Anode Configuration Research Articles

A novel filtration composite anode configuration of microbial fuel cell for efficient wastewater treatment and enhanced power generation

Abstract A microbial fuel cell (MFC), as a cleaner wastewater treatment process, can recover electricity from organic wastes. However, high power production and high quality effluent are difficult to achieve simultaneously. In this study, a novel filtration composite anode (FCA), which combined carbon fiber brush and carbon textile was proposed to enhance COD removal and power generation performance of MFCs. The COD removal rate constant of MFCs with the filtration composite anode (FCA-MFC) was 0.33 h−1, much higher than that of MFCs with single brush anode (FB-MFC) (0.23 h−1) or textile anode (FT-MFC) (0.18 h−1) in the recirculation mode, and also exceeded that of CA-MFC in non-recirculation mode (0.12 h−1). FCA-MFC delivered a maximum power density of 1140 mW m−2 at a recirculation rate of 2 mL min−1, which was higher than the FB-MFC (990 mW m−2) and the FT-MFC (80 mW m−2) and its counterparts in non-recirculation mode (1000 mW m−2). Moreover, the FCA-MFC maintained a higher current density (4.0 A m−2) than the other two MFCs until the COD decreased to 40 mg L−1 at an external resistance of 100 Ω. CV and EIS tests verified a higher electrochemical performance of the filtration composite anode. These results demonstrated higher COD removals and power generation of the composite anode at ambient temperature, resulting from the filtration effect that facilitated mass transfer, increased microbial colonization, and improved electrochemical activity. Considering the high-quality effluent and high power generation, the filtration composite anode configuration promises a great potential for sustainable wastewater treatment application.

Nanostructured Host Materials for Trapping Sulfur in Rechargeable Li–S Batteries: Structure Design and Interfacial Chemistry

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered as a promising candidate for next‐generation energy‐storage devices due to their high energy density, low cost, and ecofriendliness. However, the practical application of Li–S batteries faces challenges arising from the cathode, the electrolyte, and the anode, including the intrinsically low conductivity of sulfur and lithium sulfide (Li2S), the high solubility of polysulfides in the electrolytes commonly used, and the dendrite growth of metallic lithium anodes. In recent years, much effort has been made to improve the performance of Li–S batteries by modifying the cathode, host material, binder, electrolyte, membrane, anode, and cell configuration. Here, the focus is on the cathode aspect, and the design and surface modification of nanostructured host materials for sulfur and Li2S are investigated in detail.

In situ fabrication of green reduced graphene-based biocompatible anode for efficient energy recycle

Improving the anode configuration to enhance biocompatibility and accelerate electron shuttling is critical for efficient energy recovery in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this paper, green reduced graphene nanocomposite was successfully coated using layer-by-layer assembly technique onto carbon brush anode. The modified anode achieved a 3.2-fold higher power density of 33.7 W m−3 at a current density of 69.4 A m−3 with a 75% shorter start period. As revealed in the characterization, the green synthesized nanocomposite film affords larger surface roughness for microbial colonization. Besides, gold nanoparticles, which anchored on graphene sheets, promise the relatively high electroactive sites and facilitate electron transfer from electricigens to the anode. The reduction-oxidation peaks in cyclic voltammograms indicated the mechanism of surface cytochromes facilitated current generation while the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed the enhanced electron transfer from surface cytochrome to electrode. The green synthesis process has the potential to generate a high performing anode in further applications of MFCs.

Operational experiences of PEMFC pilot plant using low grade hydrogen from sodium chlorate production process

A 50 kW PEMFC pilot plant has been operated 4400 h using hydrogen originating from a sodium chlorate production process after standard industry purification processes were applied. The first stage of the fuel cell system operation was performed using anode gas recirculation, while in the other stages an open anode configuration was applied. The fuel cell system did not show extensive degradation despite the low quality of the hydrogen and frequent shut-downs. The average degradation rate was 2–3 μV per hour at low and medium currents (10–150 A). The main causes for any unreliability were found to be hydrogen supply side system components, namely pressure reducers and valves. Recommendations are given for the improvement of both PEMFC power plant design and operation for industrial hydrogen applications.

Junction Electrochemistry of InGaN Anode Materials in Solar Energy Conversion

The indium gallium nitride (InGaN) ternary alloy system offers an ideal semiconductor basis as a light absorber for driving chemical reactions such as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). It is a direct bandgap semiconductor whose energy can be tuned for optimal solar absorption and overcoming kinetic overpotential losses, it can be grown epitaxially as a single crystal for high material quality, and it exhibits relatively high corrosion resistance in aqueous solutions for a III-V material. In this work, we report on the design, synthesis, and photoelectrochemical studies of InGaN in an anode configuration with a goal of using this material as a light absorber basis for driving solar fuels reactions such as the OER and the HER. Studies are shown reporting on how reactive vapor synthesis of GaN and InN with different structuring affects the light conversion properties and band diagram electrostatics in an electrochemical junction with ferrocene and cobaltocene redox pairs. This structure is extended to thin films of GaN and InGaN grown by molecular beam epitaxy for high efficiency light conversion, with the resulting electrochemical junction also made with ferrocene and cobaltocene. The effects of ternary alloying, doping, and the two different c-plane polarities (III-polar and V-polar) on the junction are investigated using the same electrochemical junction to evaluate the light conversion properties in relation to the electrostatics; specifically, tuning the bandgap energy for optimal light absorption, determining the c-plane polarity configuration for the electric fields to have the correct band alignment, and incorporating silicon doping to create a conductive substrate. The combination of these engineering techniques extends the depletion region of the active layer for high efficiency light absorption as similarly demonstrated for epitaxial phosphide films [1], and is utilized toward the goal of high performance solar energy conversion. [1] V. Parameshwaran, X. Xu, and B. Clemens, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 163, no. 8, pg. H714-H721 (2016).

Co3O4 Nanosheets with In-Plane Pores and Highly Active {112} Exposed Facets for High Performance Lithium Storage

Recently, two-dimensional transition metal oxide nanomaterials have been extensively investigated as promising candidates for the lithium-ion battery anode materials due to their elastic volume change, efficient ion/electrical pathways, and additional interfacial lithium storage sites. Herein, we report a simple wet-chemical method followed by thermal treatment to synthesize Co3O4 nanosheets with the in-plane pores. The as-prepared nanosheets are found to selectively expose the highly active {112} facets as the dominant surfaces. When fabricated into the anode configuration, a specific capacity of 1717 mA h g–1 can be reliably retained after 100 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g–1. While increasing the current density to 1 A g–1 and prolonging the cycle life to 400 cycles, the nanosheets can still deliver a capacity of 1090 mA h g–1 with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.5%. This excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the unique morphological structures of our porous nanosheets for th...

Effects of brush-anode configurations on performance and electrochemistry of microbial fuel cells

For practical implementation of MFC, increasing power generation is important because it is closely related with energy production rate and wastewater treatability. However, it is not known which relative arrangement of anode and cathode gives the best performance, and it is necessary to know electrochemical reference point of the brush anode for this. Five different brush-anode configurations were tested in a single-chambered cubic MFC. By merely changing a brush anode configuration, power and current densities were increased by 20% and 30%, respectively. The horizontally-positioned anode configuration (H1) with the closest anode-cathode distance produced the highest power and current. EIS showed that anode impedance and full-cell impedance were decreased by 60% and 49%, respectively. CE and EE were not significantly affected by the anode-cathode distance, but the horizontal type cells showed relatively higher CE, EE and COD removal rate and shorter batch time. The center of a titanium current collector and the center of carbon fibers of a brush-anode were found to be statistically-significant reference points for MFC electrochemistry.

Integrating cost-effective microbial fuel cells and energy-efficient capacitive deionization for advanced domestic wastewater treatment

In the microbial fuel cells (MFCs) driven capacitive deionization (CDI) process, the electricity generated from MFCs can be utilized for downstream deionization processes in the CDI cell. However, due to the typical configuration of MFCs, i.e., anaerobic anode and aerobic cathode compartments, the MFC effluent still contains various ionic pollutants, e.g., NO3− and PO43−. In this study, we present the proof-of-concept of an integrated MFC-CDI process for advanced wastewater treatment: the cost-effective continuous-flow MFCs perform as secondary treatment for organic carbon and ammonium removal, electricity production; the energy-efficient CDI cell works as the tertiary treatment to enhance the purification and desalination of domestic wastewater effluent. The results indicated that approximately 90% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium were removed in the MFCs. CDI, powered by connecting two MFCs in parallel and associated with a potential of 0.49V, could subsequently remove multi-ionic species from the MFC-treated effluent. More specifically, nutrient ions (NO3− and PO43−) can be electrostatically removed by the CDI process. These results demonstrated that the integrated MFC-CDI technology, which harvested energy from wastewater, held great potential to be an advanced, energy-saving purification process for the simultaneous removal of carbonaceous pollutants, improved nutrient removal, and further electrosorptive desalination of domestic wastewater treatment, in order to achieve a sustainable water-energy system. They also showed that, in addition to effluent quality improvement, the tertiary electrosorption of CDI played a significant role in the stability of effluent quality so as to dampen variations in the quality of secondary-treated effluent.

Coupled Carbonization Strategy toward Advanced Hard Carbon for High-Energy Sodium-Ion Battery.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are expected to be a promising commercial alternative to lithium-ion batteries for grid electricity storage due to their potential low cost in the near future. Up to the present, the anode material still remains a great challenge for the application of SIBs, especially at room temperature. Graphite has an obvious limitation to store larger radius sodium ions (Na+) in comparison with lithium ions (Li+), while the hard carbon with large interlayer distance can demonstrate a relatively high storage capability and durable cycle life. However, the disadvantages of low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) mainly caused by large surface area and high cost synthetic approach hinder its practical applications. Herein, a new coupled carbonization strategy is presented to prepare a cost-effective hard carbon material by pyrolyzing and carbonizing the mixture of abundant sucrose and phenolic resin. Benefiting from the specialized pyrolysis reaction process and optimized conditions as studied in detail, the hard carbon has an extremely low surface area of 1.54 m2 g-1 and high initial Coulombic efficiency of 87%, which have been rarely reported before and enhance the utilization efficiency of Na+ consumption within the cathode in the future. More importantly, the hard carbon, with a high interlayer distance 3.95 Å, can deliver a higher capacity of 319 mAh g-1 and maintain a finer capacity retention of 90% over 150 cycles. Besides, a full cell with the configuration of as-prepared hard carbon anode versus an air-stable O3-Na0.9[Cu0.22Fe0.30Mn0.48]O2 cathode is further presented, and it has a high ICE of 80% and energy density of 256 Wh kganode-1 (vs hard carbon) with reliable cycle performance. The results demonstrate that our synthetic strategy is feasible and extendable, while the tunable carbon-based materials should have wider applications in addition to the attractive properties in Na-ion batteries.

Special Section: “Microbial fuel cells: From fundamentals to applications”: Guest Editors' note

The Special Section “Microbial fuel cells: From fundamentals to applications” covers many diverse and multidisciplinary aspects of the entire microbial electrochemical field, with a special emphasis on microbial and abiotic/microbial electron transfer mechanisms at the anode and cathode electrodes. New materials are presented as low-cost catalysts for oxygen reduction or H2 evolution reactions, as alternatives to exotic/expensive metals. Different anode materials, structures, and configurations are shown with impressive results. Anodic biofilms have been identified and extensively studied, as well as newspecies and mixed-culture biofilms. Innovative designs and working conditions of microbial electrolytic cells for H2 production or NH3 recovery with outstanding results are also presented.

A Dual Functional Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Power Generation and Energy Storage

Large-scale, cost-effective energy storage is highly desirable for balancing utility grid and renewable energy production. However, commercial scale demonstration of grid energy storage is generally lacking. Recently, we demonstrated a new bifunctional fuel-cell/battery hybrid system suited for stationary grid-scale energy storage. The new system is comprised of a reversible SOFC as the electrical charger/discharger and a redox-active metal/metal-oxide chemical bed as the energy store. During operation, the cathode of the system is constantly open to air, whereas the anode configuration defines the functionality of the system: power generation when the anode chamber is open to a fuel, and energy storage when the anode chamber is closed next to a neighboring metal/metal-oxide chemical bed.The presentation highlights recent progress in performance evaluation and computational analysis of the fuel-cell/battery hybrid. These highlights include cycling performance in a temperature range of 500-600 oC and computational analysis of performance limiting factors. Strategies to achieve efficient and reversible hybrid system for simultaneous power generation and energy storage are proposed.

A Dual Functional Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Power Generation and Energy Storage

Large scale, cost-effective energy storage is highly desirable for balancing utility grid and renewable energy production. However, commercial scale demonstration of grid energy storage is generally lacking. Here, we demonstrate a bifunctional fuel cell/battery hybrid system that is capable of producing power and storing energy. The new system is comprised of a reversible SOFC and a redox-active metal/metal oxide chemical bed. During operation, the cathode of the system is constantly open to air, whereas the anode configuration defines the functionality of the system: power generation when the anode chamber is open to a fuel, and energy storage when the anode chamber is closed next to a neighboring metal/metal oxide chemical bed. The highlights in this paper include cycling performance at the temperatures of 500 and 750 oC for closed and open systems, respectively. Strategies to achieve efficient and reversible hybrid system for simultaneous power generation and energy storage are also presented.

Modeling Na2s Based Glassy Electrolytes for High Performance Solid State Sodium Ion Batteries

Limited availability of lithium and safety concerns due to flammability of liquid electrolytes pose significant challenges to commercial lithium-ion batteries. To overcome these limitations, it is essential to explore technologies beyond conventional lithium ion batteries, particularly for electric power grid applications. Sodium ion batteries, particularly those employing solid electrolytes, are being explored as potential candidates. Solid state electrolytes are typically non – toxic and more environmental friendly, which provides them an edge over their liquid counterparts. However, obtaining relatively high ionic conductivity at room temperatures is challenging. In this work, we studied sodium sulfide (Na2S) based glasses as electrolytes for solid state sodium ion batteries. More specifically, sodium sulfide – silicon sulfide [0.5Na2S – 0.5SiS2] glass was explored. These glassy electrolytes were modeled using classical molecular dynamics (MD) approach. The interactions between various ions in the glass were defined using Buckingham type potential. All the glasses were formed using a typical melt – quench technique. Due to amorphous nature of the glass, a large number of initial glass structures were studied to obtain statistically reasonable model. The density of glass obtained through MD was observed to match quite well to the experimentally reported value. Further structural validation of the molecular model was performed by comparing the pair distribution function (PDF) for different pairs of ions for actual glass to those obtained from MD simulations. The ionic conductivity values for these glasses at room temperature have been observed to be in the range of ~ 10-5S/cm, which agreed well with the values obtained from the molecular simulations. Furthermore, the activation energy for ion hopping within the glass was obtained through MD and compared well with experimental data. A KMC site model was developed, based on inputs from MD, to evaluate the ionic conductivity of these glasses at a much larger length scale and the results agreed well with experimental measurements. Interactions at the anode – electrolyte interface play a key role in determining the performance of sodium ion batteries. Ab initio MD simulations of pure sodium metal and glassy electrolyte interface were performed. Structural configuration of the sodium anode – glass interface was estimated by calculating the density distribution and PDF’s for various ion pairs. Additionally, Na+ ion transport near the interface was studied carefully to determine specific metallic sites that accommodate Na+ ions. The distribution of these favorable sites along with their respective site energies were calculated and provided as inputs to KMC site model that simulated actual battery charging – discharging cycles based on the above inputs from ab initio MD.

Dual-layer hollow fiber MT-SOFC using lithium doped CGO electrolyte fabricated via phase-inversion technique

Anode-supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cell (MT-SOFC) made from lithium (Li) doped cerium gadolinium oxide (CGO) electrolyte was prepared via phase inversion based co-extrusion/co-sintering technique. In this study, the co-sintering temperature of CGO electrolyte with anode layer was reduced by adding Li that acts as sintering additive. The prepared Li doped CGO (Li-CGO) were characterized by shrinkage analysis, atomic resolution analytical microscope (ARM) observation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra. Meanwhile, the developed half-cell of MT-SOFC which was co-sintered at 1350–1500°C with interval of 50°C were characterized by its mechanical strength, gas tightness and microstructural analysis. The electrochemical performances of the cells were tested in anode-supported MT-SOFCs with configuration of Ni-CGO anode, Li-CGO electrolyte and LSCF-CGO cathode using humidified hydrogen as fuel and oxygen air as oxidant. MT-SOFCs fabricated with Li-CGO electrolyte were found to exhibit maximum power density of 60Wm−2 at 500°C compared to 200Wm−2 for cells with unmodified CGO electrolyte. The poor performance of cell with Li-CGO electrolyte is probably due to the combined effects of (i) moderately dense electrolyte layer and (ii) appearance of electronic conductivity in Li-CGO electrolyte. Nevertheless, lowering the sintering temperature has shown good properties of the electrolyte materials, which allows the electrolyte materials and anode can be co-sintered together at lower temperature.

The analysis of high amplitude of potential oscillations near the hollow cathode of ion thruster

The influence of gas flow, current level, and different shapes of anode on the oscillation amplitude and the characteristics of the hollow cathode discharge were investigated. The average plasma potential, temporal measurements of plasma potential, ion density, the electron temperature, as well as waveforms of plasma potential for test conditions were measured. At the same time, the time-resolved images of the plasma plume were also recorded. The results show that the potential oscillations appear at high discharge current or low flow rate. The potential oscillation boundaries, the position of maximum amplitude of plasma potential, and the position where the highest ion density was observed, were found. Both of the positions are affected by different shapes of anode configurations. This high amplitude of potential oscillations is ionization-like instabilities. The xenon ions ionized in space was analyzed for the fast potential rise and spatial dissipation of the space xenon ions was the reason for the gradual potential delay.

High‐speed MCP anodes for high time resolution low‐energy charged particle spectrometers

AbstractThe time resolution of low‐energy charged particle measurements is becoming higher and higher. In order to realize high time resolution measurements, a 1‐D circular delay line anode has been developed as a high‐speed microchannel plate (MCP) anode. The maximum count rate of the 1‐D circular delay line anode is around 1 × 107/s/360°, which is much higher than the widely used resistive anode, whose maximum count rate is around 1 × 106/s/360°. In order to achieve much higher speeds, an MCP anode with application‐specific integrated circuit (ASIC) has been developed. We have decided to adopt an anode configuration in which a discrete anode is formed on a ceramic substrate, and a bare ASIC chip is installed on the back of the ceramic. It has been found that the anode can detect at a high count rate of 2 × 108/s/360°. Developments in both delay line and discrete anodes, as well as readout electronics, will be reviewed.

Combined electro-catazone/electro-peroxone process for rapid and effective Rhodamine B degradation

An integral electro-catazone and electro-peroxone (E-cataperoxone) process was developed for quick and effective oxidation of Rhodamine B (RhB) as the model refractory organic pollutant in this study. A mesoflower-structured TiO2-coated porous Titanium gas diffuser (MFT-PTGD) acted as both the anode and the O3 gas diffuser, while carbon polytetrafluoroethylene was used as the cathode. During O3/O2 mixture flowing through the MFT-PTGD, O3 was electrochemically catalyzed simultaneously by the TiO2 mesoflower at the anode (via an electro-catazone reaction) and the in situ generated H2O2 at the cathode (via an electro-peroxone reaction) to achieve a high yield of ·OH. The individual processes show integral effects and significantly enhances the RhB degradation rate and efficacy. Additionally, owing to the unique three-dimensional porous structure and flow-through configuration of the MFT-PTGD anode, the O3 flow-through mode is superior to O3 flow-by mode for the E-cataperoxone oxidation of RhB. These results suggest that the E-cataperoxone process is an effective and promising means of degrading refractory organic pollutants in wastewater.

Combined carbon mesh and small graphite fiber brush anodes to enhance and stabilize power generation in microbial fuel cells treating domestic wastewater

Abstract Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) need to have a compact architecture, but power generation using low strength domestic wastewater is unstable for closely-spaced electrode designs using thin anodes (flat mesh or small diameter graphite fiber brushes) due to oxygen crossover from the cathode. A composite anode configuration was developed to improve performance, by joining the mesh and brushes together, with the mesh used to block oxygen crossover to the brushes, and the brushes used to stabilize mesh potentials. In small, fed-batch MFCs (28 mL), the composite anode produced 20% higher power densities than MFCs using only brushes, and 150% power densities compared to carbon mesh anodes. In continuous flow tests at short hydraulic retention times (HRTs, 2 or 4 h) using larger MFCs (100 mL), composite anodes had stable performance, while brush anode MFCs exhibited power overshoot in polarization tests. Both configurations exhibited power overshoot at a longer HRT of 8 h due to lower effluent CODs. The use of composite anodes reduced biomass growth on the cathode (1.9 ± 0.2 mg) compared to only brushes (3.1 ± 0.3 mg), and increased coulombic efficiencies, demonstrating that they successfully reduced oxygen contamination of the anode and the bio-fouling of cathode.

Measurements and Analysis of Potential Oscillations Near the Hollow Cathode

We investigated the potential oscillations near a hollow cathode for ring-type anode configuration and planar disc anode configuration using diagnostic tools. The waveform of potential oscillations, amplitude of plasma potential and ion density were measured. The plasma potential oscillations show rapid rising but slow decrease. The results show that ionization in a ring-type anode is more effective than that in a planar disc anode and the amplitude of plasma potential in a ring-type anode is much larger than that in a planar disc anode at the same operating conditions. The highest amplitude of plasma potential that occurred corresponds to the area where the highest ion density appeared for both anode configurations, which shows that xenon ions in space play an important role for this kind of plasma potential.

Fabrication of Symmetrical La0.7Ca0.3Cr0.8Mn0.2O3- d Electrode Scaffold-Type Micro Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells By Electrophoretic Deposition

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have the highest energy conversion efficiency among various fuel cell types. SOFCs can be divided into two categories according to their cell design: planner and tubular type. Tubular SOFCs have many advantages in terms of good mechanical strength, easy sealing, and simple stacking process. Meanwhile, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is very useful technique to deposit thin or thick layers due to easy layer thickness control by voltage and time. When a dc electric field is applied to the carbon rod in the slurry, the charging agent carries the particles to a substrate. One of major advantages of EPD is to fabricate multi-layer structure at the same time. In this study, symmetrical La0.7Ca0.3Cr0.8Mn0.2O3- δ(LCCM) electrode scaffold-type micro tubular SOFCs with the configuration of LCCM-YSZ anode // YSZ electrolyte // LCCM-YSZ cathode have been fabricated by EPD process. LCCM is considered as promising symmetrical electrode because it is very stable in both oxidizing and reducing atmosphere. The microstructure of the symmetrical electrode was controlled by the amount of pore former (PMMA). LCCM-YSZ electrode slurry for highly porous microstructure with uniform pore distribution was obtained with 40 vol.% PMMA, 2.5 wt.% polyvinyl butyral (PVB), 100 ml anhydrous ethanol, and 3 wt.% charging agent (polyethyleneimine). YSZ electrolyte slurry with highly dense microstructure was prepared with polyvinyl butyral (PVB), 100 ml anhydrous ethanol, and 5 wt.% charging agent (phosphate ester). After weighing of each slurry, ball-milling process was performed for 24 hour to obtain well-dispersed and uniform slurry. Carbon rod was deposited by LCCM-YSZ anode slurry, YSZ electrolyte slurry, and LCCM-YSZ cathode slurry in order. Deposition condition affected the microstructure and on thickness of each layers. LCCM-YSZ anode had thick layer for supporting the single cell with the deposition condition of the applied voltage of 20 V for 100 second. YSZ electrolyte was deposited on anode with the deposition condition of the applied voltage of 20 V for 20 second. At last, LCCM-YSZ electrode was deposited on electrolyte with the deposition condition of the applied voltage of 20 V for 20 second. After deposition of all layers by EPD, the single cell was co-filed at 1400 °C for 5 hour. Various processing conditions such as amount of charging agent, applied voltage, deposition time and sintering temperature were investigated. Stoichiometry amount of co-catalysts such as Pd or Co-Ni-Mo for better performance were impregnated into both sides of the LCCM scaffold by a glycine mediated solution impregnation method. Finally, the single cell performances of the fabricated LCCM symmetrical scaffold-type micro tubular SOFCs were evaluated in the temperature range of 600-800°C. Additionally thermal shock and redox cycling tests have been carried out.