Anomalous Splitting Research Articles

Muonic x rays in lead isotopes

Results of an experiment to measure muonic transition energies in separated lead isotopes are presented. The main results are as follows: 1. Muonic spectra of the four lead isotopes $^{204}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$, and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ were studied with high resolution. No anomalous splitting or broadening of the lines was detected. The effect of the natural linewidth could, however, be observed. 2. An anomaly was found in the $3d$ fine structure splitting whose measured value turned out to be larger than the calculated value by nearly 300 eV (or 10 standard deviations) in all four isotopes. 3. Except for this anomaly, the lower levels of muonic lead can be described adequately with the help of a two-parameter Fermi distribution of the nuclear charge. There is no evidence in the x-ray data for a central depression in the nuclear density. 4. We determine the nuclear polarization in the ground state of all four isotopes of lead and find values ranging from -7.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.2 to -10.1 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.1 keV, which are somewhat higher than, but not inconsistent with, the best theoretical predictions of -6.8 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.0 keV. This analysis is made possible by our ability to measure the weak transitions involving the $2s$ level. 5. We find a slight and regular increase in nuclear density, going from $^{204}\mathrm{Pb}$ to $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. The skin-thickness parameter $t$ appears, however, to be practically the same in all four isotopes measured.RADIOACTIVITY $^{204}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$; muonic atoms, measured transition energies, levels up to $6f$; observed natural linewidth of $L$ lines; observed anomalous $\mathrm{fs}$ splitting of $3d$; deduced Fermi parameters; deduced nuclear polarization of ground state.

Anomalous Temperature Dependence of the ESR Lines of Cr3+ Doped in TGS

ESR spectrum of Cr 3+ doped in TGS was reinvestigated. The principal values and the directions of the d -tensor for the lines which appeared at lower fields, were determined at 60°C in the paraelectric region. Each line was split into doublet in the ferroelectric region. It was ascertained from the angular dependence of the lines in the b -plane that this anomalous splitting originates from a tilting of the principal axis by the movement of the ligand atoms surrounding the Cr 3+ ion.

Millimeter Wave Rotational Spectrum of HSSH and DSSD. IV. P, Q, and R Branches of HSSH

The earlier microwave measurements on the ground-state rotational spectrum of HSSH have been extended into the submillimeter wave region to a wavelength of 0.7 mm, or 420 GHz, for the observation of the Q branch of the K=2← 1 rotational subband. In the lower-frequency range 50–200 GHz, various Q-, R-, and P-branch transitions have also been assigned. From these measurements the ground-state rotational constants are (in megahertz): A=146 858.170± 0.032, B=6 970.430± 0.003, C=6 967.689± 0.003, which yield an asymmetry parameter bp=−0.98× 10−5 or κ =−0.999960. The most remarkable feature of the perpendicular-type spectrum is the anomalous splitting of the K=2 energy levels. It is found that the splitting of the K=2 levels is not only one order of magnitude larger than that expected from the small asymmetry of the molecule, but also that the sequence of these levels is reversed as compared to their ``normal'' order, determined by the asymmetry splitting. These anomalies are explained as in paper II of this series by the additional K-type doubling (centrifugal-distortion splitting) caused by the centrifugal-distortion operator (Ĵ+4+Ĵ−4) in the rotational Hamiltonian. Unlike DSSD, the centrifugal-distortion splitting in HSSH is nearly masked by the larger asymmetry splitting.

Vibrational spectra of oxides with the C-type rare earth oxide structure

Infrared and Raman spectra for Mn2O3, Sc2O3,Y2O3, and In2O3 and Raman spectra for the rare earth oxides Sm2O3, Eu2O3, Dy2O3 and Yb2O3 have been measured. All compounds belong to space group Ia3,T7h. Factor group analysis predicts 4Ag, (Raman) + 4Eg (Raman) + 14Tg, (Raman) + 5Au, (inactive) + 5Eu, (inactive) + 16Tu (i.r.) modes. The predicted i.r. bands were found, whereas only about half of the 22 predicted Raman bands were observed. The highest frequency band varies linearly with the metal-oxygen distance, as observed previously in the rare earth oxides. In2O3 exhibits an anomalous splitting of the high-frequency band.

The crossover and magneto-optical effects in sunspot spectra

Two peculiarities of the magnetic splitting of lines in sunspot spectra have been investigated. The first one consists of the fact that in a rather small region of the penumbra, near the umbrapenumbra boundary, the π-component is absent in the spectra of one circular polarization while both σ-components are present. In the spectra of the opposite circular polarization, the σ-components are absent but the π-component is present. By analogy with the magnetic stars, in whose spectra such an effect was observed by Babcock, this phenomenon was called by us the ‘crossover effect’ in the sunspot spectra. Some properties of this effect in the different spectral lines were investigated. The nature of this effect is discussed. The second peculiarity consists of the anomalous splitting of the π-component of Zeeman triplets which are of the same and opposite signs in comparison with splitting of the σ-components. The different possibilities of explanation are discussed.

The Crossover and Magneto-Optical Effects in Sunspot Spectra

Two peculiarities of the magnetic splitting of a line in sunspot spectra have been investigated. The one is that in a rather small region of the penumbra near the umbra-penumbra boundary the π-component is absent in one circular polarization spectrum while both σ-components are present. In the spectrum of opposite circular polarization the σ-components are absent but the π-component is present. The second peculiarity consists of the anomalous splitting of the π-component of Zeeman triplets which are of the same and opposite signs in comparison with splitting of the σ-components. The nature of these effects is discussed.

Re-investigation of the coupling constants of the revised molecular states of TiO

The problem of anomalous triplet splitting in the α and γ band systems of the TiO molecule has been re-investigated, as it is now known that the transitions responsible for these systems areC3Δ−X3Δ andA3Φ−X3Δ, respectively, and notC3Π−X3Π andA3Δ−X3Π as has been formerly assumed. As has been done byKovacs previously the observed splitting can be explained on the basis of anomalous triplet splittings found inX3Δ,C3Δ andA3Φ terms by taking into account simultaneously the spin-orbit and spin-spin interactions. Also, the exact values of the coupling constantsA are given for all the three states on the levelsv=0.

Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance in RbMnF3

Electron-nuclear double resonance in RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is reported. Nuclear saturation was detected as a shift in the field required for antiferromagnetic resonance. At $X$-band frequencies, shifts of up to 500 Oe were obtained. The effective nuclear temperature was found to be a function of the nuclear drive frequency, tending asymptotically towards infinity at the unpulled hyperfine frequency of 687.8 MHz. This value is in good agreement with the value obtained from direct NMR. No anomalous splitting of the hyperfine frequency, as observed with direct NMR, was detected. Nuclear saturation has been observed in magnetizing fields both greater and less than the value for spin flop. Transient measurements yielded a value of 50 msec for ${T}_{1}$ at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.

On the anomalous multiplet splitting of the triplet terms of the TiO molecule

It will be shown that the anomalous triplet splitting of theC3 π−X3 π andA3 Δ−X3 π, (1,0) bands of the TiO molecule is due — similarly to the splitting of the (0,0) bands— to an anomalous triplet splitting of both the upper and the lower terms. The anomalous triplet splittings can be explained in terms of spin-orbit and spin-spin interactions. The accurate value of the multiplet splitting constantA has been determined for the levelv=1 of the statesC3 π andA3 Δ.

ROTATIONAL FINE STRUCTURE OF THE 3Π STATE OF PF

An investigation has shown that the 3Π state observed in the 3Π–3Σ transition of the PF molecule deviates from the known triplet formula. By taking into account both the spin–spin interaction and the perturbation of the 3Π state by 1Π states, this anomalous multiplet splitting can be interpreted. From the newly derived equations, accurate values of the rotational constants (B and D) and the multiplet splitting constants (A) have been derived for the ν = 0 and ν = 1 levels of the 3Π state.

Some new results in the spectroscopic investigation of diatomic molecules

The anomalous multiplet splittings observed in the fine structure of the multiplet molecule states occurring most frequently in the spectra of molecules are explained. A number of theoretical and experimental results are compared and excellent agreement is found throughout.

Infrared spectra of acid azides, carbamyl azides and other azido derivatives: Anomalous splittings of the N 3 stretching bands

The infrared spectra of organic acid azides, carbamyl azides, vinyl azides and alphaazido ethers, thioethers and amines have been investigated in detail. The acid azides and the carbamyl azides show the characteristic N 3 and carbonyl absorptions and have been assigned the acyclic azide structure. The amide bands of carbamyl azides have also been assigned. The asymmetric and symmetric stretching frequencies of the azido group are generally found in the regions 2162–2095 and 1258–1206 cm −1, respectively. The anomalous splittings of the N 3 stretching bands have been explained in terms of Fermi interaction with combination tones involving the N 3 symmetric and C-N stretching vibrations and other low lying frequencies.

On the anomalous splitting of the multiplet Σ states in diatomic molecules II

It has been shown that the anomalies observed in the multiplet splitting of theX 2 Σ+ term of the HgH, theB 2 Σ term of the YO and theA 3 Σ u + and theB ′3 Σ u − terms of the N2 molecule are the same character as those observed at the7Σ term of the MnH molecule, the reason in al the five cases being the same: the perturbation of not too far lyingII terms. A satisfactory agreement has been found between the experimental and theoretical results.

On the anomalous splittings of the multiplet Σ states in diatomic molecules I

On the anomalous splittings of the multiplet Σ states in diatomic molecules I

Absence of Axis Deviation of Electrocardiogram in Acute Heart Dilatation Following Experimental Embolism with Metallic Mercury.

The injection of 5 cc. of metallic mercury into a leg vein of adult unanesthetized dogs produces a marked dilatation of the right heart chambers a very few minutes after reaching the right heart and arterial side of the pulmonary circuit. There is a great disproportion between the objective symptoms and the severity of the lesions wrought in the thoracic viscera. The first symptoms that usually follow the above procedure are gastro-intestinal in nature; vomiting and defecation occur, usually within one-half hour or hour after the administration of the metal. Tachypnea or dyspnea rarely appear early, and frank respiratory symptoms are usually in abeyance for some hours. The survival period of more than 20 animals averages 35 hours.The electrical axes computed from synchronous leads and from single axial leads that satisfy the Einthoven formula do not show significant axis deviation. There is an anomalous wide splitting of the T-wave in many curves. Paroxysmal auricular fibrillation was noted in the electro...