Annales School Research Articles

Yeni ‘Film’ veya ‘Sinema’ Tarihi: Sinema Tarihi Yazımında Yeni Gelişen İlkeler, Kuramlar ve Metodolojiler Üzerine Düşünceler

Film as an artefact has long been the subject of study by “film historians,” whether in terms of stylistic authenticity, genre specificity, or “high theory” analysis. Conversely, film history has been written as if films had no audiences (Biltereyst et al, 2012, p. 693). This kind of filmic-textual research tendency lies at the heart of the legacy of film studies discipline. In 1973, Jean Mitry proposed an ideal of film history as simultaneously, a history of its industry, its technologies, its systems of expression (or, more precisely, its systems of signification), and aesthetic structures, all bound together by the forces of the economic, psychosocial and cultural order (Maltby, 2006, p. 80). Humanities-based film studies were first re-conceptualized by the initiatives of International Federation of Film Archives (FIAF), during its 1974 and 1978 conferences. Drawing on the methodological stance of the French Annales school’s histoire totale, participants at the 1974 FIAF conference agreed on new historiographical methodologies for all rather than linear national cinema histories. In 1990, American historian Robert Sklar brought forward three types of “cinema historians” in which only second sub-type might be labeled as ‘film historian’ which has been emerged from one of the following disciplines: art history, philosophy, literary studies.

역사 안에서 완성되는 구원으로서의 종말

This study undertakes a theological critique of historical interpretation and eschatological thought within the corpus of Belgian theologian Edward Schillebeeckx, whose scholarship was prominent in the Netherlands. Drawing from the insights of M. D. Chenu, Schillebeeckx embraces a historiographical stance informed by the methodologies of the Annales School, which postulates historical progression through a lens that allows for the interweaving of Divine will and human action in the pursuit of God. This vista sets the stage for history's protagonists to be perceived not only as the Divine orchestrator of salvation but also as humanity, in partnership with the Divine directive.
 At the crux of this engagement is the fundamental belief in Divine self-disclosure and creativeness, which aligns humanity with the Divine will, confirming the thesis of God as the sovereign architect of history.
 Schillebeeckx's historiographical methodology recognizes the intricate interaction between the vicissitudes of socio-economic frameworks and shifts in ideological paradigms, associating such seismic shifts — comparable to historical cleavages — with the ecclesiastic vocation of navigating the path to salvation. His eschatological construct, an outgrowth of this historical interpretation, contends that the ultimate realization of salvation unfolds within the historical episode wherein individuals pursue self-fulfillment, placing this pursuit at the heart of eschatological discourse. Within this paradigm, God is posited as the definitive horizon for humanity, traversing from historical antecedents through the contemporary to the eventual.
 In this theological architecture, the Divine does not precipitate the eschaton by abruptly rectifying historical wrongs. Rather, the Divine presence engages with humanity in a concerted struggle against injustice, marshaling human agency toward redemptive ends throughout this journey. Schillebeeckx’s eschatological vision, characterized by its critical negation, offers a prophetic eschatology that integrates the theme of humanity's historical absence at the pivotal intersection where dogmatic theology's principal treatises meet.

Historical archaeology at the interstices between archaeology and history

This paper explores the relationship between the disciplines of archaeology and history through the lens of historical archaeology. This is not a unified subdiscipline and has indeed been defined in various ways. Here, the term will be used as a shorthand for (later) medieval, post-medieval and contemporary archaeologies.
 Historical archaeology is first and foremost archaeology focusing on material remains and producing knowledge claims about the past (history) from things. But it can complement and confront the data gleaned from the material sources with other types of evidence (textual, pictorial, oral), so it is an archaeology with texts. This represents a methodological and epistemological challenge. An uncritical reliance on textual information over the material has often been warned against as “the tyranny of the historical record”.
 Many (historical) archaeologists have been inspired by various historiographical concepts and approaches, such as cultural history, the Annales school of social and economic history, Braudel’s concept of the longue-durée, the history of the everyday (Alltagsgeschichte), and microhistory. Conversely, the knowledge produced by archaeologists tends to be disregarded by most historians. This is unfortunate, as the material evidence offers important insights into past lifeworlds and should not be ignored.

THE ITALIAN PERSPECTIVE AND CONTRIBUTION TO ISLAMIC STUDIES. FROM ‘ORIENTAL STUDIES’ TO ‘ISLAMIC STUDIES’

This article intends to focus on the contribution of Italian research to the knowledge of the Islamic world, underlining its path and evolution up to the present day in content, objectives and methodology. The Italian path has its roots in a tradition that dates back to the 16th century. Here we take ourselves back to the end of the 19th century, when studies on Islam were part of a generic discipline of Oriental Studies and Linguistics. Rather than on names and bibliographies (there would be too many - for which reference is made to the Treccani Italian Encyclopedia), we focus on the most significant 'stages', starting from the institutional configuration of Studies on Islam and Islamic Studies as autonomous disciplines: Michele Amari and the Italian Geographical Society, and therefore Leone Caetani and The Annals of Islam, the latter "forge" in which the great Islamists of the 20th century were trained: M. Guidi, C. A. Nallino, G. Levi Della Vida, F. Gabrieli. Alongside the academy and new fields of research (Turcology, Iranian studies, Arabic studies, etc.) three large institutions were added - supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs: the Institute for the Orient (later IsPO), the Institute for the Middle and Far East Oriente and the Italian Institute for Africa (still active). World War II also marked an important break in Italy, leading studies on the Arab and Islamic world to the use of new disciplines. The influence of the French Annales school and the entry of the 'social sciences' into the new methodological paths were decisive. Studies on Islam were not immune, but distanced themselves from political science and the media fascination with 'analysis' and 'scenarios', to strictly adhere to linguistic knowledge as an indispensable tool for the study and evaluation, including historical, of political, social and current cultures, in regions where very different civilizations and traditions had met, sometimes clashed and overlapped. Multidisciplinarity and 'field-work' were the instrument of this turning point in Italy. In the first years of the Third Millennium, 'sciences' and new research 'technologies' (archaeometry, physics, the drone, etc.) came together which, by supporting textual and non-textual sources, allow the 'confirmation' of those that had remained working hypothesis for a long time.

Centring the Periphery: New Forays in Malaysian Economic History

Abstract: Writings on Malaysian history follow trends that affect history writing around the world, but not always at the same pace. This article revolves around the significance of centring the periphery in looking at Malaysian history and discusses the effects of innovations associated with the New History, the new economic history, the Annales school, women’s history and gender studies, post-modernism, and global history on historical writing in Malaysia. It begins with a broad regional focus and culminates in a discussion of how Penang, a peripheral actor from some perspectives, also serves as a centre.

The positivist and Annales schools: an analysis of their complex relationship

Examining and scrutinizing historiographical paradigms are pivotal for the epistemology of historical studies, as fluctuations in the scientific discourse shape and echo through diverse interpretations within this intellectual domain. Hence, this study sought to dissect the intricate interplay between the positivist and Annales schools. This investigation is warranted by its potential to broaden the spectrum of understanding within historical epistemology, facilitated by exhaustive literature reviews and historiographical analyses. Notably, this study challenges the conventional dichotomy that portrays these two schools of thought as inherently antagonistic. The paper posits the following research query to elucidate this nuanced landscape: "To what degree do elements of synergy, antagonism, and rivalry manifest between the Annales school and the positivist school?" The overarching aim of this article was to unpack these multifaceted interactions using a qualitative exploratory approach, an extensive bibliography, and methodological and theoretical standards outlined in the literature by various scholars. A meticulous analysis was undertaken to gain relevant insights contributing to a coherent argument that addresses the central research question.

Re‐centring class‐making across borders at various durées: Translocational optic, coloniality of class theory and multi‐scalar capitalist dynamics

AbstractSociological research on cross‐border class‐making often centres on contemporary dynamics of social inequality in the context of migration and mobility. Relying on the cultural–sociological and processual understanding of 'class', the article integrates three bodies of literature to study complexities of global and transnational class‐making to overcome the 'presentist' bias. Building on the accounts of the Annales School, and specifically on Fernand Braudel's famous distinction between courte durée, moyenne durée and longue durée of historic time periods, the article brings together three different bodies of research: (i) transnational and intersectional approaches; (ii) conceptual history of class theory and (iii) theories of racial and multi‐scalar capitalist dynamics to develop a flexible and relational, but historic‐sensitive toolkit for the analysis of global and transnational class‐making. One of the greatest advantages of this multi‐temporal outlook is that it allows to avoid over‐generalizing accounts on the logics of class‐making and to unpick potentially heterogeneous dynamics of class (re)production.

Yang Kun’s academic shifts: from the French Annales School to Marxist ethnology

As one of the first generation of Chinese Ethnologists, Yang Kun witnessed the development of Chinese ethnology in the twentieth century. Since his return from France in 1931, he had devoted almost 70 years before his death in 1998 to the teaching and research of Chinese Ethnology. The inheritor of the ethnology of the French Annales School in China, he was committed to promoting the School in China and applying its methodologies in the Chinese context. But after the 1950s, he shifted his academic focus to Marxist ethnology and became one of the founders of Chinese Marxist ethnology. The academic legacy left by Yang Kun has since emerged as a crucial academic foundation for Chinese Ethnology.

Starość między mitem a historią (chłopska rzeczywistość od połowy XIX w. do 1939 r.)

Old age between myth and history (peasant reality from the mid-nineteenth century until 1939) The article deals with the reception of old age in folk culture. In terms of its content, it can be placed between history and ethnology. The author analyses the perception of old age in peasant culture in the post-emancipation period until the outbreak of the Second World War. His interdisciplinary analysis is based on modern historical and anthropological findings. Polish historians became interested in the history of old age in our times, although a major turn in the study of the phenomenon came in the 1980s in connection with research conducted by the authors of the Annales school. The present author stresses the placing of peasants’ old age in magical culture, its existence in myth. He focuses on demographic determinants, before moving to the reception of old age between loneliness and community, and pointing out that of importance in its reception was the stigma alienating this age group. It is harder to speak of positive old age in the case of old people. The space in which seniors were present was daily life. This element of reality is confirmed by life contracts — rarely analysed by historians — concluded between seniors and their children inheriting their farmsteads. Comparing the practices from the inter-war period, the author juxtaposes two regions contrasting in terms of their traditions of inheritance: Wielkopolska and Małopolska. He cites fragments of life contracts from the border region between Kuiavia and Wielkopolska, and refers to last wills as well as registers of deaths. In the conclusion the author confirms the thesis that among peasants old age was perceived in terms of thinking that was both binary and extreme; he observes that there was a noticeable weakening of violence against seniors, and a limitation of brutality as well as its condemnation in the social discourse. In addition, he points to a growing tabooisation of old age, typical of modern culture.

Figural Realism and the Politics of Literature: Hayden White and Jacques Rancière Read Erich Auerbach

Abstract Hayden White and Jacques Rancière both drew on the account of the history of European literature offered by Erich Auerbach to construct their own theoretical treatments of historical and literary writing: White conceptualized the figure-fulfillment model, modernist realism, and figural realism, while Rancière critically commented on the undemocratic character of the writings of the Annales school and sought egalitarian moments in Western literature. I will examine White’s and Rancière’s readings of Auerbach and partially compare the two theoretical endeavors. The purpose of this analysis will be, first, to critically compare some of the two authors’ proposals and, second, to include Rancière’s work into the English-language debate on historical theory. In bringing them together, I will primarily ask how White and Rancière have articulated the relationship between politics and historical and literary writing in their commentaries on Auerbach’s work.

On the Applicability of the Approach of the Annales School of History to Sirah Writing

20. yüzyılın başlarında Fransa’da ortaya çıkan Annales hareketi, o döneme kadar tarih yazıcılığına egemen olan siyasî tarih yerine güçlü bir alternatif olarak toplumu merkeze alan, disiplinlerarası bakış açısına sahip ve sorun odaklı tarih anlayışını ikame etmeye çalışmıştır. Annales yaklaşımında tarih; coğrafi, kronolojik, ekonomik, toplumsal ve dinî çerçeveler üzerinden ve zihniyet ve yapılara da yer vererek kurgulanır. Siyer yazıcılığı, klasikten günümüze hâkim yönelim olarak olay anlatısı üzerine kurulmuştur. Bununla birlikte bu alanda yeni arayışlar göze çarpmakta, konu belirleme ve yazım usullerinde değişime giden örneklere rastlanmaktadır. Çağdaş siyer yazıcılığı, kaynak itibariyle klasik dönemde telif edilen eserlerdeki rivâyetlere dayanmaktadır. Bu kaynaklarda bulunan merviyatın Annalesçi yaklaşımların uygulanmasına imkan tanıyıp tanımadığını tespitte Annales prensiplerinin tespiti ve siyer kaynaklarının bu prensipler açısından incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışma, siyerde konu ve sunuş bakımından yeni açılımların imkanını, Annales Okulu’nun yaklaşımları üzerinden irdelemektedir.

Guillaume Cuchet on Catholicism in France: Sentiment, Eclecticism, Collapse, and Future

Guillaume Cuchet on Catholicism in France:Sentiment, Eclecticism, Collapse, and Future Stephen Schloesser S.J. (bio) Le Catholicisme a-t-il encore de l'avenir en France? By Guillaume Cuchet. (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 2021. Pp. 256. 21,00 €. ISBN 9782021472745.) Une histoire du sentiment religieux au XIXe siècle. By Guillaume Cuchet. (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 2020. Pp. 424. 24,00 €. ISBN 9782204135023.) Comment notre monde a cessé d'être chrétien. Anatomie d'un effondrement. By Guillaume Cuchet. (Paris: Points, 2020 [Éditions du Seuil, 2018]. Pp. 288. 8,80 €. ISBN 9782757877623.) Le Crépuscule du purgatoire. Le souci du salut dans les mentalités catholiques (XIXe–XXe siècles). By Guillaume Cuchet. (Paris: Points, 2020 [Armand Colin, 2005]. Pp. 448. 11,00 €. ISBN 978-2757881118.) Guillaume Cuchet is a professor of contemporary history at the University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne specializing in the history of religions. Although Cuchet has been a prolific scholar over the past twenty years, his visibility has grown exponentially following his 2018 book provocatively titled How Our World Ceased Being Christian: Anatomy of a Collapse. (His pinpointing 1965 as the decisive turning moment—the year of Vatican II's closure—has been enthusiastically embraced by the Council's critics.) In 2020, along with a new pocket edition of that work, two other books were republished: a pocket edition of his first monograph surveying The Twilight of Purgatory (2005); and a revised enlarged edition of Faire de l'histoire religieuse dans une société sortie de la religion (Doing Religious History in a Society Exiting from Religion, 2013), the title playing on Marcel Gauchet's thesis of Western Christianity as representing a "religion of exit [or departure] from religion" (la religion de la sortie de la religion). In [End Page 378] 2021, Cuchet published a collection of essays (serving as a sequel to the 2018 blockbuster) posing the anxious question: Does Catholicism Still Have a Future in France? As Cuchet (b. 1973) arrives this year at his half-century mark, he is widely associated with contemporary anxieties about Catholicism's future fate, both within and beyond France. Although Cuchet's unusually broad range of interests resists synthesis, a useful entry point is the prism of cultural attitudes toward death. Cuchet's historical method is indebted to Philippe Ariès (1914–84), a towering postwar medievalist who applied the Annales school's "histoire des mentalités" (lit. "history of attitudes") to the history of private life. In a recent interview, Cuchet invoked Ariès's work, most notably The Hour of Our Death: The Classic History of Western Attitudes Toward Death over the Last One Thousand Years (1977; tr. 1980). "Religious history," remarked Cuchet, "is, from one perspective, a derivative of the history of attitudes toward death, and hence also towards life." ("I came to history by way of Philippe Ariès," he quipped, "and I have kept the birthmarks!") This entry point helps synthesize Cuchet's varied interests—from his 2002 doctoral dissertation on attitudes toward the doctrine of purgatory from 1850–1935 to his study a decade later of nineteenth-century spiritualism, seances, and the use of table-turning to access spirits of the deceased. (See Cuchet, Les Voix d'outre-tombe: Tables tournantes, spiritisme et société au XIXe siècle [Voices from Beyond the Grave: Turning-Tables, Spiritualism, and Society in the 19th Century], 2012.) Cuchet's most recent monograph surveys A History of Religious Sentiment in the Nineteenth Century: Religion, Culture and Society in France, 1830–1880. While the title calls to mind Henri Bremond's monumental twelve-volume A Literary History of Religious Sentiment in France from the End of the Wars of Religion Up To the Present (1916–1936), it also evokes one of the most influential novels of the nineteenth century, Gustave Flaubert's Sentimental Education (1869). Beginning already with the late-eighteenth-century reaction against Enlightenment rationalism (and industrial revolution), Romanticism exalted sentiment, feeling, and emotion. (Flaubert famously noted in 1864: "I want to write the moral history [l'histoire morale] of the men of my generation—'sentimental' [« sentimentale »] would be more accurate.") Arguing against common conceptions of the nineteenth century as an...

Arcydzieła francuskiej mediewistyki

Two significant volumes dedicated to mediaeval studies which sparked an engaged reception in Poland of the work by the Annales school were Georges Duby and Robert Mandrou’s A History of French Civilization. From the 10th to 20th century and Jacques Le Goff’s Medieval Civilization 400–1500.

DEATH Historiography In Islam dan French historical tradition: Study on Wafiyāt al-A’yān wa Abnāu Abnāi Zamān and Western Attitude Toward death from The Middle Age to The Present

Historiography of death between Arab-Islam and French tradition has different root and models. As Arabian model wafiyat came into being as new systematic mode of writing bibliographical dictionary, it is French la histoire la morte was the French innovation in social history by Annales school. To make clear comparison, two book are selected that are Wafiyāt al-A’yān wa Abnāu Abnāi Zamān by Ibn Khalikan and Attitude tward Death by Philip Aries. To study these two books, comparative historiography is applied to make a comparison and contrast between genre, style and sources. As the result of taking study of comparison, so there are similarity and differences between two historical tradition in the from of content and method of writing history. These two types are similar in one common trait constructed the idea based on death. However, it is clearly different in as much as that Arabic wafiyat is prosopography and has relgious content and intend; meanwhile French death historiography is social history and growth in the idea of study of mentalites.

ԱՆՆԱԼՆԵՐԻ ԴՊՐՈՑԻ ՊԱՏՄԱԳԻՏԱԿԱՆ ՀԱՅԵՑԱԿԱՐԳԸ (ՀՈՎՀԱՆՆԻՍՅԱՆ Ս., ԱՆՆԱԼՆԵՐԻ ԴՊՐՈՑԸ և ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԳՐՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԿԵՐՊԵՐԸ, ԵՐ., «ՍԱՐԳԻՍ ԽԱՉԵՆՑ • ՓՐԻՆԹԻՆՖՈ», 2022, 312 ԷՋ)

The monograph titled "The School of Annals and the Ways of Writing History" by Smbat Hovhannisyan is an attempt to comprehend new methodologies of history in the Armenian environment. The work refers to the exposition of the history and logic of the Annales school, which plays an important role in the Western historiography. The placement of the Chronicle School in the Armenian humanitarian thought is an important event since it is a platform for bringing Armenian history out of the crisis and comprehending it in a new way. The book begins with a definition of the crisis of history, which is the result of eventful history. The historiographic crisis means that historical essays repeat each other and do not meet the existing cognitive requirements.

Can History be Not Political? The Phenomenon of Nina Aleksandrovna Khachaturyan

The article examines the process of transformation of the world historiography, including Russian one, in the field of the political history of the Middle Ages. The contribution of the Annales School is emphasized not only because of the appeal to man as an actor of historical processes, but also the methodological overcoming of the binary opposition of matter and spirit. Structuralism with its systematic analysis also played a positive role, as well as the appeal of historians to the study of phenomena of long duration, which began to be perceived as the history of states and, more broadly, the power. All these changes were reflected in the work of Professor N. A. Khachaturian (1931—2020). Thanks to her research on the representative regime of the West in the Middle Ages, on the social nature of the estate monarchy in France, on the forms of dialogue between power and society, as well as due to her creation of the Scientific Group “Power and Society” (holding conferences, publishing collective monographs), political history in Russian medieval studies took the place of the backbone of historical research.

Peasant Studies in the Journal Modern China, 1979–1991

Abstract From 1979 to 1991, Modern China, a landmark journal of Chinese studies, published a large number of articles in the field of peasant studies. These articles are of two types: studies of peasants in premodern China, which focus on the rural economy, politics, and ideology; and studies on the history of “peasant studies” itself, which focus on the problems, paradigms and directions of the field. Taken together, all these articles reveal the influence of three major approaches to history: the longue durée perspective of the French Annales school, the “bottom-up” approach to lived experience of the British new social history movement, and the time, space, and demography frame of reference of G. William Skinner.

The Pedagogy of Bafflement: Bernard Bailyn's History 2910, Fall 1996

The Pedagogy of Bafflement: Bernard Bailyn's History 2910, Fall 1996

Illuminating History: A Retrospective of Seven Decades

Illuminating History: A Retrospective of Seven Decades

The Idea of History in Yu. M. Lotman’s Later Research

This article has a twofold goal, i. e. to identify the origins of late Yu. M. Lotman’s later ideas about history and to determine their peculiarities. The author focuses on two of Lotman’s fundamental ideas: the unpredictability of history and the juxtaposition of explosive and evolutionary processes. He understands the unpredictability of the historical process both in terms of the impossibility of predictions and in terms of turning to the past, which always depends on the present. To a large extent, Lotman developed the idea polemizing with the Annales School, which regarded the historical process as a slow time-reversible development. While appreciating the works of this school, Lotman contrasted the idea of longue durée with the idea of an explosion and the position of the researcher who is above the historical process and takes a position within it. On the one hand, the unpredictability of history is a source of the constant growth of new information, which makes history related to the artistic text. On the other hand, it increases the responsibility of any person who is able not only to study history but also to influence its course. It gives the historical process a moral character. The opposition of explosive and evolutionary processes corresponds to the opposition of binary and ternary models in historical evolution. In this regard, Lotman develops the ideas of C. Lévi-Strauss and J. Le Goff. However, unlike them, who deemed the separate existence of ternary and binary structures possible, Lotman shows their inseparable unity, which exists not only in the historical process but also in national literature and the work of individual writers. Lotman not only likens history to art but contrasts it to art as a look into the past is opposed to a look into the future. In Lotman’s appeal to the historical past, one can notice the synthesis of scholarly thinking and artistic imagination, which gives his later works a freer style and depth.