers. The features of the developed test are an assessment of the threshold and identification ability of smell, an adapted set of odors for the Russian population, the use of paper blotters when applying flavor and visual images of descriptors. Despite the wide variety of psychophysical tests, this problem requires further study and comparative analysis of olfactory tests available In Russia and foreign analogues in order to obtain a universal and effective diagnostic method for the populations of our country.

ORGANIZATIONAL ARCHITECTURE, INDUSTRY 4.0 AND DATA ANALYSIS FOR SMES

The purpose of this article is to find a relationship between the organizational architecture and technological architecture for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMES) in Tehuacán city, which is a medium size town at southeast of México city, according to two aspects, the first is to know how much the businessmen are educated to apply tactics for industry 4.0 on order to gain competitiveness, based in their perceptions; and the second is, what have they done to make some implementation in their facilities to reach better productivity. The methodology used in this work is a survey for 574 business, through a questionnaire with answer options in Likert scale. The results exhibit that there is high knowledge about the industry 4.0, and the most of the firms which are made implementations are related to Trade, Manufacturing, Construction and Restaurants. This works a good view on the practices for make modern business in a medium size town.

How Patient-Centered is Education and Counseling of Patients on Oral Anticancer Therapy? A Multicenter Cross-sectional study

Background: In the last years, there has been an exponential increase in the number of oral anticancer therapies (OACT). However, no research has yet been conducted on the current quality of patient-centered care (PCC) for patients on OACT in Belgium. Moreover, there was no valid and reliable instrument available to assess PCC tailored to the context of OACT. Therefore, we developed and validated a new patient-reported experience measure (PREM), named the CONTACT-Patient-Centered Care Questionnaire (CONTACT-PCCQ).
 Aim: The aim of this study was to gain insight in the quality of PCC for patients on OACT using the CONTACT-PCCQ. It was examined which areas of patient-centered education and counseling are currently being performed adequately, according to patients, and which areas require improvement.
 Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study. Patients were recruited in 11 hospitals in Belgium. They completed the CONTACT-PCCQ online or on paper. The CONTACT-PCCQ consists of 86 items, which all represent a key element (KE) in patient-centered education and counseling for patients on OACT. The items are divided into seven subscales: A1) medication counselling at the start of OACT, A2) follow-up of OACT, B) communication style, C) counseling by hospital treatment team, D) counseling by primary care healthcare professionals, E) psychosocial support, and F) involvement of family and friends. Patients were asked to indicate how they experienced the performance of each KE on a 5-point Likert rating scale. The answer options were dichotomized into ‘performed’ and ‘not performed’. Subsequently, the degree of performance of each item was defined by calculating the proportion of patients that indicated that the item was performed. On subscale-level, mean total scores were calculated.
 Findings: In total, 266 patients completed the CONTACT-PCCQ. Subscale C ‘Commitment and cooperation between healthcare professionals’, concerning care coordination in the hospital, had the highest mean subscale score. The lowest score was obtained on subscale D ‘Involvement of primary care’. The degree of performance of all items ranged from 22% to 95%. Items regarding specific topics in patient education (e.g., what do to in case of vomiting, which food to avoid during treatment) and adherence monitoring scored low. Low scores were also obtained on the items about the involvement of the community pharmacist and homecare nurse - in contrast to the items regarding the general practitioner. Some other items, e.g., regarding information about vaccinations and palliative care, were also scored low by patients. In general, KEs on communication style (e.g. HCPs left enough opportunity to ask questions, HCPs took sufficient time for a proper conversation) received high scores.
 Discussion and conclusion: This study gave insight in the overall quality of patient-centered education and counselling for patients on OACT. Three gaps in PCC were uncovered: unmet patient information needs due to shortcomings in patient education, inadequate adherence monitoring, and lacking collaboration with community pharmacists and home care nurses. These results enable hospitals and policy makers to set priorities in care quality improvement for patients on OACT.

Large Language Models in Medical Education: Comparing ChatGPT- to Human-Generated Exam Questions.

Creating medical exam questions is time consuming, but well-written questions can be used for test-enhanced learning, which has been shown to have a positive effect on student learning. The automated generation of high-quality questions using large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, would therefore be desirable. However, there are no current studies that compare students' performance on LLM-generated questions to questions developed by humans. The authors compared student performance on questions generated by ChatGPT (LLM questions) with questions created by medical educators (human questions). Two sets of 25 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) were created, each with 5 answer options, 1 of which was correct. The first set of questions was written by an experienced medical educator, and the second set was created by ChatGPT 3.5 after the authors identified learning objectives and extracted some specifications from the human questions. Students answered all questions in random order in a formative paper-and-pencil test that was offered leading up to the final summative neurophysiology exam (summer 2023). For each question, students also indicated whether they thought it had been written by a human or ChatGPT. The final data set consisted of 161 participants and 46 MCQs (25 human and 21 LLM questions). There was no statistically significant difference in item difficulty between the 2 question sets, but discriminatory power was statistically significantly higher in human than LLM questions (mean = .36, standard deviation [SD] = .09 vs mean = .24, SD = .14; P = .001). On average, students identified 57% of question sources (human or LLM) correctly. Future research should replicate the study procedure in other contexts (e.g., other medical subjects, semesters, countries, and languages). In addition, the question of whether LLMs are suitable for generating different question types, such as key feature questions, should be investigated.

Implementasi Penggunaan Tes Objektif Dalam Evaluasi Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di SMPIT Ar-Risalah Sukoharjo

This research aims to describe and analyze objective tests, short answers in which students are only asked to choose several answer options provided by the teacher. Each school carries out accurate tests in different ways. Researchers conducting this research aim to reveal how the objective tests used at SMPIT Ar-Risale Sukoharjo are implemented in the Final Semester Assessment (PAS). This research uses qualitative research using a case study type. The data source in this research is primarily Islamic Religious Education teachers. Secondary data sources in this research are books, research journals, supporting websites, and school documentation. Data collection techniques are interviews, observation, and documentation. The analysis results at SMPIT Ar-Risale Sukoharjo stated that several types of objective tests were used in implementing the Final Semester Assessment (PAS). However, the accurate tests carried out in the Final Semester Assessment (PAS) have a poor effect on students. This happened in line with the change in the curriculum from K13 to the Independent Curriculum, where PAI subjects have been included in the service, and the government has published the questions. Based on the results of this research, the researcher hopes that the selection of test types can be considered again in the Final Semester Assessment (PAS).