Annual Report Research Articles

Company commitments on nutrition and sustainability: A three-country comparison

Abstract Background The Business Impact Assessment (BIA) tools were developed by INFORMAS to document companies’ commitments on population nutrition (BIA-Obesity) and environmental sustainability (BIA-Sustainability). As part of the EU-funded Food Systems that Support Transitions to Healthy and Sustainable Diets (FEAST) project, we used the BIA-Obesity and BIA-Sustainability to map the public commitments of a range of national and international food companies active in Belgium, Ireland, and Portugal. Methods We selected companies (Belgium n = 37; Ireland n = 39; Portugal n = 36) across the packaged food, soft drinks, quick service restaurant, grocery retailers, infant formula, and catering industries. Selection was based primarily on the companies’ market shares in each country, but minor adaptations were made to enable comparison of findings between the countries. We searched each company’s website, annual reports, and other public sources, logging all commitments relevant to the domains of the BIAs. Domains and criteria were adapted to reflect the regulatory and legislative environment in each country. Results In all three countries, commitments on sustainability were significantly stronger than those on nutrition, though still falling short of best practice. Within sustainability, commitments found in Belgium and Portugal were significantly stronger than those found in Ireland. Nutrition-related commitments were more consistent across the three countries, with companies in Ireland and Portugal showing the highest-scoring commitments in relation to product formulation. Conclusions Companies across all industry sectors and countries fall short of best practices, with a stronger commitments to environmental sustainability than to tackling obesity and non-communicable diseases. These results underscore the critical necessity for more ambitious government regulations at both European and national levels. Key messages • Critical necessity for government regulations at both European and national levels to adress environmental and nutritional challenges. • Industry need stronger commitments to tackling obesity and non-communicable diseases.

The Influence of Financial Distress, Leverage, and Free Cash Flow on Earnings Management

This study aims to determine the effect of financial distress, leverage, and free cash flow on earnings management in non-bank state-owned companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2020-2023. The population in this study were non-bank state-owned companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2020-2023. The sampling method used was the purposive sampling method, obtaining a sample of 18 companies with 4 years of observation. The independent variables in this study are financial distress, leverage, and free cash flow and the dependent variable in this study is earnings management. The data collection method uses secondary data taken from the annual financial reports from the official IDX website www.idx.co.id. This study uses a quantitative approach, and the data analysis method used is statistical analysis and multiple linear regressions using the SPSS computer program. The results of the study indicate that earnings management is influenced by financial distress, leverage, and free cash flow simultaneously. The results of the study indicate that financial distress does not have a significant effect on earnings management, leverage does not have a significant effect on earnings management, and free cash flow has a significant effect on earnings management.

Green Accounting Performance on Profitability on The Indonesian Stock Exchange

The aim of this research is to investigate and analyze the impact of green accounting and Kinerja Lingkungan on the profitability of food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2018 to 2022. The sample, consisting of 8 companies, was determined using a purposive sampling method. The data utilized in this research comprise secondary data extracted from the annual reports of food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) spanning the period 2018-2022. The analytical approach employed is panel data regression analysis, with the random effect model (REM) selected as the research model. According to the findings from the analysis conducted using Eviews (Econometric Views) version 12, it was discovered that the green accounting variable influences profitability. This is attributed to the perception of green accounting as a long-term investment for the company, wherein present expenditures can bolster the company's reputation. Conversely, the Kinerja Lingkungan variable does not impact profitability. Despite most companies receiving a blue rating, signifying compliance with environmental regulations, the results of Kinerja Lingkungan have not ensured an augmentation in the company's profitability.

Delirium and Cognitive Screening in National Hip Fracture Registries: Scoping Review Protocol

Background Delirium and cognitive impairment are common in hip fracture populations and are associated with significant adverse patient outcomes. National hip fracture registries facilitate improvements in patient outcomes and care quality, such as reduced mortality and the development of specialist multidisciplinary services. However, there is substantial variation in the data collected and reported in relation to delirium and cognition, which impedes international comparison and may reduce quality of care. Objective This scoping review aims to identify delirium and cognition data items currently collected by hip fracture registries internationally, to identify associated registry guidance that exists for the administration of delirium and cognitive screening tools, and report outcomes of these data items across the most recently published annual reports of identified hip fracture registries. Methods This scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We will search the following databases: Medline Ovid; Embase; CINAHL EBSCOHost. Relevant websites such as the Fragility Fracture Network (FFN) will also be searched. Study selection and review will be carried out independently by two researchers, with discrepancies resolved by a third researcher. Data extraction and synthesis will be conducted by one reviewer and checked for accuracy and omissions by another. The scoping review findings will be informed and validated through engagement with the FFN Hip Fracture Audit Special Interest Group. Conclusion By identifying existing heterogeneity in delirium and cognitive screening tool use and administration, it is hoped that administration and specific screening tool use will become standardised to optimise comparability across countries and ensure that high quality and reliable data are included across international registry reports.

Lithuanian Intelligence Services’ Strategic Communication: 2012–2022 National Threat Assessments, Activity Reports and Recruitment Videos

This study examines the communication of the State Security Department of the Republic of Lithuania and the Second Investigation Department under the Ministry of National Defence in 2012–2022. It identifies the aspects relevant to the strategic communication of the intelligence services, analyses specifics of the texts and tendencies in national threat assessments and activity reports, and examines how these institutions present themselves. The study applies the theory of securitisation and critical discourse analysis. It includes other research related to the topic, practices of foreign intelligence services in publishing annual reports and using the YouTube social media platform, media publications and other sources. The study concludes that strategic communication for intelligence agencies is essential for the long-term success of their operations. By focusing on strategic objectives, they inform and educate the public about themselves and national security and develop a cooperative relationship, contributing to deterrence. Both institutions examined in this study are becoming not only formally more open to the public, but also aim to build and maintain a high institutional reputation, connect with their audience and create an image of professionalism, modern accountability and openness to the public.

Improving the rights of people with mental disorders in the Republic of Croatia

Abstract The mental health care system in the Republic of Croatia, despite the ongoing reform, is still based on hospital treatment. Hospitalizations due to mental disorders are in first place according to the length of stay. According to the annual report of the Ombudsman in the Republic of Croatia, 2% of hospitalizations due to mental disorders are involuntary hospitalization. Coercive measures and deprivation of business capacity are also often used. In order to reduce the number of coercive measures, involuntary hospitalizations and deprivation of professional capacity, it is necessary to increase mental health literacy and knowledge about human rights and the rights of persons with mental disorders, both among mental health experts and among patients and their families, as well as the general public. In order to increase knowledge and skills related to the rights of people with mental disorders, the Croatian Institute of Public Health, has been conducting WHO Quality Rights workshops in Croatian counties since 2019. The two-day workshops include all stakeholders: local politicians and decision-makers, associations of people with mental disorders and their families, employees in the mental health care system with the involvement of the media. So far, the training has been conducted in five major Croatian counties. The Quality Rights e-training platform has been translated into Croatian and the link to access the training is available online. In order to ensure the sustainability of the program and expand knowledge and skills, obtaining a certificate of completed Quality Right training became a requirement for passing the specialist exam in public health and in psychiatry. In five years of implementation of the program, the number of coercive measures in psychiatric hospitals decreased by 58%. Respect for human rights is a prerequisite for improving the mental health care system and the mental health. of both patients and the entire population. Key messages • Respect for human rights is necessary for the mental health of the population. • Knowledge and skills about the rights of patients with mental disorders reduce the rate of coercive measures.

Implementation Strategy Analysis of Network Security using dalo RADIUS and Pi-hole DNS Server to enhance Computer Network Security, Case Study: XYZ as a Fintech Company

According to the annual report by the National Encryption Agency in 2023, Indonesia had the highest number of cyber-attack sources, with over 1 million attacks, which has increased quite rapidly compared to the last 3 years. Several online media platforms have reported incidents of this nature over the past three years. Among the 10 institutions implicated in the present incident, it has been confirmed that 6 of them are Fintech institutions. The incident's factors are various, including the user's lack of awareness who accessed an unofficial website outside the company's production website. This act ultimately proved to be detrimental to the company. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) as a comprehensive security tool that contributes to mitigating unauthorized access and strengthening network defenses against emerging threats. This research focuses on XYZ, a Fintech Company, using it as a case study. The main discussion in this paper focuses on utilizing the daloRADIUS server to resolve authorization concerns regarding network security. Pi-hole DNS Server is also used in this research to block access to illegal sites such as pornography and online gambling. The results of this research are proof of the success of a combination of daloRADIUS server components, RADIUS router, and Pi-hole DNS Server in blocking users who are detected accessing illegal sites and are also observed regarding the use of daloRADIUS Server resources in a usage range ranging from 10 active users to 300 active users.

The Implementation of Critical and Creative Thinking in Research-Based Learning for Sustainable Language Education

Objective: This research aims to reveal a concept of Critical and Creative Thinking for Research-based Learning/CCTRbLmin the context of language learning in regards of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4, Quality Education, in the context of strengthening language literacy. Theoretical Framework: Critical and creative thinking on language literacy are pivotal skills for responding to the competitiveness and problems of the 21st century in almost all aspects of life. It is also promoted by SDG program. In correlation with developing learning strategies, effective methods and any strategic plan in improving the quality of education, the syntax of the CCTRbL model, is necessaryly explained in some stages. Method: This research subject is 6 annual reports facilitated by 3 lecturers and enrolled by 134 undergraduate students in English and Indonesian courses. The analysis is done with Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) to gain the strategic plan for sustaining the quality of college language education. Results and Discussion: The result indicated an aggressive strategic plan, by using strength and opportunity in optimizing the implementation of CCTRbL model. It is easier for teachers to compile and implement learning, including providing meaningful language learning activities. Research Implications: The research implications more on providing insights of how to apply meaningful language llearning model in higher education setting. Originality/Value: The opportunities for collaborative and innovative learning carried out in the classroom have positive impacts in achieving the goals of implementing this model for enhancing higher education language learning in the future.

The Effect of Company Size and Audit Fee on Audit Quality

There are several factors that can influence audit quality, including company size and audit fees. The aim of this research is to determine the factors related to audit quality in companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population data used in this research are companies in the property and real estate sector in the 2020-2023 period. This research is quantitative research. The data source used is secondary data in the form of company annual financial reports for the period 2020 to 2023. Sampling was carried out using a purposive sampling method and the data obtained was 10 companies as a sample with 40 observational data. The analytical method used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this research show that the influence of company size has a positive effect on audit quality. Likewise, audit fees have a positive effect on audit quality, because the higher the audit provided by the company, the higher the auditor's performance.

The Effect of Ceo Compensation, Ceo Managerial Ability, and Ceo Tenure on the Company's Financial Performance with Der as the Mediating Variable

The study aims to analyze whether CEO Compensation, CEO Managerial Ability, and CEO Tenure partially have a positive and significant influence on the Debt-to-Equity Ratio. Furthermore, to find out whether CEO Compensation, CEO Managerial ability, CEO tenure, and Debt-equity ratio have a significant and positive effect on the Return on Assets. The type of quantitative analysis method used in this study is path analysis using the help of statistic software Eviews version 12. The data used in the study is secondary data taken from the annual financial reports published on the Indonesia Stock Exchange website for 5 years (2018-2022) on 25 companies in the Consumer Non-Cyclicals sector that are listed in the BEI Period 2018 – 2022 So the amount of data on this study was 5x25 or 125 observation data. The results of this study show that (1) CEO Compensation has no positive effect on the Debt to Equity Ratio (2) CEO Managerial ability hurts debt to equity ratio (3) CEO Tenure has no negative impact on the debt-to-equity ratio (4) CEO Compensation does not have a positive influence on the Return on Assets (5) CEO Management Ability has not a positive impact on return on assets (6) CEO tenure has not had a positive effect upon the return on the assets (7) Debt on the Equity Ratio hurts returns on the Assets. (10) Debt to Equity Ratio does not mediate the influence of CEO Tenure on Return on Assets.

The Influence of Working Capital On The Profitability Ratio of Consumer Goods Industry Sector Companies Listed On The IDX

This research aims to determine and analyze the influence of working capital on the profitability ratio of companies in the consumer goods industry listed on the IDX. The type of data in this research is secondary data, namely data obtained indirectly and through intermediaries in the form of company annual report data. The type of research used in this research is quantitative with an explanatory approach. Based on the results of data research using statistical calculations through the SPSS application. The results of the research show that cash turnover and accounts receivable turnover have a positive and significant effect on profitability as evidenced by the Cash Turnover regression coefficient value (X1) of 0.068 and the calculated t value of 7.156 > 1 table 2.055 with a significant value of 0.000 < 0.05 and the coefficient value Receivables Turnover regression (X2) is 0.199 with a 1 count value of 7.1411 table 2.055 with a significant value of 0.000 0.05. Meanwhile, Inventory Turnover (X3) has a negative and significant effect on profitability as evidenced by the regression coefficient value of -0.970 and the 1 count value of -16,135 > 1 table 2.055 with a significant value of 0.000 <0.05

Bridging ESG and SDGs Clean Air and Water Through CSR Committee: A New Pathway for Sustainability in the Utility Sector

This study aims to bridge Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly related to clean air and water, through the role of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) committee in the utility sector. As global awareness of climate change rises, utility companies worldwide are adopting ESG strategies to reduce carbon emissions, improve energy efficiency, and manage water resources. This research proposes a new evaluation framework to assess the contribution of utility companies to achieving SDGs focused on air and water quality. Using data from annual reports and Refinitiv LSEG, the study examines the relationship between ESG scores, asset size, debt-to-equity ratio, and the moderating role of CSR committees in achieving SDG goals. Regression analysis results indicate that ESG scores have a significant positive influence on company contributions to achieving SDGs, especially in terms of clean air and water quality. Additionally, the CSR committee acts as an effective moderator in optimizing asset use and managing company debt to meet sustainability goals. This study provides both theoretical and practical contributions to support evidence-based decision-making for more sustainable policies in the utility sector.

The impact of Audit Opinions, Complexity of Operation and Financial Distress on the Timeliness of Financial Reporting in Consumer Cyclicals Sector Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Excange in 2020-2023

This study aims to determine the impact of audit opinions, the complexity of operations, and financial distress on the timeliness of financial reporting in consumer cyclicals sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2020 to 2023. The population of this study is the entire company on the consumer cyclicals sector which amounts to 151 companies. The samples in this study were selected using purposive sampling methods with criteria that have been set by the researchers, from the results of purposiveness samplings obtained samples of as many as 308 samples from 77 companies. This research uses secondary data in the form of an annual report or audited financial report that can be accessed through the Indonesian Stock Exchange website or the company website. The analysis method in this study uses logistic regression analysis processed using the SPSS version 25.0 for windows program. The results of this study show that audit opinions, the complexity of operations and the financial distress simultaneously influence the timeliness of financial reporting. Then the audit opinion variable affects the timeliness of financial reporting. Meanwhile, the operational complexity variable and the financial distress variable have no influence on the timelyness of financial reports.

Factors affecting the quality of accounting disclosures provided in the annual reports for Jordanian firms

AbstractThis study aims to cover the factors that affect Jordanian companies’ annual reports’ accounting disclosures within the country's regulatory framework. This study analyses the qualitative content of accounting disclosures in Jordanian service and manufacturing companies to ascertain whether Jordanian law affects the company's capacity to provide adequate disclosures to stakeholders and whether industry type affects disclosure quality. The content analysis results indicated that Jordanian firms are aware of the laws and regulations governing the preparation of annual reports. Still, corporate governance rules are insufficient. Furthermore, the results revealed that annual report preparers are committed to mandatory and voluntary but provide inadequate CSR disclosures. The findings showed that service firms outperform manufacturing companies in terms of paying attention to narrating events and taking action to reduce their impact. Multiple factors influence the quality of accounting disclosures in Jordan. As for a limitation, content analysis inherently involves some level of subjectivity in interpreting and coding data, which could introduce bias into the analysis. Nevertheless, conducting targeted studies on particular sectors within Jordan could yield valuable information regarding industry‐specific disclosure procedures and obstacles, which could be a future study.

Disclosures in integrated reporting in Indonesia: Do corporate governance and ownership structures matter?

This study aims to analyze the impact of corporate governance and ownership structure on implementing elements of integrated reporting (IR) in the annual reports and sustainability reports of firms in Indonesia. This study includes corporate governance elements such as the size of the board of directors, the independence of the board of commissioners and the presence of audit and risk management committees. Meanwhile, the ownership structures examined in this study are institutional ownership and managerial ownership. The data were obtained through the content analysis of firms’ annual and sustainability reports. This research uses secondary data from the firms' websites and the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) website. The data were then analyzed further using multiple regression analysis. The results show that only the risk management committee positively affects IR disclosure. At the same time, other independent variables do not affect IR disclosure. All control variables positively affect IR disclosure. This study adds to the literature by demonstrating that the risk management committee, firm size, profitability and leverage influence the extent of integrated reporting disclosure. This research contributes to corporations by illustrating that a risk management committee can enhance the importance of IR disclosure in Indonesia.

The political connection, stakeholders pressure, sustainability reports disclosure, and business risk as moderating variable

The objectives of this research investigated the effect of political connection, stakeholder pressure (environmental pressure, customer’s pressure, employee’s pressure, and foreign pressure) on the sustainability report disclosure and business as a moderating variable. Manufacturing sector companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange for the 2019–2023 periods have a target population. Samples were selected by some criteria, and the 15 manufacturing companies were determined as a sample. The annual report and sustainability report are the sources of the data. To test hypotheses, we are using multiple regression and moderate multiple regression analysis. The employee pressure and environmental pressures do not significantly affect the sustainability report disclosure, while political connections, consumer pressure, and foreign pressure have a significant effect on the sustainability report disclosure. Business risk can moderate the relationship between consumer pressure and sustainability report disclosure, while it cannot moderate the relationship between political connection, environmental pressure, employee’s pressure, and foreign pressure and sustainability reports. The findings of this research have some implications for companies and governments. The company should pay attention to political connections and customer pressure because it can effect a decision related to disclosure of the sustainability reports, and (b) government determines the sustainability report standard.

Risk Analysis of Financing Structure in Theme Park Industry and Optimization Using Blockchain Finance -- Based on Shanghai Disney Company

Abstract: In recent years, with the passing of the epidemic period, the theme park industry has rapidly developed and heated up. On the basis of favorable development conditions, the financing model of theme parks will become a key consideration factor for ensuring their sustainable development, that is, how to ensure sufficient capital injection. This research mainly studies the risk analysis of the existing financing structure of the theme park industry, as well as how to further optimize the structure and whether new technology blockchain technology can be applied to it. Through this study, business managers will further understand the shortcomings and risks of the current theme park financing model, how to optimize it in the future, and how to combine new technologies such as blockchain in supply chains to gain competitiveness in complex market environments. This research uses a combination of case analysis and data analysis to select Shanghai Disneyland as the target object. The capital data in its annual report is analyzed, as well as companies that use new technologies in their financing structure as case studies. This research analyzes the shortcomings and risks of the existing financing structure of Disneyland, proposes new financing models that will benefit the future development of Disney Company, and combines blockchain technology to propose new plans.

Textual Attributes of Corporate Sustainability Reports and ESG Ratings

While the textual attributes of corporate financial documents, such as annual reports, have been extensively analyzed in the academic literature, those of corporate sustainability reports, which serve as a critical channel for nonfinancial disclosure, are relatively under-explored. Given the increasing importance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors in corporate strategy and stakeholder evaluation, understanding the role of textual attributes in sustainability reporting is crucial. This study examines 10,021 hand-collected sustainability reports from Chinese firms between 2009 and 2021, focusing on six key textual attributes: length, readability, tone, boilerplate language, redundancy, and completeness. Using computational linguistics, we analyze how these attributes evolve over time and their impact on ESG ratings provided by both international (MSCI, FTSE) and domestic (SNSI) agencies. Our findings reveal that the length and completeness of sustainability reports significantly influence ESG scores across agencies, demonstrating a shared appreciation for detailed and transparent disclosures. However, international and domestic rating agencies exhibit differing responses to attributes like tone, boilerplate language, and redundancy. These differences highlight variations in evaluation standards, methodologies, and value orientations between global and local stakeholders. The results emphasize the need for firms to tailor their sustainability disclosures to meet diverse stakeholder expectations. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on nonfinancial reporting by providing empirical evidence on how specific textual characteristics of sustainability reports can shape ESG evaluations, offering insights for both corporate communicators and policymakers.

PENGARUH UKURAN, PERTUMBUHAN, DAN LEVERAGE TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN DENGAN VARIABEL INTERVENING HARGA SAHAM

This research aims to test and analyze the influence of size, growth and leverage on company value with the intervening variable stock price. The population in this research are food and beverage sub-sector manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2020-2022. Meanwhile, the sample in this study was 22 companies selected using the purposive sampling method. This research uses a quantitative research type and approach. The data collection method used in this research is secondary data obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange website, namely in the form of annual financial reports. The data analysis method used in this research is Descriptive Statistical Analysis, and Inferential Statistical Analysis. Data analysis was carried out using statistics with the SmartPLS version 4.0 tool. Based on the results of data analysis using hypothesis testing, it shows that company size and company growth have a significant effect on share prices, while leverage has no significant effect on share prices. Company size, leverage, and share price have a significant effect on company value, while company growth does not have a significant effect on company value. Company size and company growth have a significant effect on company value through share prices, while leverage does not have a significant effect on company value through share prices.

Associations Between Testing and Treatment Pathways in a Case of Pediatric Nonlesional Epilepsy: A Census Survey of NAEC Center Directors.

Epilepsy surgery is vital in managing of children with drug-resistant epilepsy. Noninvasive and invasive testing modalities allow for evaluation and treatment of children with drug-resistant epilepsy. Evidence-based algorithms for this process do not exist. This study examines expert response to a vignette of pediatric nonlesional epilepsy to assess associations in evaluation and treatment choices. We analyzed annual report data and an epilepsy practice survey reported in 2020 from 135 pediatric epilepsy center directors in the United States. Characteristics of centers along with noninvasive and invasive testing and surgical treatment strategies were collected. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed. The response rate was 100% with 135 responses included in the analyses. Most used noninvasive testing modalities included Neuropsychology evaluation (90%), interictal brain fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (85%), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (72%) with nearly half obtaining genetic testing. Choosing functional MRI was associated with stereo electroencephalography (EEG) (P = .025) and selecting Wada with subdural grid/strips (P = .038). Directors from pediatric-only centers were more likely to choose stereo EEG as opposed to combined centers (P = .042). Laser interstitial thermal therapy was almost 7 times as likely to be chosen as a treatment modality compared with open resection in dedicated pediatric centers (OR 6.96, P = .002). In a vignette of nonlesional childhood drug-resistant epilepsy, epilepsy center directors' patterns of noninvasive testing, invasive testing, and treatment were examined. Management choices were associated with pediatric versus combined pediatric/adult center characteristics. Expert opinions demonstrated equipoise in evaluation and management of children with drug-resistant epilepsy and the need for evidence-based management strategies.