Annual Shoot Research Articles

Changes in the content of low-molecular antioxidants and carbohydrates in pinus silvestris, rosa acicularis, ledum palustre in the context of the transition to winter dormancy in Yakutia

The accumulation of low-molecular antioxidants and carbohydrates in three wintering plants of Yakutia in the summer-autumn period (July, August, September) was studied. Determining the content of the sum of low-molecular antioxidants (LMAO), the sum of flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and the sum of carbohydrates was conducted spectrofotometrically in the needles of pinus silvestris L. and annual shoots of ledum palustre L., rosa acicularis Lindl. The research shows that in general a decrease of temperature (a transition from summer months to autumn months) increases the content of LMAO in the three examined plants. The study also shows that an increase of the LMAO amount in the content descends to a greater extent due to the accumulation of ascorbic acid. In the dynamics of accumulation of flavonoids during the studied period, the maximum was noticed in August and followed by a decline in September. In the dynamics of the content of carbohydrates (reducing sugars), as well as the LMAO, was revealed a gradual increase in the period from July to September. The wide fluctuations in the content of the sum of LMAO, ascorbic acid, and flavonoids with decreasing temperature were found in the rosa acicularis Lindl, as well as in the sugars in the needles of pinus silvestris L. Thus, the revealed dynamics of accumulation of LMAO in wintering plants (fraction of flavonoids, ascorbic acid) in the period of preparation for the transition to winter dormancy did not show the presence of an explicit dependence on the accumulation of the main cryoprotectants of plants, i.e. carbohydrates.

Growth of needles and shoots for thirteen species of the Pinaceae family: a case study in the Central Black-Soil region

The growth features of needles and shoots for 13 species of coniferous woody plants from the pine family have been revealed in Voronezh region (Russia). Eleven species are representatives of the main genera of the Pinoid clade. The factors affecting vegetation have been identified according to the results of phenological observation and length measurements. Pinus sylvestris showed the largest annual shoots growth, Picea abies and Picea pungens – smallest. The longest needles have trees of genus Pinus (for example: P. flexilis – 7.7 cm, P. pallasiana – 7.0 cm). The most important factor for the beginning of the vegetation is the air temperature in April, threshold temperature (triggering the growth processes) is +2…+ 4°C. The species having late beginning and late ending of growth (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus flexilis, P. strobus) are less hardy than the earlier growth species. All the studied species are in good sanitary condition. They enter the phases of pollen dispersion and seed-bearing, are fully adapted to the Central Black Soil region. All of them can be introduced into the range of plants for landscaping and reforestation of the region and the regions having close climatic conditions.

Biotechnological approaches to the reproduction of remontant forms of red raspberry

Rubus idaeus L. is one of the oldest and most widespread berry crops, which is cultivated for the excellent taste as well as for medical and dietary properties of berries. Rubus fruits contain a significant amount of vitamins A and C, anthocyanins, polyphenolic substances, which determines their high antioxidant activity. Remontant red raspberry forms are able to berry on annual shoots in the second half of summer, which extends the term of consumption of fresh berries by 1.5-2 months. However, many forms of remontant raspberry have a low potential for vegetative propagation compared to summer varieties, which makes them difficult to reproduce and to use in the breeding process. We investigated the possibility of increasing the efficiency of in vitro micropropagation of a remontant raspberry variety ʻBiryulevskaya’. The effects of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) at concentrations of 0.5–3 mg l-1 and thidiazuron (TDZ) at concentrations of 0.05–0.2 mg l-1 as well as doubled and tripled iron chelate Fe-EDTA (Ferric ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid) doses were studied. We found the adding 1.0 mg l-1 6-BAP to the MS medium containing a triple dose of iron chelate, provided intensive proliferation of high quality adventitious shoots.

Effect of calcium sprays on fruit quality and shelf-life of apple (Malus × domestica)

The present investigation was carried out during 2011- 2012 in an apple orchard situated 1935 m amsl in Shimla, district in Himachal Pradesh in order to assess the effect of foliar nutrition of calcium on growth, yield, fruit quality and shelf-life of apple. Two commercial grade calcium formulation, viz. CaCl2 at 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6% and Ca(NO3)2 at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 % were sprayed once (75 days after full bloom), thrice (45, 60 and 75 days after full bloom) and five times (15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after full bloom). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 19 treatments (replicated thrice). Two years pooled data revealed that five sprays of 0.6% Ca(NO3)2 significantly increased annual shoot growth and leaf area, but reduced the total yield, fruit size and weight. However, results of storage studies revealed that five sprays of 0.5 and 0.6% CaCl2 significantly reduced the physiological fruit weight loss, retain higher fruit firmness, TSS and sugar contents and improve the shelf-life of fruits in ambient storage conditions.

ПОВРЕЖДАЕМОСТЬ СОРТОВ И ФОРМ ЯБЛОНИ ЗЕЛЕНОЙ ЯБЛОННОЙ ТЛЕЙ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТАТАРСТАН

The paper includes an assessment of damageability of varieties and forms of apple by green apple aphids in the Republic of Tatarstan. An insignificant variability of damageability of leaves and annual shoots of green aphids was established by year in one half of the studied apple varieties and the average variability - in the second half of the varieties. An insignificant positive correlation is established between the degree of damage to the leaves and shoots of green apple aphids and damage to the leaves by the scab (r = 0.85), the hydrothermal coefficient of the vegetation (r = 0.78) and summer periods (r = 0.68), the amount of precipitation the summer period (r = 0.70), the average temperature in the summer period (r = 0.57) and the average temperature in April (r = 0.64). An insignificant negative correlation was found between the degree of damage to varieties and forms of apple trees by aphids and the amount of precipitation in April (r = –0.14). The manifestation of the sign “damaging the leaves and shoots of green apple aphids” is more influenced by the conditions of the year than the genotype of varieties, forms and the interaction of the genotype with the conditions of the year. The varieties Renet Povolzhya, Kamskaya and Komsin are distinguished according resistance to green apple aphid.

ОЦЕНКА ПРИВОЙНО-ПОДВОЙНЫХ КОМБИНАЦИЙ СЛИВЫ СОРТОВ КУБАНСКАЯ КОМЕТА И ВИКТОРИЯ НА СЕМЕННЫХ И КЛОНОВЫХ ПОДВОЯХ

This paper presents study results of two plum varieties: ‘Kubanskaya Kometa’ (hybrid plum group) and ‘Victoria’ (home plum group), grafted on 8 generative and 8 vegetative rootstocks of European origin in climatic conditions of Institute of Horticulture (Pūre, Latvia), Polli Horticultural Research Centre (Estonia) and Brest Regional Agricultural Experimental Station (Pruzani, Belarus). Experimental orchards were established in 2001. The flowering intensity, tree survival, tree healthiness after winter were evaluated in three geographical regions. Besides biochemical analysis (content of sugars, proline) were performed for annual shoots from two investigation places during wintering period. The aim of the research was to evaluate the winter hardiness of different rootstocks which are bred and grown in Europe and select the most appropriate for climatic conditions of Latvia, Estonia and Belarus. In Latvia conditions, generatively propagated Brompton, St. Julien d´Orleans and Wangenheims Zwetsche were found as the most stable rootstocks for varieties ‘Kubanskaya Kometa’ and ‘Victoria’. In Estonia conditions, clonal rootstock GF 8/1 and seedling rootstock Brompton were selected as the most appropriated for the variety ‘Kubanskaya Kometa’ and the clonal rootstock GF655/2 and seedling rootstocks Brompton and Wangenheims Zwetsche were selected as the most appropriated for the variety ‘Victoria’. In Belarus, the most stable rootstocks for both varieties were clonal GF655/2 and seedling Wangenheims Zwetsche.

Influence of drip irrigation on peach tree growth in the chernozem of Dobrogea, Romania

In arid and semi-arid regions, irrigation should increase water use efficiency and decrease the impact on the environment, specifically in the context of global change. The split-plot experiment described here is bi-factorial: 1) with irrigation strategy having three graduations, and 2) two peach cultivars, namely ‘Southland’ and ‘Cardinal’, three years old. The irrigation regime consists of a fully irrigated treatment (T1, non-stressed) according to the irrigation needs (100% of ETc = ETo×Kc; Penman-Monteith method), a deficit irrigation treatment (T2) irrigated with half the amount of water in T1 (50% of ETc), and a control, non-irrigated treatment (T3). These plots comprised three adjacent fruit tree rows, with the central row containing five trees for measurements and observations. Soil water potential was measured with Watermark resistance blocks installed at four depths: 20, 40, 60 and 80 cm at a 1-m distance from the tree trunk, with two replicates for each tree. The paper describes peach growth in a chernozem of Dobrogea region, Romania. The study was carried out during three years (2010-2012). Irrigation application induced a significant increase in annual shoots in T1 versus the other two treatments, especially in ‘Southland’, under the specific soil and climate conditions of the region. The anticipated shoots and tree volumes were also different, depending on the irrigation amount.

Growth of Sorbus torminalis after release from prolonged suppression

Continuously suppressed S.torminalis trees were found to be highly sensitive to release cuttings. After release diameter growth increased drastically, the crown redensified from the inside and seeds were produced during the first growing season. Sorbustorminalis is valued for its timber characteristics and ecological role in cultural landscapes. Due to its increased drought tolerance, the species is of growing interest in the context of silviculturally driven climate change adaptation measures. Due to its comparably slow growth, it often forms a second canopy layer below other deciduous tree species. With regard to its ecological and economic value, forest practitioners need to know whether releasing these continuously suppressed individuals from competition is worth it. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of release cuttings on the crown growth and radial increment of S.torminalis heavily suppressed by surrounding sessile oaks (Quercuspetraea). We observed changes of shoot and diameter growth within the first year following release cuttings. The overall average annual shoot growth more than tripled when compared to pre-release growth patterns (from 1.9 to 6.2 cm). The greatest release effects were found in the inner part of the crown. The majority of the shoots forming the crown periphery developed fruits and showed only restrained increment. Crown redensification from inside was accompanied by the development of epicormic branches in previously branch-free bole sections. Following release cuttings, diameter growth increased by several orders of magnitude. Altogether, release cuttings seem to have a very positive effect on the vitality of continuously suppressed S.torminalis trees. All released trees grew vigorously and developed fruits throughout the crown surface. Thus, release cuttings may facilitate species propagation and reduce inbreeding effects.

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) shoot architecture reveals coordinated ontogenetic changes between shoot specialization and branching pattern

Trees display contrasting specialized annual shoots during their life-span and along with ontogeny-driven modifications in their branching pattern, they can fulfill different combinations of light exploitation and space exploration functions Tree ontogeny is related to major changes in tree structure and function at different scales, from individual organs to the whole tree. Yet, little is known about the direct effects of tree ontogeny on shoot specialization and branching patterns. Such specific architectural changes occurring with tree growth and aging are of critical importance for understanding the response of trees to their environment. The uppermost branching system of 0.1- to 23-m-tall sugar maple trees was sampled at the end of the growing season. Measurements were made at both the branching system (n = 40) and annual shoot scales (n = 803). An algorithm for automated shoot typology was developed to characterize branching pattern variations. Sugar maple shoots were divided into four types with contrasting sizes and levels of foliage (i.e., relative biomass allocation into leaves, LMF). These morphological differences were interpreted as functional specializations for light exploitation (high LMF) or space exploration and support (low LMF). Only annual trunk shoots exhibited trait value changes during ontogeny such as a minimum allocation to foliage in the current-year shoots for the 5-m-tall trees, which is related to lower light interception capabilities but higher space exploration abilities. However, this relative loss of light interception function is compensated by ontogenetic changes at the branching system scale, which are associated with higher rates of ramification to produce lateral shoots. This study reveals how branching system and annual shoot traits change simultaneously during tree ontogeny to fulfill different functions, particularly light exploitation and space exploration.

CHRONOBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PESTICIDE LOAD OPTIMIZATION IN SALIX VIMINALIS L. PLANTINGS OF INTENSIVE TYPE

The article considers common osier from the utilitarian perspective and addresses the necessity to applyprolonged-action pesticides in the plantings of intensive type. To reduce the pesticide load, it is proposed to schedule agroforestry activities taking into account the seasonal dynamics of annual shoot growth. The study aims to identify patterns of seasonal dynamics of daily increment of annual shoots of common osier, using such methods as selection, structural-morphological methods, and harmonic analysis. The object of the study is a model inbred population of common osier. It was found that the seasonal dynamics of daily shoot growth ΔL(t) is cyclic. A three-level structure of seasonal biorhythms of daily shoot growth wasdiscovered. The contribution of lower harmonics with the oscillation period of 32 to 96 days to the total cyclicity ΔL(t) was 65%. The contribution of the medium harmonics with the oscillation period of 16 to 24daysto the total cyclicity ΔL(t) was 23%. The contribution of higher harmonics with the oscillation period of less than 14 days to the total cyclicity ΔL(t) was 6%. To optimize the pesticide load in the plantings of common osier, it is recommended to take into account the biorhythms of shoot growth with a frequency of fluctuations from 16 to 24 days.

Establishment of efficient adventitious shoots induction system and ex vitro rooting in Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae)

Background: The extension of the blueberry industry in China is restricted by the low performance of proliferation coefficient, transplanting survival rate and the long cycle production.Hypothesis: We hypothesized the suitable medium with optimal concentration and type combination would improve the survival rate of Vaccinium corymbosum. Species studied: Vaccinium corymbosum L. cultivar ‘O’Neal.Study site and years of study: Our study was conducted in Yunnan Breeding and Cultivation Research and Development Center of Endangered and Daodi Chinese medicinal materials, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine since November 2015.Methods: Efficient protocol of plant regeneration about Southern highbush blueberry (cultivar ‘O’Neal) was established using annual shoots via single factor and orthogonal experiments.Results: Olive medium with 2.0 mg·L-1 zeatin was found to be most suitable for initiation culture. The highest callus induction and bud formation rate were determined with 93.67 % and 95.57 %, respectively. Furthermore, as the germination of axillary buds, numerous shoots were formed with the proliferation coefficient (> 60). Well-developed shoots were obtained using rejuvenation culture on half-strength Olive medium supplemented with combination of 2.0 mg·L-1 indole-3-butyric acid, 1.0 mg·L-1 naphthaleneacetic acid, 0.01 mg·L-1 chlormequat chloride and 0.5 g·L-1 activated charcoal. The rooting rate could reach to 100 % using 2 cm length of well-developed shoots transferred into the 5:1 sterilized peat:perlite, which was enhanced from 27.61 up to 95 % after transplanting to the field.Conclusions: An efficient system for plant regeneration from bud induction to transplanting to the field was established to maintain the characteristics of southern highbush blueberry varieties.

Influence of Plum Rootstock on Flowering Intensity Depending on Concentration of Dry Matter and Reducing Sugars in Annual Shoots

Abstract The issue of the influence of rootstock on winter-hardiness of plum (Prunus × rossica Erem.) tree flower buds in the Baltic region is becoming important. The choice of rootstock is the main precondition for obtaining a high yielding and sustainable plum orchard. Freezing of flower buds is one of the most significant damages in winter for stone fruits. The aim of the investigation was to determine the relationship between concentration of dry matter and reducing sugars in annual shoots during winter and wintering ability of trees. The dynamics of reducing sugar concentration in one-year-old shoots during winter was investigated during two successive seasons in two locations. Orchards were planted in 2001 in Latvia and in Estonia. The well-known plum cultivar ‘Kubanskaya Kometa’ (Prunus rossica Erem.) was grafted on eight clonal rootstocks (‘St. Julien A’, ‘Brompton’, ‘Ackermann’, ‘Pixy’, GF8/1, G5/22, GF655/2, and ‘Hamyra’) and eight generative propagated rootstocks (‘St. Julien INRA 2’, ‘St. Julien d’Orleans’, ‘St. Julien Noir’, ‘Brompton’, ‘Wangenheims Zwetsche’, ‘St. Julien Wädenswill’, ‘Myrobalan’ and Prunus cerasifera var. divaricate). Shoot samples were harvested two times during winter — at the end of January and at the end of March. Dry matter concentration (mg·g−1) and the concentration of reducing sugars (mg·g−1 DM) by Fehling’s solution method was determined. Tree flowering intensity was scored using a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 = no flowers and 5 = abundant flowering. Dry matter concentration in plum shoots varied among rootstocks, years and growing location. In Pūre, Latvia, the largest differences in dry matter concentration were found for trees grafted on ‘St. Julien INRA2’ (in 2011–2012) and ‘Brompton’ cuttings (in 2012–2013) but in Polli, Estonia for trees grafted on G5/22 (in 2011–2012) and ‘Myrobalan’ (in 2012–2013). One of the most stable rootstock/graft combinations in the trial when GF655/2 was used as rootstock, where dry matter concentration was between 491 and 525 mg·g−1, and reducing sugars between 37.5–49.2 mg·g−1, and flowering intensity between 2.5 and 4.

MICROPROPAGATION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF RARE AND ENDANGERED MALUS NIEDZWETZKYANA

The conservation of biological diversity is one of the most important tasks at present given the strong association of biodiversity with food security and improving nutrition. Currently, 387 plant species are listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan, including the rare, endemic, and endangered species Malus niedzwetzkyana, which is also included on the International Red List. Biotechnology methods are currently widely applied to preserve such rare plant species, which allows for the long-term preservation of genetic material, enabling their large-scale reproduction and propagation. One of the most effective methods for this purpose is microclonal propagation, which is similar to the vegetative method of reproduction except that the entire process proceeds with an in vitro culture system. The resulting clones are healthy and genetically stable. In this study, we optimized the microclonal propagation technique for Malus niedzwetzkyana. Axillary buds of annual shoots were used as the initial material. The mode of sterilization of the axillary buds, composition of the nutrient medium for establishment of in vitro culture, and the multiplication and rooting of microshoots were optimized. The data obtained provide an essential resource for sustaining the reproduction and propagation of this rare and endangered species of apple trees.

Bark necrotic disease in a beech thicket

Symptoms of non-specific bark necroses in beech trees of all ages have lately been described. We investigated the occurrence of bark necrotic disease in beech thicket and health status of the trees. Our objective was to examine how bark necrotic wounds persist and the regenerative potential of young beech thicket. The research experiment was carried out at two isolated localities in the Western Carpathians in the period 2015–2017. A terminal shoot (stem) and a lateral shoot (branch) of each of the 30 sampled beech trees were examined. Young beech stands were affected by the necrotic disease in 87–94% cases (stems 69–83%, branches 33–56%). Shoot diameter and age had a significantly negative linear correlation (P < 0.05) with the development of all analysed disease characteristics on the beech bark. The encouraging finding is a positive regenerative capacity of young beech trees. Over the same period more annual shoots were healed in comparison with those that were newly infected (10.8% on stems and 0.6% on branches).

Особливості мікроклонального розмноження цінних генотипів роду Populus L. in vitro

Досліджено особливості морфогенезу, пагоноутворення та мультиплікації різних генотипів тополі в культурі in vitro, які вирізнялись високою господарською цінністю у дослідно-виробничих і сортовипробувальних культурах, а, саме, клони тополь української селекції «Новоберлінська», «Дружба», «Гулівер», «Перспективна», «Львівська», «Західна», «Лубенська». Визначено оптимальні склад сольового середовища та концентрації гормонів для успішної ініціації культури in vitro та мультиплікації.
 Морфогенезна активність усіх досліджених клонів тополь після декількох пасажів була достатньо високою на всіх обраних типах середовищ незалежно від концентрації 6-бензиладеніну. Водночас вплив середовища ініціації на успішність пагоноутворення був досить суттєвим. Двофакторним дисперсійним аналізом встановлено, що можливість пагоноутворення на 83,8% зумовлено сольовим складом середовища, на 0,3% – концентрацією гормонів, а 15,9% припадає на дію чинників, що не підлягали обліку, в т.ч. на вплив генотипу.
 Найбільшу частку пагоноутворення отримали на середовищі MS (61,7 та 72,3% з додаванням БАП у концентрації 0,1 мг/л та 0,3 мг/л відповідно). Встановлено, що формування адвентивних бруньок на експланті на 69% зумовлено концентрацією гормонів, на 22% – сольовим складом середовища, а 9% припадає на дію інших чинників.
 Підтверджено значний вплив генотипу на всі досліджувані характеритики. Найвищу морфогенезну активність відзначено у клонів тополь «Перспективна», «Лубенська», «Дружба» та «Новоберлінська». Проліферація пагонів найінтенсивніше відбувається у клонів: «Дружба» та «Західна». Найкращу здатність до формування адвентивних бруньок виявляли клони «Західна», «Гулівер», «Дружба» і «Новоберлінська».
 Універсальним для мікророзмноження тополь української селекції є середовище MS із додаванням 6-бензиламінопурину у концентрації 0,3 мг/л.

Структурный анализ сезонной динамики суточного прироста однолетних побегов ивы шерстистопобеговой

Given the complex characteristics of woolly–stemmed willow. The necessity of studying the regularities of seasonal dynamics of daily growth of annual shoots is substantiated. The study used material from the model inbred-clone population. Empirical data were processed using structural–harmonic analysis methods. It was found that the seasonal dynamics of the daily growth of shoots is cyclic quasi–periodic. Empirical series of dynamics at the highest level of significance are approximated by sums of elementary harmonics with a period of oscillation of 9.2 to 92.0 days. Revealed high-amplitude harmonic with the oscillation period of 23.0 to 92.0 day and low amplitude with a period of oscillation of 9.2 to 18.4 days. On all the studied shoots only the fourth harmonics coincide with the oscillation period of 23.0 days. The main contribution to the seasonal dynamics of shoot growth is made by three high-amplitude harmonics, which form two main signals with oscillation periods of 23 and 36 days. Other harmonics have a modulating effect on the seasonal dynamics of shoot growth. The first harmonics with a period of oscillation 92.0 days determine the nonlinearity of the seasonal trend of growth of shoots. Higher harmonics with a period of oscillation of 9.2 to 15.3 days form the resulting quasi–cyclic oscillation. Significant interclonal and intraclonal differences in the rhythm of daily growth of annual shoots were not revealed. On this basis, the proposed recommendations for agroforestry–technical events in the plantings of woolly–stemmed willow.

Ecological and geographical testing of garden roses in three climatic zones

The paper states that it is necessary to expand the work in the field of ecological and geographical testing of economically valuable plant objects in the system of Botanical institutions supervised by the Council of Botanical gardens of Russia. The role of unique natural polygons of three Botanical gardens belonging to the Russian Academy of Sciences is emphasized. The main collection funds of the Nikita Botanical Garden are located in the Mediterranean climate zone (Yalta). In the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences plants are introduced into the culture in the conditions of the continental climate of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia (Novosibirsk). In the Botanical Garden-Institute of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences the gene pool of cultural and natural flora is studied in the monsoon climate (Vladivostok). The authors describe peculiarities of seasonal development, morphogenesis, organogenesis, ontogeny and reproductive biology of garden roses varieties of the Nikita Botanical Garden selection in three climatic zones. It is shown that in the geographical point of varieties breeding located near Yalta, the influence of climatic conditions leads to the absence of winter rest and natural end of the growing season it is artificially regulated by the annual February pruning. In the monsoon climate of Vladivostok, the largest number of cloudless days (upto 80%) is observed in winter, which can not affect the vegetation of roses in the open ground, but has a beneficial effect on the development and cutting production of roses in greenhouses. In the forest-steppe of Western Siberia varieties from the groups of tea-hybrid, floribunda, grandiflora, Cordes roses and miniature throughout the study period did not enter the postgenerative period, the final ontogenetic state was g₃. The main criterion for the selection of garden roses promising varieties in a continental climate is biomorphological the ability of annual shoots to bloom. Breeding work with roses in the southern coast of the Crimea is carried out in the open ground, in the continental and monsoon climate in greenhouses.

ОПЫТ ВЕГЕТАТИВНОГО РАЗМНОЖЕНИЯ ЛОХА УЗКОЛИСТНОГО (ELAEAGNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA L.) В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ

Conducting the results of the research work on the studies optimal timing of harvesting and planting stem cuttings Russian olive. The formation of adventitious roots on cuttings Russian olive is dependent on callus. The roots are laid in the cambium of the stem cuttings and breaking through the crust near the pillow or sheet between the callus and bark. Cuttings Russian olive autumn harvesting and spring planting at the end of the growing season gave the best gain in height — 166.7±5.35 cm (diameter of 10.2 ± 0.47 mm). Annuals plants from cuttings Russian olive autumn harvesting had 30 cm long and a height of 179.8±5,09 cm (diameter of 11.1 ± 0.69 mm) and save 88%. The best survival was observed in the cuttings, prepared with annual shoots. By the end of vegetative growth leading to escape the majority of seedlings Russian olive reaches 83–166 cm in height. Maximum 160–221 cm.

Effect of conjoint bio-organic and inorganic nutrient sources on plant growth, leaf nutrient content and soil properties of peach (Prunus persica)

The present investigation was carried out to find out the effect of conjoint organic and inorganic nutrient source on plant growth, leaf nutrient content and soil fertility status of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). The 9-years old trees of uniform size and vigour, planted at 4 × 2 m spacing were selected for the studies. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 11 different conjoint treatment combinations. Maximum increase in plant height (26.69%), canopy diameter (18.01%), tree spread (15.46%), tree canopy volume (52.72%), annual shoot growth (52.32 cm) and leaf area (32.17 cm2) were recorded in trees supplemented with 75% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + vermicompost at 15 kg/tree treatment combination. Leaf N (2.46%), K (1.35%), Mg (0.57%), Cu (11.54 ppm), Fe (224.20 ppm) and Zn (26.14 ppm) were significantly increased in 75% RDF + vermicompost 15 kg/tree treatment application, whereas leaf Ca (1.67%) was higher in trees supplied with 50% recommended dose of fertilizers + vermicompost 30 kg/tree. Maximum available N (279.96 kg/ha) was recorded in treatment combination of 75% RDF + vermicompost 15 kg/tree, however, the conjoint application of nutrient supplemented with 50% RDF + vermicompost 30 kg /tree exhibited significantly higher organic carbon (1.96%), available P (73.39 kg/ha), bacterialcount (43.99 × 10-7 cfu/g) and fungi (7.96 × 10-4 cfu/g) compared to control.

Structural analysis of the rhythms of development of annual shoots of almond willow

Structural analysis of the rhythms of development of annual shoots of almond willow