Annual Sales Research Articles

Approvals and Timing of New Formulations of Novel Drugs Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration Between 1995 and 2010 and Followed Through 2021

New formulations of prescription drugs can improve convenience and tolerability for patients, but they also constitute manufacturer strategies to extend brand-name drug market exclusivity periods. To examine whether new formulations of brand-name novel drugs were associated with novel drugs' sales and/or therapeutic value, as well as characterize first new formulations' approval timing relative to the novel drug's generic approval. This cross-sectional study used the Drugs@FDA database to identify all novel tablet and capsule drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 1995 and 2010 and followed through December 31, 2021. Novel drugs' blockbuster status, defined as annual sales of $1 billion or greater, and therapeutic value, measured by (1) accelerated approval status, (2) World Health Organization Model Lists of Essential Medicines inclusion, (3) innovativeness, and (4) clinical usefulness. Approval of a new formulation and timing relative to a novel drug's first generic's approval. Among the 206 novel drugs in tablet or capsule form approved by the FDA from 1995 to 2010, 81 (39.3%) were followed by an FDA-approved new formulation, and 167 (81.1%) had a generic version as of December 31, 2021. In multivariable analyses, new formulations were statistically significantly more likely among blockbuster drugs vs not (58.2% vs 27.6%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.72; 95% CI, 2.26-9.87; P < .001) and those granted accelerated approval vs not (50.0% vs 37.6%; AOR, 5.48; 95% CI, 1.52-19.67; P = .009), and less likely among orphan products vs not (11.8% vs 44.8%; AOR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.03-0.52; P = .004). Essential medicine listing vs no listing (47.8% vs 36.9%; AOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.52-3.34; P = .56), first-in-class or advance-in-class status vs addition-to-class status (37.8% vs 40.5%; AOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.32-1.58; P = .40), and categorization as clinically useful vs not useful (40.9% vs 44.8%; AOR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.34-1.92; P = .64) were not associated with increased likelihood of a new formulation. First new formulations were statistically significantly less likely to be approved after the novel drug's first generic approval (84.6% vs 15.4%; P < .001). In this cross-sectional study of novel drugs in tablet or capsule form approved by the FDA between 1995 and 2010, manufacturers pursued new formulations of best-selling brand-name drugs and those granted accelerated approval but did so less frequently once generic competitors entered the market. Other measures of therapeutic value were not associated with new formulations.

First responder firm gets light-stick maker

Cadre Holdings, a supplier of safety products for first responders, is buying Cyalume Technologies from CPS Performance Materials, which is owned by the private equity firm Arsenal Capital, for $35 million. Cyalume makes light sticks, invented by American Cyanamid scientists in the 1970s, that are based on a phenyl oxalate ester mixed with hydrogen peroxide. The sticks are used by the military, law enforcement, and others. Cyalume has annual sales of about $25 million. Arsenal paid $45 million for the company in 2017.

PENGARUH MANAJEMEN RANTAI PASOK BERBASIS SISTEM ERP DALAM MENINGKATKAN KINERJAPT WISMILAK INTI MAKMUR TBK.

Every business actor who runs a business will establish relationships with other business actors. These relationships are formed into a chain known as a supply chain. In order for the company's supply chain activities to run optimally, of course a strategy is needed. One strategy that can be utilized is Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). This study aims to determine the effect of ERP system-based supply chain management in improving the performance of PT Wismilak Inti Makmur Tbk. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques were used in this study to process data into information. Where the data used is sourced from the annual report and company sales. From this research it can be seen that the supply chain of PT Wismilak Inti Makmur Tbk. This is complex because it involves various parties from the beginning of the process to the end of the distribution process, it can run effectively and because it has implemented several strategies, namely mitigation strategies, performance strategies and also the development of EVO diplomat products. In addition, the influence of the ERP system applied to the supply chain of PT Wismilak Inti Makmur Tbk. quite significant to the company's financial performance, namely inventory turnover, GPM, OPM, NPM, ROA, and ROE. These results are obtained from the results of the analysis of the company's financial statement data analysis with financial ratios.

A Study of Car Wash Wastewater Treatment by Cyclo-Flow Filtration

With the increase in transportation demand and facilities in this era and the significant improvement in people’s living standards, the annual production and sales of vehicles are steadily increasing. With this, the issues of car wash wastewater treatment and water pollution are becoming more and more serious. Car wash wastewater mainly comprises fine sand, slick oil, suspended solids (SS), and surfactants, and can be quantified as chemical oxygen demand (COD) on a normative basis. This study examines the use of cyclo-flow filtration with high filtrate flux to treat car wash wastewater to solve issue of limited space in metropolitan areas and increase the willingness of the industry to invest in car wash equipment to recover water resources. The average removal rates of SS and COD are about 81% and 43%, respectively. Compared with current technology, the price of recycled water can compensate for operating costs, requiring minimal operating space owing to the single-unit cyclo-flow filtration system.

Collection System of Air Conditioners Remanufacturing: Development and Optimization under Probabilistic Uncertainty

The need for air conditioners (ACs) is increasing every year, particularly in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The annual sales of ACs clearly indicated either buying new conditioning systems or replacing existing ACs. When air conditioners are replaced for any reason, a large number of used air conditioners are available, which leads to the necessity of remanufacturing these ACs for economic and environmental purposes. The current research focuses on investigating the collection system of used window ACs as a part of the reverse logistics of remanufacturing window ACs under the uncertainty of demand and production rate. To optimize the average inventory and fulfill the need of the ACs remanufacturing unit, this current research explained many operations in the collection system and their relationship to the remanufacturing unit. These objectives were investigated using a combination of simulation, mathematical, and optimization techniques. After developing the model using Arena software, the simulation model for the initial solution was run. The theoretical and mathematical concepts of inventory have been exploited to find an initial solution for the objectives under investigation. The Optquest tool was used for the simulation model of the initial solution to improve the iterative search technique. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine each input parameter’s magnitude and individual impact on the results. The findings suggest that simulation and optimization strategies are effective in improving average inventory and lost demand. As a result, the average inventory has been reduced significantly.

BYD and Tesla’s competitive advantages and future development prospects

With the increasingly serious shortage of oil resources and the increasingly prominent environmental pollution problem, electric vehicles emerge at the historic moment, and the future development prospects are broad. This paper will focus on the study of tesla and BYD, two electric vehicles, and analyze the future development trend and future competitive advantages of Tesla and BYD by comparing their stock prices, market shares, annual sales volume and annual production, raw material prices, global sales range and net profits, and provide reference for the development of tesla and BYD. Based on the current market situation and national policies, I believe that in the future, the market share of electric vehicles will far exceed that of fuel vehicles and become the mainstream of land transportation vehicles. Therefore, electric vehicles enterprises should seize the opportunity to find their own competitive advantages and take the lead in the field of electric vehicles to occupy a place.

Marine biorefinery: an environmentally sustainable solution to turn marine biomass and processing wastes into value-added products and profits

Marine biorefinery: an environmentally sustainable solution to turn marine biomass and processing wastes into value-added products and profits

Evaluation of the Correspondence between the Concentration of Antimicrobials Entering Sewage Treatment Plant Influent and the Predicted Concentration of Antimicrobials Using Annual Sales, Shipping, and Prescriptions Data.

The accuracy and correspondence between the measured concentrations from the survey and predicted concentrations on the basis of the three types of statistical antimicrobial use in Japan was evaluated. A monitoring survey of ten representative antimicrobials: ampicillin (APL), cefdinir (CDN), cefpodoxime proxetil (CPXP), ciprofloxacin (CFX), clarithromycin (CTM), doxycycline (DCL), levofloxacin (LFX), minocycline (MCL), tetracycline (TCL), and vancomycin (VMC), in the influent of sewage treatment plant (STP) located in urban areas of Japan, was conducted. Then, the measured values were verified in comparison with the predicted values estimated from the shipping volumes, sales volumes, and prescription volumes based on the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan (NDB). The results indicate that the correspondence ratios between the predicted concentrations calculated on the basis of shipping and NDB volumes and the measured concentrations (predicted concentration/measured concentration) generally agreed for the detected concentration of antimicrobials in the STP influent. The correspondence ratio on the basis of shipping volume was, for CFX, 0.1; CTM, 2.9; LFX, 0.5; MCL, 1.9; and VMC, 1.7, and on the basis of NDB volume the measured concentration was CFX, 0.1; CTM, 3.7; DCL, 0.4; LFX, 0.7; MCL, 1.9; TCL, 0.6; and VMC, 1.6. To our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the accuracy of predicted concentrations based on sales, shipping, NDB statistics and measured concentrations for antimicrobials in the STP influent.

Impact of energy production mix on alternative fuel vehicle adoption in Korea

This study examines the environmental impact of alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) based on consumers’ vehicle adoption behavior according to the energy production mix (how fuel for each vehicle technology is produced) of battery electric vehicle (BEV) and hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV). The discrete choice experiment was utilized to examine the consumers’ vehicle adoption behavior, and our empirical results indicate that consumers prefer BEV with a renewable-oriented power mix the most, while they have the least preference for HFCV with a grey hydrogen-oriented production mix. Compared to the current market share of AFV, an annual market share of BEV and HFCV will increase by about 250% and 194%, respectively, when energy production mixes for AFV become cleaner by 2030. Moreover, making the AFV’s energy production mix cleaner can reduce about 130,000 tons of greenhouse gas from annual sales of vehicles than maintaining the current energy production mix in 2030.

Economic Contributions of Forestry Service Providers in Mississippi, USA

We used three comprehensive datasets to assess economic activities at as granular a level as possible for Support Activities for Forestry industry in Mississippi in 2019. The labor market company Emsi® provided the most current employment estimates by 6-digit North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes along with a geographic listing of businesses by NAICS codes that contained employment, earnings, and sales data. Esri® further categorized the 6-digit codes into 8-digits, thus providing a more detailed view of this sub-sector’s businesses. However, since business listings do not comprehensively tabulate all businesses of each classification within a region, we developed a weighting method to estimate output, jobs, and earnings for the following industries using Emsi® data- Foresters Consulting, Government – Forestry Services, and Forest Restoration. A statewide input–output model, along with sub-regional models, were estimated using the IMPLAN® software to identify economic contributions to the state and regional economies. Total annual sales across Mississippi were $84.5 million; sales were greatest in the Central subregion, with the South, North close behind. Consulting Foresters was the largest industry by sales, jobs, and earnings. Total economic contributions were 1,140 jobs and $59.79 million in value added on total sales of $121.99 million. South Mississippi received the greatest regional contributions from Foresters Consulting, while Central Mississippi received the greatest benefits from Government – Forestry Services and Forest Restoration.

Reporting of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices : An Evidence from Indian BSE-Listed Companies

CSR activities presently spread across a wide scope of zones including environmental protection and biological protection. As per Section 135 under Schedule VII of Companies Act (2013) in Indian context, it furnishes that each organization in India with a total asset holding exceeding or equals to ₹five hundred crore rupees or an annual sales of exceeding or equals to ₹1000 crores rupees or a net profit of more than or equals to ₹5 crore rupees for any one financial year is required to establish a Corporate Social Responsibility Committee. Using the sample of BSE listed corporates across several industrial sectors in India, the objective of the study is to investigate whether there is an improvement in the corporate social responsibility scores of companies over the predetermined time range (from 2014-15 to 2019-20). Application of paired samples t-test as to test whether the mean difference between two groups is significantly different from zero indicates interesting CSR based outcomes for the items designed under CSR checklist. The derived findings were also found to be robust to the application of non-parametric statistical testing technique. It has generated suitable research insights for the academicians and policy makers of Indian corporate sector and will facilitate them to establish appropriate CSR norms to be applicable in India

Consumption response to temporary price shock: Evidence from Singapore's annual sale event

Exploiting debit card and credit card transactions of a large, representative sample of consumers from a leading bank in Singapore, we examine the consumption response to an anticipated, transitory price shock generated by the nation-wide annual sale event. Consumers significantly increase their spending during the sale event. More importantly, we find inter-temporal substitution where consumers spend less immediately before the event, and cross-categorical substitution behavior where consumers decrease spending in items unaffected by the sale event. However, consumers exhibit little substitution behavior when they use credit cards or when they are liquidity constrained, highlighting the importance of heterogeneity in assessing the aggregate impact of such stimulus programs.

Residential green space and mental health-related prescription medication sales: An ecological study in Belgium

BackgroundResidential green space has been associated with mental health benefits, but how such associations vary with green space types is insufficiently known. ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate associations between types and quantities of green space and sales of mood disorder medication in Belgium. MethodsWe used aggregated sales data of psycholeptics and psychoanaleptics prescribed to adults from 2006 to 2014. Generalized mixed effects models were used to investigate associations between relative covers of woodland, low-green, grassland, and garden, and average annual medication sales. Models were adjusted for socio-economic background variables, urban-rural differences, and administrative region, and included random effects of latitude and longitude. ResultsUrban census tracts were associated with 9–10% higher medication sales. In nationwide models, a 10% increase in relative cover of woodland, garden, and grass was associated with a 1–2% decrease in medication sales. The same association was found for low green but only for men. In stratified models, a 10% increase in relative cover of any green space type in urban census tracts was associated with a decrease of medication sales by 1–3%. In rural census tracts, no protective associations between green space and mood disorder medication sales were observed, with the exception of relative woodland cover for women (−1%), and low green was associated with higher medication sales (+6–7%). ConclusionsTaken together, these results suggest that living in green environments may be beneficial for adult mental health. Woodland exposure seemed the most beneficial, but the amount of green space was more important than the type. Results underline the importance of conserving green space in our living environment, for the conservation of biodiversity and for human health.

Techno-economics of coconut coir bioadsorbent utilization on free fatty acid level reduction in crude palm oil

The quality of crude palm oil (CPO) is generally determined by the levels of free fatty acids (FFA). This helps in balancing the level of acidity during transportation and storage processes. However, high FFA in CPO is not good for consumer health. One of the methods for adsorbing FFA is adsorption, which is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of contact time (40, 80 and 120 min) and Coconut Coir (CC) bioadsorbent concentrations of 1, 2 and 3 (%, w/v) on the reduction of CPO FFA levels. This began with the activation of CC biochar synthesis by using NaOH and HCl, which produced CC-NaOH and CC-HCl bioadsorbents based on the product of NaOH. Furthermore, the adsorption process was carried out by mixing CPO with CC-NaOH and CC-HCl bioadsorbents in a three-necked flask. After this, the filtrate product was obtained and analyzed for its FFA levels. The results showed that the largest percentage reduction for the effect of bioadsorbent concentration was 3% (w/v) at a contact time of 120 min. It also indicated that this study enabled lower levels of FFA in CPO. Based on the detailed cost estimate, the production cost of the CC-NaOH bioadsorbent was USD 481,874, sold at USD 95/ton with annual sales and net profit (after tax) at USD 684,000 and USD 141,188, respectively. This profit after tax and rate of return on investment was found to be 20.68 and 39.49% of the entire estimation, respectively. It also had a payback period of 2.95 years and a break-even point at a capacity of 43.16%. In addition, the prepared adsorbent showed significant ability as an inexpensive, reproducible and environmentally friendly compound used in reducing the FFA levels of CPO.

Sales of Over-the-Counter Products Containing Codeine in 31 Countries, 2013-2019: A Retrospective Observational Study.

Opioid prescribing trends have been investigated in many countries. However, the patterns of over-the-counter purchases of opioids without a prescription, such as codeine combinations, are mostly unknown. We aimed to assess national sales and expenditure trends of over-the-counter codeine-containing products purchased in countries with available data over 6 years. We conducted a retrospective observational study using electronic point-of-sale data from the human data science company, IQVIA, for countries that had such data, including Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, the UK, and the USA. We calculated annual mean sales (dosage units/1000 population) and public expenditure (£/1000 population) for each country between April 2013 and March 2019 and adjusted for data coverage reported by IQVIA. We quantified changes over time and the types of products sold. In total, 31.5 billion dosage units (adjusted: 42.8 billion dosage units) of codeine, costing £2.55 billion (adjusted: £3.68 billion), were sold over the counter in 31 countries between April 2013 and March 2019. Total adjusted sales increased by 11% (from 3911 dosage units/1000 population in 2013 to 4358 in 2019) and adjusted public expenditure increased by 72% (from £263/1000 in 2013 to £451/1000 in 2019). Sales were not equally distributed; South Africa sold the most (36 mean dosage units/person), followed by Ireland (30 mean dosage units/person), France (20 mean dosage units/person), the UK (17.2 mean dosage units/person), and Latvia (16.8 mean dosage units/person). Types of products (n = 569) and formulations (n = 12) sold varied. In many parts of the world, substantial numbers of people may be purchasing and consuming codeine in over-the-counter products. Clinicians should ask patients about their use of over-the-counter products, and public health measures are required to improve the collection of sales data and the safety of such products. STUDY PROTOCOL PRE-REGISTRATION: https://osf.io/ay4mc . The pre-print version of this work is available on medRxiv: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.21.21255888 .

Effect of employers' concerns about cancer countermeasures on the implementation of cancer screening and support for balancing cancer treatment and work in small and medium-sized Japanese enterprises.

ObjectiveJapan has recently implemented screening and support to balance cancer treatment and work. The present study evaluated whether the interest of employers in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) affects cancer control in the workplace.MethodsCancer preparedness at work was examined by a Japanese life insurance company contracting 370 000 SMEs. The analysis targeted SMEs hiring ≤50 employees whose employer was aged ≥40 years. The endpoints were performing one or more screening for stomach, colon, or lung cancer recommended for both sexes in Japan and implementing three or more supportive measures from the nine systems listed in a questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was performed to predict these endpoints using other factors.ResultsThe survey was completed from January 5 to 28, 2022 and included 5268 eligible companies. Around half were small enterprises with up to five employees. Screenings were performed for stomach (32%), colorectal (27%), and lung (26%) cancers. Sick leave (36%) was the most common support for balancing cancer treatment and work. Logistic regression analysis revealed that employer's concern was a significant predictor of screening (odds ratio [OR] = 3.59, P < .001) and support (OR = 2.55, P < .01) compared with “not concerned at all,” along with industry type, annual sales, experience of employees with cancer, and employer's participation in screening.ConclusionOur findings suggested that employers' interest was a powerful predictor of implementing cancer control in SMEs. Educational intervention targeted toward the employer could play a critical role in improving SMEs.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Pulmonary Conditions among Farmers and Ranchers in the Central United States

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for work-related respiratory conditions (asthma, farmer’s lung, sinusitis, rhinitis, and environmental allergies, diagnosed by a physician) among farm and ranch operators in the central US. A survey was conducted by the Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health (CS-CASH) in 2018, focusing on work-related injuries, illnesses, exposures, and preventive measures in a seven-state region (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota). Farms and ranches (n = 16,818) with an email address and annual sales exceeding $5,000 were randomly selected for the survey. Agricultural production and weather data were merged with survey responses. The relationship between exposures and respiratory conditions was analyzed using generalized estimating equations. We received responses from 3,268 agricultural operations (19% response rate) containing information on 4,064 individual operators. The life-time prevalence of (any) respiratory conditions among farm/ranch operators was 18%. Risk factors for respiratory conditions included exposures to grain/hay/feed dust (OR 2.41), animal confinement dust (OR 1.57), field/road dust (OR 2.11), manure/silage gasses (OR 1.66), anhydrous ammonia (OR 1.51), fuels/solvents/paints (OR 1.92), older age group >70 vs. <43 (OR 1.40), female gender (OR 1.82), and being primary vs. third operator (OR 1.61). Farmers and ranchers have a high prevalence of respiratory conditions associated with dust and gas exposures at work. More effective protective measures are needed using the hierarchy of controls, including improved use of respiratory protection.

ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF BASALT-BASED BRAKE PAD IN NIGERIA

The economic analysis reveals the basic information on the expenditure and profit to an investor who is willing to invest on the production of basalt-based brake pad in Nigeria, Nigeria has huge demand of brake as revealed by data obtained from National Bureau of Statistics Abuja (NBS). The analysis was based on deductive economic analysis which assumptions were made and arrived at particular result and the costing was based on Activity-Based Costing (ABC) where overhead and indirect cost were assigned to the related product. The economic analysis will give an insight to an investor (s) who has been skeptic about investing in the manufacturing of brake pad in Nigeria. The analysis revealed that the total capital require for this investment is #54,520,184.00 to set up a manufacturing plant with a capacity of 12,960 pieces of brake pad per day with a depreciation period of ten years. It also showed that if the line will run at 75% efficiency, the annual production is 2,566,080 pieces of brake pads. The unit cost of production is #520.85, unit selling price is #572.935, interest before tax of #6,797,983.869, break-even quantity of 861,019pieces, payback period of eight months. The annual total cost of production is #1,373,924,104.00, annual total sales revenue of #1,470,309,952.00.Twenty-seven people are require for manning the plant.It is clear from above information the investment is worthwhile because of the good payback period and considering the huge demand in Nigeria.

Identifying Cool Food Meals: 2022 Update

Cool Food is a global initiative that aims to help food providers sell dishes with smaller climate footprints. This technical note outlines the methods used by World Resources Institute (WRI) to identify a set of Cool Food Meals on a food provider’s menu. Drawing on the calculation methods established under the Cool Food Pledge, Cool Food Meals must fall under a maximum threshold of per-meal greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions based on recipe data submitted to WRI. In addition, Cool Food Meals are subject to a nutrition safeguard to ensure they meet a minimum threshold of nutritional quality. Designation of Cool Food Meals is open to food providers that are Cool Food Pledge members, Cool Food “Heroes” who serve an especially low-GHG-emitting menu, or food providers for whom at least 20 percent of annual sales are dishes that qualify as Cool Food Meals. Publicly recognizing climate-friendly food providers, and steering consumers toward low-emitting menu options, can help accelerate the transition toward a sustainable food future.

CORPORATE DIVERSIFICATION AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF CONGLOMERATE FIRMS IN NIGERIA

This study examined the effect of corporate diversification on the financial performance of conglomerate firms in Nigeria. The nine (9) conglomerates firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange as of 2019 formed the population and sample size for this study from 2011 to 2019. Corporate diversification was measured by; product, operational and geographical diversification. Panel least-square analytical method was used. Two-panel co-integration models were developed for empirical analysis to measure financial performance using Return of Assets (Book Value) and Tobin's Q (Market Value). The study's findings revealed that product diversification has a positive impact on the financial performance of conglomerates in Nigeria. However, operational and geographical diversification showed a negative but significant relationship between corporate diversification and the financial performance of conglomerates in Nigeria. It was concluded that corporate diversification has a dominant-negative impact on financial performance. However, only one form of corporate diversification (product) was positively related to financial performance. Therefore, the study recommends that conglomerates focus more on implementing geographical diversification strategy than other types of diversification as it encompasses a great deal of product and services promotions, which is key to improving annual sales and product awareness.