Rollinia Mucosa Research Articles

Botanical Insecticide Based on Annona mucosa Agro-industrial Waste as an Alternative to Manage Lepidopteran Soybean Defoliators

Botanical Insecticide Based on Annona mucosa Agro-industrial Waste as an Alternative to Manage Lepidopteran Soybean Defoliators

Efficacy of ethanolic seed extracts of Annona spp. against Aphis glycines

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an important pest that can cause significant economic damage to soybean. Synthetic insecticides are currently employed as the main management strategy to control A. glycines; however, over-use of these products has stimulated research in the development of alternative management methods, including botanical derivatives. In this study, we evaluated the bioactivity of Annona mucosa and A. muricata seed extracts and a formulation based on acetogenins (Anosom® 1 EC, 10,000 ppm) compared to the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II®) on A. glycines. Initially, the insecticidal effect was assessed in vial bioassays and the concentration-response curves were estimated (LC50/LC90 for A. muricata 305.721 ppm/1290.3 ppm and A. mucosa 134.229 ppm/487.890 ppm, respectively). In the systemic effect bioassay, the same extracts were used (at 100, 500, 1,000, 5000 and 10,000 ppm), showing a reduction in the number of insects on the trifoliates. Both extracts at LC50 and LC90 were used in a behavior test, indicating that they are repellent and Warrior II® was attractive for the insects. The LC90 rates were also used in lethal time (LT) and in greenhouse bioassays. The LT50 for A. mucosa and A. muricata extracts was around 20 h. All treatments showed insect mortality rates above 65%, reaching 100% for Warrior II®, followed by the LC90 of A. mucosa (92.1%). The results demonstrate the potential of Annona spp. derivatives for the management of A. glycines in soybean, and these Annonaceae-derived seed extracts could likely serve as an additional IPM tool to improve A. glycines control strategies in organic farming systems.

Relationship between fruit phenotypes and domestication in hexaploid populations of biribá (Annona mucosa) in Brazilian Amazonia.

Biribá (Annona mucosa Jacq.) is a fruit tree domesticated in Amazonia and has polyploid populations. The species presents ample phenotypic variation in fruit characteristics, including weight (100-4,000 g) and differences in carpel protrusions. Two cytotypes are recorded in the literature (2n = 28, 42) and genome size records are divergent (2C = 4.77, 5.42 and 6.00 pg). To decipher the role of polyploidy in the domestication of A. mucosa, we examined the relationships among phenotypic variation, chromosome number and genome size, and which came first, polyploidization or domestication. We performed chromosome counts of A. mucosa from central and western Brazilian Amazonia, and estimated genome size by flow cytometry. We performed phylogenetic reconstruction with publicly available data using a Bayesian framework, time divergence analysis and reconstructed the ancestral chromosome number for the genus Annona and for A. mucosa. We observed that variation in fruit phenotypes is not associated with variation in chromosome number and genome size. The most recent common ancestor of A. mucosa is inferred to be polyploid and diverged before domestication. We conclude that, when domesticated, A. mucosa was already polyploid and we suggest that human selection is the main evolutionary force behind fruit size and fruit morphological variation in Annona mucosa.

Antibacterial activity of seed extracts of various species of the Annonaceae family cultivated in Colombia

Public health concerns increase due to microbial propagation and the resistance to existing drugs; therefore, new alternatives are sought, such as the use of natural sources that are antimicrobial agents. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts of seeds of the species Annona muricata (L.), Annona cherimola (Miller), Annona glabra (L.), Annona reticulata (L.), Rollinia mucosa ([Jacq.] Baillon) and Annona montana (Macfad.) of the Annonaceae family cultivated in Colombia. The bacterial strains correspond to: Staphylococcus aureus (Rosenbach), Enterococcus faecalis ([Andrewes and Horder] Schleifer and Kilpper-Bölz), Bacillus subtilis ([Ehrenberg] Cohn), Escherichia coli ([Migula] Castellani and Chalmers) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ([J.Schröter] Migula). The antibacterial activity evaluation was performed using the agar diffusion method, each microorganism was inoculated in the medium in a concentration range of 0.2-0.5% v/v and the activity was measured by measuring the inhibition halo. A phytochemical assay was performed to identify the main metabolites to which the activity was attributed. Among the results obtained, it was found the extract of A. montana showed activity against the five bacterial strains, followed by A. glabra; the highest percentage of inhibition achieved was of A. cherimola with 79.86±3.81% activity against E. faecalis; A. reticulata and R. mucosa presented susceptibility only against two bacterial strains, the contrary, the extract of A. muricata did not present any response. The main types of metabolites identified and those attributed to antibacterial potential corresponded to alkaloids, saponins and terpenoids. The above indicates that the plants extract of Annonaceae showed antimicrobial effects. This suggest that species of this family are potential sources of compounds with antibacterial properties, which broadens the knowledge of natural extracts of Colombian materials for use in pharmacotherapy and as alternative for synthetic antibacterial agents.

Effects of foam‐mat drying temperature on thermodynamic properties, microstructural properties, and X‐ray diffraction of Biribá (Rollinia mucosa [Jacq.] Baill) pulp

AbstractThis study aimed to dry the pulp of “Biribá” (Rollinia mucosa [Jacq.] Baill) using the foam‐mat drying method at the temperatures of 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C, fit different mathematical models to the experimental data, calculate the thermodynamic properties, and analyze the powders produced for water activity, morphology, and X‐ray diffraction. The results showed that the Midilli model, for having the highest coefficients of determination and low values of mean squared deviation and chi‐square, could be selected as the most suitable to predict the drying kinetics of “biribá.” The effective diffusivity was on the order of 10−10 m2 s−1, and the Arrhenius equation evidenced dependence of this parameter with drying air temperature, which showed an activation energy of 53.47 kJ mol−1. The thermodynamic properties indicated the existence of an endergonic process. “Biribá” powders showed water activity ranging from .44 to .54 and porous, irregular, and agglomerated morphological structures, with X‐ray diffractograms characteristic of amorphous materials.Practical applicationsIn this study, foam‐mat drying characteristics of “Biribá” (Rollinia mucosa [Jacq.] Baill) pulp were investigated in a food dehydrator. The effect of different temperatures on drying characteristics and thermodynamic properties, and water activity, microstructural properties and X‐ray diffraction of the powders produced was determined. This information may help to optimize the process conditions and reduce costs of processing and packaging.

Potential use of Annona (Annonaceae) by-products to Palpita forficifera management: Lethal and sublethal toxicities and residual effect in olive plants

Looking for alternatives for the management of the olive tree moth, Palpita forficifera Munroe (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), this study evaluated the lethal toxicity of three formulations prepared from ethanol extracts from seeds of pre-selected species of Annonaceae (Annona mucosa Jacq., Annona muricata L. and Annona sylvatica A. St.-Hil) compared to a synthetic insecticide based on spinosyn (spinetoram 75 mg L−1, Delegate™ 250 WG). At the concentration of 2,000 mg L−1, the formulation based on A. mucosa extract (major compound = acetogenin rolliniastatin-1) was the most promising treatment, presenting ovicide and larvicide effects comparable or superior to the synthetic insecticide used. In addition to lethal toxicity, P. forficifera third instar larvae fed on olive leaves treated with the formulation based on A. mucosa extract (LC50 = 11.91 mg L−1) showed a significant reduction in larval viability (−52%), larvae weight (−21%), pupal weight after 24 h (−11%) and total female fecundity (−17%) compared to the negative control. In semi-field conditions (greenhouse), the promising results obtained in the laboratory were confirmed, with the formulation of the aqueous emulsion of A. mucosa extract [(a at LC90 previously estimated at 24 h (987.11 mg L−1)], presenting a residual effect (≥80% mortality of third instar larvae) within approximately 7 days. Given the results, the formulation based on the ethanol extract of A. mucosa seeds is a promising alternative for the control of P. forficifera larval populations, especially in organic and/or ecological-based production systems.

Annona (Annonaceae) by-products derivatives: Toxicity to the European pepper moth and histological assessment

Obtaining derivatives with insecticidal properties from abundant plant biomass (waste) represents a good opportunity to transform environmental problems into innovative solutions for pest management programs. In the present study, we evaluated the toxicity of the aqueous emulsions of the ethanolic extract of Annona mucosa and Annona sylvatica (Annonaceae) seeds on the European pepper moth Duponchelia fovealis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a major pest of strawberry plants. In addition, we evaluated anti-feeding and developmental inhibitory effects, as well as macro and microscopic damage to the excretory and nervous systems of European pepper moth larvae. In the contact bioassay, the aqueous emulsion of A. mucosa extract provided the fastest action on larvae with LT50 of 6.10 h, followed by chlorfenapyr (Pirate®) (LT50 = 8.2 h) and the aqueous emulsion of the A. sylvatica extract (LT50 = 10.3 h). In contrast, the commercial bioinsecticide based on acetogenins (Anosom® 1 EC) had a higher LT50 (32.8 h). In addition to the lethal effects, the aqueous emulsions tested caused significant phagodeterrence (>90%) and inhibited the development of D. fovealis. Macroscopic observation revealed the presence of edemas as well as the darkening on the surface of the larvae's cuticle. Histological analyses detected alterations. Our results suggest that aqueous emulsions produced from ethanolic extract of A. mucosa and A. sylvatica seeds, a residue in fruit processing industrial complexes (pulp factories), are alternatives for the management of D. fovealis, especially in organic and/or ecological strawberry production systems.

Characterization of Rollinia mucosa(Jacq.) Baill) Fruit Ethanol Extract

Introduction: The srikaya malinau plant (Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill), is empirically used to treat the gastrointestinal tract, antipyretic, stamina enhancer, scabies medication and antimicrobial.Research on the efficacy and characteristics of malinau srikaya fruit extract to date has not been reported. Objective: determine the characterization and class of chemical compounds in the malinau srikaya fruit extract. This research is non-experimental research. The research phase includes sample collection, plant determination, making simplicia, extraction using maceration method with 70% ethanol as solvent. Results: The results of the extraction were characterized by organoleptic, water content, water soluble extract content, ethanol soluble extract content, ash content and acid insoluble ash content, then phytochemical screening was carried out. Data were analyzed using descriptive method. The results of the specific characterization of the organoleptic test of the extract have a thick consistency, blackish brown in colour, have a distinctive smell like soy sauce and have a bitter taste. The content of the extract was soluble in water 88%, the content of the extract was soluble in ethanol 77% and the results of the identification of phytochemical screening were known to contain flavonoids. The results of the non-specific characterization test determined the water content of 9%, ash content of 1.665% and acid insoluble ash content of 2.075%.

Ação inibidora do desenvolvimento de extratos formulados ricos em acetogeninas sobre Duponchelia fovealis

ABSTRACT: Duponchelia fovealis (Zeller, 1847) is a new pest of strawberry crops worldwide. To develop alternative strategies for its management, we assessed the lethal toxicity and growth inhibitory action of formulations prepared from ethanolic seed extracts of pre-selected species of Annona (Annona mucosa Jacq., Annona muricata L., and Annona sylvatica A. St.-Hil.), which were previously characterized by their high content of annonaceous acetogenins. In addition, the extracts were compared to a limonoid-based bioinsecticide [Azamax® 1.2 EC (azadirachtin + 3-tigloil-azadiractol), positive control] on D. fovealis larvae. Aqueous emulsions prepared from ethanolic seed extracts of A. mucosa and A. sylvatica and a limonoid-based bioinsecticide had low lethal toxicity to D. fovealis larvae; nevertheless, they caused a pronounced inhibition of their larval development. Thus, the combined effects of lethal and sublethal toxicity of acetogenin-rich formulations and the limonoid-based commercial bioinsecticide may offer a route to new control strategies of D. fovealis in strawberry crops, especially in organic-based production systems.

Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Annona spp. Derivatives on Bemisia tabaci MEAM 1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Tomato.

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius) MEAM 1 is one of the main insect species that colonize tomato plants and cause direct and indirect damage. The use of botanical derivatives may be a valuable method of insect control to reduce the inappropriate use of synthetic insecticides on crops. In this study, we evaluated the bioactivity of ethanolic extracts prepared from Annonaceae species compared to that of the commercial insecticides based on acetogenins (Anosom® 1 EC, anonine 10,000 mg L-1) and thiamethoxam (Actara® 250 WG) on eggs, nymphs, and adults of the whitefly in tomato. Initially, the effects of the ethanolic seed extracts of Annona mucosa (Jacq.), Annona muricata L., and Annona sylvatica A.St.-Hil on adult insect behavior were evaluated. The rates of infestation and oviposition deterrence indicated the inhibitory effects of the extract of A. muricata (500 mg L-1). Then, the possible systemic effects of the extracts were evaluated; however, no effects on nymphal development or insect viability were observed. The LC50 and LC90 of the ethanolic extract of A. mucosa seeds at 500 mg L-1 (10.83 and 200.24 mg L-1, respectively) were estimated and were used in ovicidal tests and compared to positive (Actara® 250 WG and Anosom® 1 EC), and negative controls (water: acetone, 1:1 v/v). At LC90, fewer eggs (35.00%) had hatched at 13 days after application than in the other treatments. The results of this study demonstrate the potential use of botanical derivatives of Annona spp. for the management of B. tabaci MEAM 1 in tomato.

Larvicidal activity of Annona mucosa Jacq. extract and main constituents rolliniastatin 1 and rollinicin against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

Annona mucosa Jacq. (Annonaceae) is an edible plant whose fruit is appreciated in the Amazon region of Brazil. The seeds of this plant are rich sources of acetogenins, substances that have antimicrobial, anticancer, repellent, insecticide and larvicidal activities. However, studies on larvicidal evaluation of these substances are almost always limited to the species Aedes aegypti, with few studies with the species Aedes albopictus. In this research, it was investigated the larvicidal effect and mechanisms of action of the ethanolic extract and of the main constituents of Annona mucosa against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The compounds were isolated from the ethanolic seed extract by successive silica gel chromatographic columns and characterized by NMR and Infrared spectroscopic analysis, as well as by comparison with literature data, as the acetogenins rolliniastatin 1 and rollinicin. Third- and fourth-instar larvae were submitted to different concentrations of ethanolic extract, rolliniastatin 1 and rollinicin to estimate the LC50 and LC90 after 24 h exposure. The ethanolic extract and rolliniastatin 1 were more active against Ae. albopictus, with LC50 values of 0.55 and 0.20 μg.mL−1, respectively, compared with Ae. aegypti, on which they exhibited values of 2.60 and 0.43 μg.mL−1, respectively. Rollinicin was, on the contrary, more active against Ae. aegypti (LC50 of 0.78 μg.mL−1) than against Ae. albopictus (LC50 of 1.13 μg.mL−1). Significant differences were observed among enzymatic activities of larvae treated with natural products obtained from Annona mucosa and histopathological analysis of the midgut of treated larvae suggested the existence of two action mechanisms. EEAM and main acetogenins, rolliniastatin 1 and rollinicin did not present toxicity against zebrafish. The results demonstrate the larvicidal potential of seeds ethanolic extract and acetogenins from A. mucosa as green larvicidal agents for the control of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.

Synthesis of (+)-Muconin via Diastereoselective Oxypalladation.

Synthesis of (+)-muconin isolated from Rollinia mucosa (Annonaceae) was achieved. Stereoselective construction of a tetrahydrofuran-terahydropyran (THF-THP) ring moiety was performed using diastereoselective oxypalladation in the presence of CuCl2. The cross-coupling reaction of the THF-THP moiety with the γ-lactone portion followed by reduction of the enyne and removal of the protecting groups afforded (+)-muconin.

Comparative bioactivity of annonaceous derivatives and neonicotinoid-based insecticides against the silverleaf whitefly

Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a polyphagous pest that causes expressive damage on tomato. Spraying with synthetic insecticides is still the main strategy used for whitefly management in tomato production systems; however, the indiscriminate use of these compounds can brings negative impacts on human health and environment besides selecting resistant population, stimulating the search for alternative methods of pest control, including the use of botanical insecticides. Thus, this study evaluated the bioactivity of Annona mucosa, A. sylvatica and A. muricata derivatives and a commercial formulation based on acetogenin annonin (Anosom® 1 EC, 10,000 mg.L−1) compared with the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam (Actara® 250WG, 250 g.kg−1) on nymphs and adults of B. tabaci under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions on tomato crops. An initial diagnostic test on nymphs identified ethanolic seed extract at 500 mg.L−1 as the most suitable insecticidal compound. The nymphicidal effect (7 and 10 days after spraying) of ethanolic extracts of Annona mucosa, A. muricata and A. sylvatica (at concentrations of 500; 5,000 and 10,000 mg.L−1) were evaluated relative to negative and positive controls. Because of the pronounced bioactivity of the ethanolic seed extract of A. mucosa (ESAM; majority compound: rolliniastatin-1), this extract was used in the rest of the trials and tests (LC50 and LC90 of 10.83 and 200.24 mg.L−1, respectively). The effects of ESAM (at LC50 and LC90) on adults were evaluated 72 h after spraying, with thiamethoxam and ESAM (LC90) showing the highest control effectiveness (26,93% and 13,46%, respectively). In a greenhouse trial, contact, systemic and translaminar effects of ESAM (at LC50 and LC90) on nymphs were evaluated at 3, 5 and 7 days after application of the treatments. The results indicated that there was a translaminar effect with ESAM (LC90) (31.1% mortality) and a contact effect with Anosom® 1 EC and LC90 of ESAM (84.4 and 94.4% of the control, respectively). In the field, only the contact effect was assessed, with approximately 91% control of the nymphs achieved with both Anosom® 1 EC and ESAM (LC90 previously estimated). Thus, the results of this study demonstrate the potential that Annonaceae derivatives could have for the management of B. tabaci MEAM 1 in organic farming systems.

Phytochemistry and insecticidal activity of Annona mucosa leaf extracts against Sitophilus zeamais and Prostephanus truncatus

A new oleanane type triterpene characterized as 3α, 24-diacetoxy-12-oleanene (1) together with known compounds 2-10, were isolated from Annona mucosa leaf extracts. Their structural elucidation was accomplished using physical and spectroscopic methods. The compounds showed weak to moderate insecticidal activities against stored maize insect pests Sitophilus zeamais and Prostephanus truncatus.

Rolliniastatin-1, a bis-tetrahydrofuran acetogenin: The major compound of Annona mucosa Jacq. (Annonaceae) has potent grain-protective properties

The widespread use of synthetic insecticides results in insecticide-resistant populations of maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a primary pest species of stored corn worldwide. Thus, new active ingredients with different modes of action are needed for integrated pest management (IPM) of stored grains. Thus, toxicological bioassays (using S. zeamais as bioindicator) associated to chromatographic techniques were performed to isolate insecticidal compounds from the grain-protective ethanolic extract of Annona mucosa Jacq. (Annonaceae) seeds. The acetogenin bis-tetrahydrofuran rolliniastatin-1 was identified as major bioactive constituent from A. mucosa seeds based on bioassay-guided fractionation, along with rolliniastatin-2, deethylrollinastatin-1, jimenezin and fractions containing triglycerides. This compound produced 51.1% of mortality of adult weevils when applied at 57.66 mg kg−1, drastically reducing F1 progeny and their damage to corn grains. Although the acute toxicity level was lower than that with the formulation based on diatomaceous earth at a concentration 17.3 times higher (Insecto®, at recommended rate) used as a positive control, rolliniastatin-1 protected grain statistically similar to that of the positive control. Furthermore, bioassays indicate that compounds of different chemical natures have a synergistic effect on the overall biological activity of seed derivatives of A. mucosa. Efficacy and technical viability of the process to obtain rolliniastatin-1 from the seeds of A. mucosa should allow the production of a botanical insecticide to control populations of S. zeamais at corn warehouses.

English

The present work consists of the evaluation of antimicrobial activity and inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of fixed oils and hexane extracts of nine fruits with the following native names: abiu (Pouteria caimito), acerola (Malpighia emarginata), araca (Psidium cattleianum), bacupari (Rheedia gardneriana), biriba (Rollinia mucosa), camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), fruta-do-conde (Annona squamosa), graviola (Annona muricata) and tapereba (Spondias mombin L.). Different evaluations were carried out with different parts of the fruits, pulp, seed and barks. The antimicrobial assay was carried out with the following microorganisms: Candida albicans ATCC 18804, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29212, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028. Of these microorganisms, the best inhibition results were obtained for yeast C. albicans with percent inhibition of 94.46% by tapereba barks extracts, acerola barks (87.12%), araca seed (85.23%) and tapereba pulp (85.22%). Against the bacteria tested, percent inhibition was low, showing that the extracts have good antifungal selectivity. Some extracts were able to inhibit the enzyme AChE and high percentage of inhibition was observed for the oils, especially from biriba barks, with 86.39% inhibition, tapereba seeds with 62.17% and acerola pulp with 52.18%. Methods of Multivariate Analysis were applied through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical component analysis (HCA), to establish correlations and groupings between the data obtained, justifying 82.3% of cases for pulps, 73.2% for the barks and 65.7% for the seeds according to the PCA. Key words: Bacteria, yeasts, Alzheimer, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical component analysis (HCA).

Phenolic Compounds and Metals in Some Edible Annonaceae Fruits.

The concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, rutin, ferulic acid, and the major metals in graviola (Annona muricata), atemoya (A. squamosa x A. cherimola), fruta do conde (A. squamosa), biribá (Rollinia mucosa), and the North American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) were determined by UPLC-ESI (-)-MS/MS. It enabled the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds. Catechin was only found in atemoya, at a concentration of 38.6μg/g-dw. Only 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was found in the fruit pulps of all five fruits analyzed. Atemoya stands out for not only having catechin but also for having much more epicatechin (239μg/g-dw) than the other fruits. At the same time, graviola had more p-coumaric acid (62.6μg/g-dw), and the North American pawpaw had more chlorogenic acid (48.1μg/g-dw) than the other fruits. Metals were determined by ICP equipped with axially viewed plasma. All five fruit pulps had relatively high levels of potassium, with concentrations ranging from 7640 to 15,000μg/g-dw, with pawpaw being the lowest and atemoya being the highest. The concentrations of other metals ranged from Ca 547 to 1110, Na 14.3 to 123, P 1210 to 1690, Mg 472 to 980, Mn 1.86 to 5.27, and Zn 5.55 to 7.32μg/g-dw. All five fruits in the Annonaceae family that were analyzed in this study have several phenolic compounds in them and were good sources of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.

Acetogenin-Based Formulated Bioinsecticides on Anastrepha fraterculus: Toxicity and Potential Use in Insecticidal Toxic Baits.

The present study evaluated the lethal toxicity and oviposition deterrence of ethanolic extracts of Annona mucosa Jacq., Annona muricata L., and Annona sylvatica A. St.-Hil on Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) compared with those of a limonoid-based bioinsecticide (Azamax™ 1.2 EC-azadiractin +3-tigloyl-azadiractol) and a synthetic spinosyn-based insecticide (Delegate™ 250 WG-spinetoram). In addition, the efficacy of the selected toxic bait formulations was evaluated by mixing them with food attractants (Anamed™, 3% Biofruit and 7% sugarcane molasses). In the topical application and ingestion bioassays (2000mgL-1), the aqueous emulsion of the A. mucosa extract caused greater than 80% mortality of A. fraterculus adults in a similar manner to the spinosyn-based synthetic insecticide. Concentration-response curves were performed for the most promising treatments and showed an activity level dependent on the mode of contamination, exposure time, and applied concentration. In bioassays with and without choice, the A. mucosa (77%), A. muricata (51%), A. sylvatica (60%), Azamax™ (74%), and Delegate™ 250 WG (100%) significantly reduced the number of punctures and galleries in grape berries. In combination with the food attractants Anamed™, 3% Biofruit, and 7% sugarcane molasses, the emulsion of the A. mucosa extract had a residual effect similar to that of the spinetoram insecticide, with a mortality rate of over 80% of A. fraterculus adults up to 14days after application (DAA) in the absence of rain. Thus, acetogenin-rich formulations, especially from A. mucosa seeds, are useful alternatives for the integrated management of A. fraterculus in agricultural orchards.

In vivo antileishmanial activity of Annona mucosa extracts.

INTRODUCTION: Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by a parasite endemic to large areas of tropical and subtropical countries, is a growing public health problem. METHODS: Male BALB/c mice were infected with Leishmania amazonensis and treated with extracts isolated from Annona mucosa. RESULTS: Treated groups had significantly reduced footpad swelling. The group treated intraperitoneally with hexane extract showed footpad swelling similar to groups treated with Pentamidine® and Glucantime®. Groups treated with dichloromethane extract and hexane extract presented the recovering phenotype associated with reduced parasite levels. CONCLUSIONS: Extracts of A. mucosa are promising sources of novel antileishmanial compounds.

Antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of Annonaceae derivatives on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

This study evaluated the sublethal effects of an ethanolic extract from seeds of Annona mucosa Jacq. (ESAM, major compound rolliniastatin-1) and a botanical insecticide based on the extract of Annona squamosa L. (10,000 mg kg−1 of annonin as the primary active ingredient; Anosom® 1 EC) at their previously estimated concentrations (LC50 = 411.55 and 312.08 mg kg−1, respectively) on the food intake and biological parameters of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), an important pest species that was recently introduced to Brazil. In a greenhouse trial, ESAM (as an emulsifiable concentrate formulation) and the botanical insecticide based on the extract of A. squamosa (Anosom® 1 EC) caused larval mortality and a significant decrease in foliar consumption (>90%) after 168 h of exposure on soybean plants. An evaluation of the indices of food consumption, growth and food utilization indicated that ESAM and Anosom® 1 EC, when incorporated into artificial media for third instar H. armigera larvae, significantly decreased the growth rate and reduced the efficiency of the conversion of ingested food into biomass. Additionally, ESAM and Anosom® 1 EC extended the larval stage and significantly reduced the viability of the larval and pupal stages and the average weight of the 24-h-old pupae. In light of these findings, ESAM and the acetogenin-based commercial bioinsecticide Anosom® 1 EC are potential alternative control measures for H. armigera.