Anonymous Works Research Articles

Skeptical Employers: Experimental Evidence on Biased Beliefs Constraining Firm Growth

Abstract Does low trust in workers discourage firms from hiring? We conduct an experiment in Ghana with real entrepreneurs who have the option to hire anonymous workers for a trivial but tedious task. Shirking attracts no penalty and completion of the task is an indicator of trustworthiness. We elicit employers’ expectations and study how they change with random signals of workers’ previous behavior. We find that employers underestimate workers’ trustworthiness, which reduces hiring and profits. Negative signals lower employers’ expectations, while positive signals do not affect them. This asymmetry can help to sustain an equilibrium with limited experimentation and biased beliefs.

THE OPENING VERSES OF THE TALE OF IGOR’S CAMPAIGN IN ITS BULGARIAN TRANSLATIONS

This article presents a comparison of the opening verses of the famous anonymous work of ancient Russian literature, The Tale of Igor’s Campaign, translated into Bulgarian by four different translators in the course of more than a century: Efrem Karanov (1898), Lyudmil Stoyanov (1954), Kiril Kadiyski (1985), and Krasimir Georgiev (2015). The main goal is to analyze the changes in translation decisions and identify any possible deviations from the source text. Special attention is paid to the strategies employed by the translators to convey the meaning of several challenging passages in the ancient text. The present study considers some issues in the process of translation such as the use of different clause construction: the difference between number in the original text and their number in the translated one; the separation of one sentence into two in the process of translation, as well as the free use of punctuation marks by the translators. What is also analyzed is the problem of title translation from an old Russian language into a language comprehensible to any reader contemporary with the translators. The lack of an original, the impossible dating of the work, the unknown author and other elements of the work gave a certain freedom of the translators to express their own style.

Юльян Ляскоўскі як беларускамоўны літаратар

A distinctive feature of the Belarusian literary process of the 19th century is the parallel presence of authorial and anonymous works. In the corpus of artistic texts of this period there are more than a hundred anonymous works. We know the names and surnames of many writers who allegedly wrote in Belarusian, but to our time no Belarusian works have survived. The subject of this study is the life and creative vicissitudes of Yulian Liaskouski (1826–1889), as well as hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of the poet in the creation of the poem Zahraj, zahraj, chłopcze mały... (Play, Play, Boy Small...) and propaganda texts for the people from the early 1860s. The article, based on the analysis of printed and handwritten materials, proves that Yulian Liaskouski, who most often performed under the pseudonyms Y. Korabicz, Marcin Mizera, and Mroczek, used not only Polish, but also Belarusian in his works. It is very likely that the poems Ziemielka maja… (My land…) and Pad dudu (Sing the Bagpipe Pad), published by him as folk ones in the article Słówko o pieśni (A Word about Song) (1882), belong to him. However, the most significant evidence in favour of the fact that Y. Liaskouski has written some works in Belarusian is the statement of Adam Honori Kirkor, in which a well-known Vilnius editor and publisher includes the poet and publicist Yulian Mroczek among the most famous Belarusian writers of the middle of the 19th century – Vincent Dunin-Marcinkewicz, Arciom Viaryha-Dareuski, Uladislau Syrakomlia, Vikentij K.

Cracking double-blind review: Authorship attribution with deep learning.

Double-blind peer review is considered a pillar of academic research because it is perceived to ensure a fair, unbiased, and fact-centered scientific discussion. Yet, experienced researchers can often correctly guess from which research group an anonymous submission originates, biasing the peer-review process. In this work, we present a transformer-based, neural-network architecture that only uses the text content and the author names in the bibliography to attribute an anonymous manuscript to an author. To train and evaluate our method, we created the largest authorship-identification dataset to date. It leverages all research papers publicly available on arXiv amounting to over 2 million manuscripts. In arXiv-subsets with up to 2,000 different authors, our method achieves an unprecedented authorship attribution accuracy, where up to 73% of papers are attributed correctly. We present a scaling analysis to highlight the applicability of the proposed method to even larger datasets when sufficient compute capabilities are more widely available to the academic community. Furthermore, we analyze the attribution accuracy in settings where the goal is to identify all authors of an anonymous manuscript. Thanks to our method, we are not only able to predict the author of an anonymous work but we also provide empirical evidence of the key aspects that make a paper attributable. We have open-sourced the necessary tools to reproduce our experiments.

The Unsung Heroes of Holy Garbage: An Analysis of Waste in A.R. Ammons’s Garbage

This essay analyzes A.R. Ammons Garbage (1993) through the lens of Waste Studies by focusing on the interactions between the material and metaphorical uses of waste, scrutinizing the complex trope of the dump-ziggurat, and paying special attention to the neglected figure of the waste collector or garbage worker. In the 1990s, when Ammons published his long poem, waste and garbage were becoming pivotal tropes in American poetry. While Ammons deals with the inescapable presence of garbage in his homonymous poem, he also goes beyond the materiality of waste in order to incorporate more metaphorical resonances. Arguably, the most valuable insights that Garbage has to offer derive precisely from its striking juxtaposition of the material and the immaterial, the scatological and the eschatological. Most importantly, Ammons not only sings a hymn to the huge garbage dump and its implications, but also to the “unsung heroes” of modernity (Bauman 2004): the anonymous workers who collect the garbage and maintain the landfill.

Еще раз о кара-китаях в домонгольских мусульманских источниках на примере анонимного персидского сочинения 1133 г.

Introduction. The article deals with the concept ‘Kara Khitai’ in Muslim historical writings. In particular, the paper examines a relatively well-known anonymous Persian-language text of 1133 containing valuable messages on the Kara Khitai invasion of East Turkestan. Goals. The study aims to analyze information about the Kara Khitai from the specified text and correlate the data with those traced in other 12th–13th century Muslim historical compositions. Materials and methods. The work considers a wide range of Muslim historical texts of both the pre-Mongol period and that of the Mongol invasion proper comprising data on the mentioned issues. And again, the anonymous Persian text of 1133 is integral to the collection of letters and documents first partially published by V. V. Bartold with the title ‘Insha’. This text narrates, in particular, that after the victorious campaign of Khwarazmshah Atsiz deep into Turkestan the latter would send fath-namehs — to receive a response from the ruler of Kashgar who was announcing his own victory over the ‘infidels’ led by a nameless leader referred to none other than ‘the One-Eyed’. A comparison of this message to later ones in Ibn al-Athir’s Al-Kāmil fī al-tārīkh (The Complete History) results in a convincing conclusion there is a connection between the two texts. As for the victory of Kashgar’s ruler over the Kara Khitai, that was rather a local success since those invaders were not only able to eventually conquer the region but also extended their power to the adjacent lands. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the anonymous work included in the Insha collection and Ibn al-Athir’s text may suggest a preliminary implication the Arab historian had been familiar with the former narrative and, apparently, that was where he borrowed the image of ‘the One-Eyed’ ruler of the Kara Khitai. No other 12th century Muslim texts (synchronous with the Insha) mention the latter, nor historical works from the first quarter of the 13th century — which Ibn al-Athir could have turned to — contain anything of the kind.

Post-Diversity, Precarious Work for all: Unbordering Categories of Difference in an Amazon Warehouse

This paper investigates how Amazon manages a diverse workforce in one of its warehouses in Poland. Drawing on critical theory of borders, which emphasizes the key role of bordering in labor governmentality, our analysis identifies four organizational practices through which socio-demographic categories (e.g. gender, age, ability, etc.) traditionally segmenting labor are purposely and effectively dismantled: a non-selective hiring, the algorithmic management of the workforce, social norms of inter-personal politeness between anonymous workers, and casualized employment for all workers. Through these practices, Amazon creates an unprecedented equality within labor, to the advantage of workers belonging to historically subordinate groups in the labor market and society. However, once undifferentiated, workers can more effectively be made to compete, allowing capital to enforce precarious employment conditions onto all. This equalization-with-precarization of the workforce through the un-bordering of socio-demographic categories further rests on multiple other borders at the infra-individual, organizational, national and European Union levels. The paper contributes to the critical diversity literature by showing how, in the ‘post-diversity’ workplace, workers’ equality serves the enforcement of universal precarity.

Conscience and Controversy

Conscience and Controversy

Field-based local stream research in undergraduate classes: an inquiry-based approach

ABSTRACT Experiential learning is recognized as a high-impact educational practice. Fieldwork is an important component of the geographic tradition. When implemented using an inquiry-based approach, fieldwork can be a highly effective form of experiential education. However, many geography instructors are dissuaded from implementing inquiry-based fieldwork because of logistical challenges. Here, a modular, semester-long fieldwork design is presented, involving inquiry-based research on local streams. This framework has been successfully implemented twice in undergraduate classes. A total of 37 undergraduate students did physical habitat assessments and water-quality monitoring on urban streams in Greensboro, North Carolina, USA. Quantitative and qualitative anonymous student evaluations and student work products provide preliminary support for the approach’s effectiveness in enhancing student learning. The practical advantages of the presented fieldwork design are that it is less costly in time and money than fully field-based courses, it breaks up a large class into more manageable group sizes, and it alleviates some of the common concerns about accessibility, equity, and risk management. While still needing to be systematically assessed, the pedagogical benefits potentially include development of critical thinking, problem-solving, communication, interpersonal, and affective skills.

Games, Music and Ludus Melothedicus

Abstract From educational to entertainment devices, games have the power to alter our sense of time as much as our priorities and perception. The first recorded musical games in modern history were a series of publications that appeared in Europe during the second half of the eighteenth century. This article discusses the nature of musical games and tries to present a definition of game as it applies to musical activities. Based on this discussion, the article analyzes an anonymous work called Ludus Melothedicus, published in Paris around 1758. It also provides information on how to play the work.

Will the Real Andreas Capellanus Please come Forward?

Abstract
 The time and place of composition of the medieval Latin treatise on love, De amore, and the identity of Andreas Capellanus (“Andrew the Chaplain”) to whom its authorship is attributed have long been a subject of controversy. There are essentially three hypotheses, each tied to a particular interpretation of the treatise. Following the rediscovery of the work by Gaston Paris in 1883, it was long thought that to have been written in the 1180s at the court of Champagne by a court chaplain at the behest of the countess Marie, an important patroness of courtly literature. Based on new diplomatic evidence and some of the manuscript rubrics, Alfred Karnein renewed the question in 1978 with the theory that the treatise was indeed written in the 1180s, but in Paris at the court of Philip II Augustus, and not to promote the courtly love ethic but to combat it. In 1994 Peter Dronke advanced the theory that Andreas Capellanus is a pseudonym designed to link an anonymous work with a legendary romance lover, André de Paris, and that the treatise was written in the 1230s in the Arts Faculty of the University of Paris as an elaborated erotic joke. Each of these hypotheses has its strengths and weaknesses, and so the question is likely to remain undecided.

Lost in the Scotch Mist – New Attributions to Tobias Smollett

The year 2021 is the tercentenary of the birth of the Scottish author, Tobias Smollett, and a suitable occasion to reassess his career; wherein conventional wisdom credits him with no literary works prior to 1746. For his early career it is necessary to look into anonymous works, with those published in London in 1730-1770 largely unresearched; and their anonymity a blurry window into history. An estimate of those separately published, or as contributions within periodicals, derives a corpus of 20,000 anonymous works: essays, poems, letters, plays, satires, novels, politics, and histories. In seeking to pierce the fog of anonymity, some 5,000 of those have been reviewed, as part of a decade of research into the early career of Smollett; with the extensive, open access, research notes freely available to scholars. That research reveals him as a prolific, but anonymous, author who contributed to London periodicals from c.1731, and published individual works from c.1733. Analysis across a range of genuine or spurious imprints, revealed a distinctive style which allows tracing of his literary DNA. From the decade of research, this essay selects a score of works describing travels or events, mainly in Scotland, around the time of the Jacobite Rebellion, and presents pro forma cases for their attribution to Smollett. Keywords: anonymous works, spurious imprints, satire, author attribution, Scottish literature, Jacobite Rebellion, Tobias Smollett

Plagiat jako immanentna granica wolności twórczości artystycznej

The beginning of this publication gives a brief explanation of the problem of appropriating the works of others and legal implication connected with it. This part seeks to explain the importance of the tendency in the contemporary visual arts to copy and appropriate the result of someone’s else creativity, first and foremost famous and easily recognisable works. As a rule the person, who created a specific work, owns the copyright of it. The creator is often called the author of the work. As practice shows this situation is often not that simple, especially in case with the appropriation. The second part of this article characterises the legal institution of plagiarism and the conditions of the copyrights’ protection. This chapter gives an answer of what the plagiarism is. Plagiarism is regulated by the art. 115 of the polish copyright law. The main part of the publication provides basic information about copyrights and related rights in the context of this regulation. This part answers the following questions: (1.) which special rules of plagiarism are relevant in case with folk art?, (2.) what is the relation between plagiarism and several forms of legal use such as quotation, inspired work and derrivated work? This part deals in particular with the challenges concerning the protection of copyrighted works in contemporary art. Here the answer to the question ‘what are the reasons of work’s similarities?’ is given. The next section is dedicated to show how the authors can find and use works in the public domain as well as what the public domain is. Copyright laws try to find a balance between the rights they give to authors and the right of the public to access and use these works. The creators also benefit from having an access and a possibility to use the works of previous authors, which inspire them and help them learn techniques, which can be used to develop new works. The public domain and copyright limitations provide this balance between the rights of authors and the rights of the public. It is important that different authors to create new works often use the works in the public domain. When an original work is translated, adapted or changed in any other form, the new work is called a derivative work. Derivative works are also protected by copyrights, even if the original works from which they were derived are in the public domain. The person who created the derivative work is its author and owns its copyright. If someone wishes to use (reproduce, translate, adapt, etc.) a derivative work, which is protected by copyrights, must obtain permission from the author. One of the important question of this section is: what happens in case with an anonymous work of art? One should take into consideration, that in some cases authors wish to remain anonymous or use a pseudonym in order to hide their true identity from the public. In these cases, the author still owns the copyright to his works. The final part of the publication explains three common types of copyright infringement and how they can be avoided. Infringement takes place when a copyrighted work is used (reproduced, translated, adapted, exhibited or performed in public, distributed, broadcasted, or communicated to the public) without the permission of the right holders or under a limitation to copyright. The main copyrights infringement is plagiarism, which means the act of copying a work, wholly or partially, and then pretending to be its original author. In conclusion some additional information is given, which includes the most important questions about the use of copyrights in the practice.

明·淸시기 4종 古詩總·選集에 나타난 晉代 詩歌의 選錄 현황과 분석

About 155 years of Qin Dynasty was a series of political turmoil: upheaval of the Eight Princesses, Yongjia Rebellion, collapse of Seojin, and moving to the south and founding Dongjin. Poets made investigative and formalistic poetry during the years of Taegang (280∼289) enjoying short prosperity and later made Hyeoneon-si and Yooseon-si neglecting reality and drawing an immortal world. About such poems in Qin Dynasty, compilers of the collection of ancient poems in later age, especially Qing Dynasty began to put forth their opinion with the curiosity of how such poems were evaluated. As a way to know such evaluation, they chose 『Gosigi』, 『Chaesukdanggosiseon』, 『Gosiwon』, and 『Gosisangseok』 - four collection books of ancient poems made in Ming and Qing Dynasties, made common lists of poems in Qin Dynasty, and analyzed the poems. First, this study divided major authors and anonymous works shown in the common lists for analysis. Next, in the subcategory of major authors, it classified again, in a chronological order, the representative authors who had led the years of Taegang (280∼289) into the works of Janghwa, Jangjae, Janghyeop, Yukgi, Yukun, Banak, Banni, and Gwasa and those of Yugon and Gwakbak and finally looked at the works of Tao Yan Ming occupying the largest number of works in the common list. As a result, it could be found that compilers of the collection of ancient poems in later age, especially Qing Dynasty selected the works of poets who included period as it was rather than the works neglecting reality and included them into the collection of poems and this was significant in that the compilers of the collection of ancient poems in Qing Dynasty wanted to find from the poetry in Qing Dynasty.

DAGESTAN IN THE ARABIC-PERSIAN GEOGRAPHIC WORKS OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 13TH CENTURY

The Arabic-Persian geographic works of the first half of the 18th century are of little value in reconstructing the history of the North Caucasus. On the one hand, this can be explained by the dependence of such material on earlier Arabic-Persian monuments: we often observe repetition of information, either fully or partially. In this regard, researchers turn to earlier texts and, to a lesser extent, consider data from the text of the first half of the 13th century. On the case of three geographic works written in the period under question, the present paper attempts to demonstrate features of information about Dagestan in the context of a particular work, as well as to identify the historiographic continuity. What is more important is to highlight those plots that the authors below included in their own texts, to show what specific information on the history of Dagestan they considered important. For our study, we have selected both relatively well-known and widely used monuments, such as “Mu’jam al-Buldān” (“Dictionary of Countries”) by Yaqut al-Hamawi, as well as less popular texts – an anonymous work “Aja’ib ad-Dunya” (“Wonders of the World”) and “Jahan-nameh” (“Book About the World”) by Najib Bakran. The study focuses on the last two texts and the information they contain; however, we also try to characterize the valuable information contained in Mu’jam al-Buldān. We hope that our study will raise interest to both Arabic-Persian works mentioned here and the issue of reflecting the history of Dagestan in relatively late sources. Moreover, the very logic of including certain information on the history of the region, both in the works of the first half of the 13th century and in later texts, deserves, as we believe, special attention.

Buddhist Homiletics on Grief

Abstract The study first introduces a hitherto completely unstudied anonymous work, for which I reconstruct the title *Saddharmaparikathā. This substantial text is a Buddhist homiletician’s guidebook with sample sermons in Sanskrit on a rich variety of topics. I argue that it dates from the 5th century and that it was possibly authored in a Saṃmatīya environment. I first discuss the unique manuscript transmitting the text, the structure and contents of the work, what information it can provide for the tradition of preaching and its importance for Buddhist studies. In the second half, I provide a sample chapter ‘On Grief’ with an annotated translation.

Simeon Polockij a Playwright: The New Study Aspects

The study of the dramaturgic complex which has come to us in a manuscript created in the 1680s–early 1690s in Moscow (kept in the Austrian National Library, Vienna) established that the dramaturgic heritage of Simeon Polockij was not limited to two plays (about Nebuchadnezzar and the prodigal son) in the «Rythmologion». It also includes morality play about the struggle of the Church with the «host of infidels» and seven interludes, previously known from a single list as an anonymous works of the first third of the 18th century. The analysis of the historical and cultural context of the time the morality play was created, as well as its vocabulary, in particular, a rare lexeme (Turchin) and literary techniques typical for the texts of Simeon Polockij (using of the liturgical texts as a structural and thematic motives), leave no doubt about the authorship. Simeon Polockij is also the author of the interludes that can be proven by the content, plot-thematic, stylistic and lexical calls observed between them. Certain situations, plot motives and the vocabulary of the(«Vertograd mnogostvetnyj», «Rythmologion», etc.). interludes can be identified in the context of Simeon’s works.

“Faustian Theme” in Slavic Literary Monuments: Problematics of Motives

The issue of conceptual correlation of Slavic stories about Savva Grudtsyn and Pan Tvardovsky with the concepts of “Faustian theme”, “Faustian legend” and “Faustian story” is considered. The question is raised about the legitimacy of referring the Slavic variants of the motive of the contract with the devil to the general group of similar motives by analogy with the “Faustian” one. A review of domestic and foreign scientific literature devoted to the difference and similarity of Slavic plots with the legend of Faust, as well as common sources and typological characteristics of the features of the “Faustian theme” is carried out. The results of a comparative analysis of texts about Faust, Savva Grudtsyn and Pan Tvardovsky are presented. Special attention is paid to the comparison of the anonymous work about Savva Grudtsyn with the novel by the Norwegian writer M. K. Hansen. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for solve this problem a systematic literary methodology is proposed in the key of historical poetics, based on the differentiation of the analysis of plots, motives, the system of characters and semantic accents of works. The relevance of the study is due to the introduction into scientific circulation of previously poorly studied texts of literature and folklore, in which the plot of a contract with a demon is seen. The definitions of specific motives are given, which make it possible to differentiate literary monuments according to the principle of a plot model and a system of characters. The author's development in relation to the sources of the specified plot type is presented.

Work readiness scale for pharmacy interns and graduates: A cross-sectional study

IntroductionAs the number of unemployment among pharmacy graduates increases, the Saudi Ministry of Labor implemented extra measures to facilitate their training and hiring by the private sectors. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of data regarding pharmacy graduates’ work readiness (WR). Hence, we aim to assess their WR and identify predicting factors associated with WR among pharmacy graduates’ in Saudi Arabia. MethodsA 46-item self-reported pre-validated anonymous work readiness scale (WRS) survey with a 5-point Likert scale was administered to pharmacy senior students and graduates using Qualtrics XM® survey tool over the month of May 2020. The main outcome was to assess WRS for pharmacy interns and graduates and identify factors associated with work readiness. ResultsA total of 617 participants have participated in this survey, out of which 46.5% were freshly graduated pharmacists and 19.6% were pharmacy interns. Most participants (82.3%) were PharmD candidates or graduates. Around two-third of participants (63%) have successfully completed all survey items. The maximum points scored was 223 out of 230, and the median overall score was found to be 175. There was no significant association with gender, age, or type of university regarding overall scores. However, a statistically significant odds ratio was observed with PharmD program type and previous pharmaceutical marketing training (OR = 1.778, 95% CI = 1.143–2.765: OR = 0.618, 95% CI = 0.432–0.884, respectively). ConclusionThe overall median score shows a good work readiness level among pharmacy students/graduates in Saudi Arabia; however, PharmD program graduates exposed to advance pharmacy training, including the pharmaceutical marketing experience, have higher work readiness odds than Bpharm graduates. Further studies involving other related perspectives, such as stakeholders, employers, and preceptors, would give a clear image of pharmacy graduates’ job readiness levels.

Numele autorului – o marcă neînregistrată a operei

A work can be made known to the public with the real name of the author or with a pseudonym or in the version of anonymous work. In the current article, we want to highlight the relevance of the author’s name, which can acquire the value of unregistered trademark by analysing this aspect from different perspectives. Three names, three famous authors, three distinct cases that reveal the legal values of the author’s name, which became a symbol in guaranteeing the quality and authenticity of the work.