Annales School Research Articles

How Marcel Proust Can Change Your Life—For Better or for Worse

Abstract This article turns around the role that Proust’s novel played—for better or worse—in my formation as a medievalist and as a full human being. In the curé’s obsession with genealogy and etymology, I recognized in the 1970s a deep medieval mental structure that coincided with contemporaneous work by historians of the Annales School on lineage and by structuralists on the linguistic patterns underpinning kinship. This led to a book, Etymologies and Genealogies: A Literary Anthropology of the French Middle Ages. But other strong strains of the Proustian sentimental orbit, doomed love, aligned chronologically and conceptually with the articulation in the 1890s of courtly love and made for dire consequences in a life lived along those lines. My wife, Ellen Handler Spitz, provides an emotionally corrective experience via the question, Was Swann in Love? Using the psychoanalytic concept of the partial object, she shows how limited Proust’s notion of love really is. We end on a note of wild admiration for Proust’s description of what it feels like to be in what he calls “love” but with a dose of skepticism with regard to his framing of the project of love itself.

Osmanlı Dönemi ve Modern Yunan Tarihyazımında Algılanması

To study the reception of the Ottoman past, we should first begin by periodizing it. For the Greeks, the Ottoman period comprises several sub-periods whose characteristics depend on the mode, the method and the time of conquest, resulting in a multitude of trends in Greek historiography. The reception and interpretation of the Ottoman past in Greece, was affected by the trends of European historiography on the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, which evolved according to the notions comprising the “East” and “West” dipole. In 20th century, up to roughly 1974, the study and interpretation of the Ottoman past in Greek historiography relied on the use of Greek and Western sources, and in some cases in translated Balkan and Ottoman archival material drawn from the international bibliography. Economic history, influenced by the Annales School, opened up new perspectives for approaching and interpreting history. These developments in the reception and interpretation of history influence the historiographical approach of the Ottoman past. By the late 20th century, new approaches and a pluralism in the interpretation of the Ottoman period in the Greek historiography appeared. Today, studies of and research into the Ottoman period rely mainly on Ottoman and Turkish sources, and this has promoted a deeper understanding of the structures and institutions of the Ottoman and the modern Turkish state. Under these novel approaches, a much more multi-layered interpretation of the Ottoman period emerges. The pursuits of contemporary social history, the use of primary sources and original archival material, and the different methodological approaches have brought researchers closer to the Ottoman reality.

Anthropocene Fiction and World-Systems Analysis

As developed by Immanuel Wallerstein and various co-thinkers, world-systems analysis is essentially an approach to economic history and historical sociology that has been largely indifferent to literary studies. This indifference is perhaps surprising given that the Annales school, which clearly influenced Wallerstein’s work, produced a foundational account of the emergence of modern western literature in Lucien Febvre and Henri-Jean Martin’s L’apparition du livre (1958). More recently, literary scholars have attempted to apply this kind of analysis directly to their own field. The best-known instances are probably Pascale Casanova’s La republique mondiale des lettres (1999), Franco Moretti’s Distant Reading (2013) and the Warwick Research Collective’s Combined and Uneven Development (2015). More recently still, Andrew Milner in Australia and Jerry Määttä in Sweden have sought to apply “distant reading” more specifically to the genre of science fiction. Milner’s model of the “global SF field” identifies an original Anglo-French core, supplemented by more recent American and Japanese cores, longstanding Russian, German, Polish and Czech semi-peripheries, an emergent Chinese semi-periphery, and a periphery comprising the rest of the world. This essay attempts to apply that model to what Adam Trexler has termed “Anthropocene fictions” and Daniel Bloom “cli-fi”, which we treat here as a significant sub-genre of contemporary science fiction.

The Technopolitics of Food

Since the Annales School started to investigate the history of food in the 1960s, institutional diets have been an important field of research. The history of food encountered the general source problem of the history of everyday life of the lower, often illiterate, classes, as they have left hardly any written sources. Even more, food is highly perishable, so that it leaves nothing as a source itself. In contrast to this, institutions kept books registering the expenses and consumption of food, and can be used to access the history of food. This article presents a different view of institutional food. It shows that prison food does not just mirror the general developments of the food of the people, as the Annalistes had hoped for. Instead, it shows that the dietetic order in prison described and expressed the social, political, and judicial concepts of the day, as well as concepts of the body. In addition, it shows that the dietetic order resulted from multiple negotiations of the various actors involved, including those in law, administration, science, and medicine, and last but not least, the public. Using the example of Prussia, this article investigates changes in prison food standards and cross-checks this with quantitative developments as well as with the personal experiences of prisoners from 1700 to 1914.

Frédéric Mauro e a escola dos Annales: da história econômica à “ciência econômica do passado”

Frédéric Mauro (1921-2001), historiador econômico francês é considerado um seguidor e difusor da escola dos Annales no Brasil. O artigo examina sua concepção de história econômica, colocando-a em diálogo com a escola historiográfica francesa, sobretudo com Fernand Braudel. Para tanto, recuperamos a recepção crítica de sua tese de doutorado, Le Portugal et l’Atlantique au XVIIième sciècle: étude économique publicada em 1960. Em seguida, apresentamos sua concepção de história econômica, destacando o diálogo que propõe entre a História e a teoria econômica. Após discussão desses elementos, fazemos uma breve comparação entre sua concepção de história econômica e a de Fernand Braudel.

Social Constructivism as Forecasting Matrix. Collective Habitus in International Relations

Abstract Social constructivism is not among the most popular theoretical approaches used in forecasting in International Relations. The article argues that constructivism suffers from the same limitations as any other paradigm in IR, therefore, there is no reason to exclude this theory from forecasting effort. In this paper, social constructivism is perceived to offer a new conceptual framework for sound and robust projections of the future. The core of our concept is constituted by the term of collective habitus. Habitus is a relatively stable, yet mutable social structure that can enable deliberations about future. It is based on a long-term history study programme of the School of Annales, as we identify long lasting habits-like patterns of behaviours among IR actors.

Soviet Musical Avant-Garde in the Context of Time (in the mid. 1950s – 1980s): Historical and Cultural Studies and Philosophical Aspects

Introduction. Interest in the work of avant-garde artists does not wane as they move away from the 20th century. This is due to the fact that the musical avant-garde, becoming a sign of the time, reflected the most important trends of the outgoing era. In the paper, the Soviet musical avant-garde is considered in the historical, cultural and philosophical aspect in the context of the historical era, which determines the novelty of the study. An aspect of novelty is the analysis of music as a sphere of intercultural communication.Methodology and sources. The research methodology is based on the analysis of sources and literature, taking into account interdisciplinary approaches. A special role in the understanding of the theoretical aspects of the problem play the work of musicologists Yu. N. Kholopova, V. N. Kholopova, V. S. Price, R. L. Pospelova, A. I. Demchenko. Among the sources highlighted in cinema, photo- and phonodocuments, which depicts a vivid image of the era. The interviews with composers, which presents a wide canvas of social and musical life (A. Schnittke, A. Ivashkina entry and volkonskii, recording E. Dubinets) are of considerable interest. Historical, comparative, systematic and semiotic methods of analysis were used. Applies a comprehensive approach (formation and civilization methods of research and the Annales school). This allows for a new approach to the historical era of the middle1950s – 1980s.Results and discussion. Postwar culture is examined as a single space, in which a special role was played by the impulses of the “thaw”. They gave cultural phenomena such inertial dynamics, which preserves the spiritual maturity of society and produced changes of the 1990s, the results of the study show that in contrast to the political and socio-economic processes, cultural life in these years continued to feel the pulses of the “thaw”. Retaining the inertial dynamics of development, cultural processes have been far from stagnation, which casts doubt on the overall rating this time as the “era of stagnation”. This allows you to put a discussion question on the revision of the political clichés in relation to the period of the middle 1960s – 1980s in the Soviet Union as the “era of stagnation”.Conclusion. Soviet avant-garde, expressing the spirit of the time, represents the unique phenomenon in which reflected global trends, and the uniqueness of national culture. Experience avant-garde shows that cultural processes of the epoch middle 1950s – 1980s had a high development dynamics. The study of this period, especially in its spiritual sphere, requires interdisciplinary approaches and the use of modern, including foreign methods. Interest methods of the Annales school in its historical retrospect and the “new cultural history”.

Fernan Braudel's Times of the Worlds. Civilizational Sovereignty in Conservative Historiography

The article is devoted to the life and creative development of the great French historian and leader of the “Annales School” Fernan Braudel. The autjpr pays special attention to the conservative motives in his ideas, namely the theory of civilizational denial and non-progressist realism related to the concept of longe duree. The author comes to the conclusion that Bruadel was erroneously considered to be “globalist” or “mondialist” thinker. On the contrary, his concept of the “worlds-economies” describes closed economic and civilizational communities directed at autarchy and sovereignty. Braudel’s idea has very much in common with Oswald Spengler’s idea of interpreting borders of cultures, civilizations and worlds-economies as barely permeable. In his research Braudel always paid considerable attention to Russia viewing it as specific civilization having the tendency to “self-organize apart from Europe as an independent world-economy with its own network of connections”. Braudel considered that self-dependence of Russia was obvious, even after the Europeanization turn in the 18th century. Braudel’s “Russian Text” is considered to be one of the most profound and accurate in Western historiography. The present article is written in the free form, where historiographic analysis, biographic narrative and the author’s personal experience of Braudel’s works alternate with each other.

Footprints of War: Militarized Landscapes in Vietnam by David Biggs

Reviewed by: Footprints of War: Militarized Landscapes in Vietnam by David Biggs Miles Powell Footprints of War: Militarized Landscapes in Vietnam. By david biggs. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019. xix + 250 pp. ISBN 978-0-295-74386-8. $34.95 (hardcover). Following up on the prize-winning Quagmire: Nation-Building and Nature in the Mekong Delta (University of Washington Press, 2011), David Biggs’s Footprints of War sustains the lofty expectations that we have come to anticipate from him. Shifting from the Mekong Delta to central Vietnam, especially the region around the city of Huê, Biggs explores how layers of militarized landscapes have shaped the nation’s history from the early modern period through the present. The book grew out of an applied environmental history project in which Biggs [End Page 652] used American archival sources to assist the Vietnamese government in locating chemical hotspots resulting from U.S. troops’ storage and deployment of chemicals, including weapons. The project is thus one of those rare works that combines practical benefits with broad scholarly significance. Extending his temporal gaze backwards and forwards from the conflict that Vietnamese people call the American War, Biggs contends that the geography of central Vietnam, by channeling generations of combatants into particular areas, gave rise to layered militarized landscapes that shaped subsequent conflicts and nation building through to today. In assembling this argument, Biggs provides important insights into the history of war, landscape, and nation building that will be relevant far beyond Vietnam’s borders. Footprints of War bears an intellectual debt to Annales School historian Fernand Braudel’s notion of the longue durée, but where Braudel fell back on geographical determinism in attributing the Mediterranean world’s physical features for engendering historical trends, Biggs offers a more complex causal relationship. He highlights the “geologic facts” of the central coast—a narrow strip linking more populous regions and bordered by hilly highlands on one side and the sea on the other—for rendering it a conflict zone (p. 23), and notes that geography made certain sites strategically significant, encouraging repeated generations of soldiers to occupy these sites. Biggs never loses sight of human agency, however. He shows how recurrent military campaigns transformed the landscape, leaving successive “footprints of war” that affected the challenges and opportunities of subsequent combatants and nation builders. Biggs levers this history of serial military colonization to probe the concept of creative destruction. We usually associate this idea with the Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter, who contended in the 1940s that dismantling prior systems was a necessary precursor to capitalist innovation. Biggs reminds us, however, that the idea has a much longer history. German historians and economists used it to explore how warfare facilitated advancement by clearing away the old order even before the First World War. Biggs illustrates how creative destruction reshaped Vietnam as well. Since the early modern period, sites cleared by warfare have been repurposed as towns, tree nurseries, and industrial parks. Conversely, Biggs shows how war’s legacies limited the types of development that could occur on sites scarred by destruction, including the herbicides that threatened plants and humans alike. Biggs also considers how competing landscape perspectives shaped conflicts. He notes how the aerial, geometric perspective adopted by French and then American soldiers contrasted with the landmark-based [End Page 653] orienteering preferred by communist soldiers. According to Biggs, “What led [politicians in] France and the United States to continue this war was not a lack of knowledge on the ground but an overwhelming faith in their global, aerial perspective” (p. 100). This perhaps overstates the case, but Biggs effectively demonstrates the significance of the Western military’s 40,000-foot view of Vietnam. By pioneering methods of aerial photography and, later, satellite imagery to comprehend terrain, and then by dropping Agent Orange and other herbicides to expose the land to their buzzard’s-eye gaze, American officials made aerial perspectives a key war objective. Conversely, communist soldiers navigated via place names and vernacular landmarks. This made geolocating them difficult even when opposing forces intercepted communications. Linking this to his discussion of creative destruction, Biggs contends that American policymakers’ reliance on aerial perspectives coalesced with the military’s...

Österreichische Historiker: Lebensläufe und Karrieren, 1900–1945 ed. by Karel Hruza

Reviewed by: Österreichische Historiker: Lebensläufe und Karrieren, 1900–1945 ed. by Karel Hruza Günter Bischof Karel Hruza, ed., Österreichische Historiker: Lebensläufe und Karrieren, 1900–1945. Vol. 3. Vienna: Böhlau, 2019. 627 pp. This is the third volume in a series of books on well-known Austrian historians that were active between 1900 and 1945 (and some beyond the war). The three volumes portraying altogether forty-seven historians constitute something of an encyclopedia of Austrian historians in the first half of the twentieth century; the editor needs to be congratulated for finding competent authors to complete this series. In fact, not all of the thirteen historians portrayed in Volume 3 were historians—there are archeologists (C. Praschniker), ethnologists (H. Wopfner, A. Helbock), and geographers (H. Hassinger) among them. The scholarly biographies presented here are all characterized by careers that had to negotiate the vast political and regime changes that jolted Central Europe during the first half of the twentieth century. The careers of these men (and two women) had to adjust from the late Habsburg monarchy and the First World War to the penniless years of the First Republic, the brutal Nazi years after the Anschluss (welcomed by most of them), to the beginnings of the Second Republic. Most of the historians portrayed in this volume grew up in grossdeutsche bourgeois families, and their German nationalist upbringing defined their career trajectories. Small wonder then that eight of the thirteen portrayed in this volume were supporters of the National Socialist cause, some were party members; the rank careerist Uebersberger prided himself on being an "SS-Standartenführer" (169). Only Wopfner and Redlich were not swept up in the wave of Austrian enthusiasm for National Socialism—Wopfner was critical of the Italian "rape" of the German South Tyrol (117), but Redlich served as a functionary in the Ständestaat (55). Only Ludo Moritz Hartmann and Lucie Varga hailed from Jewish families—Hartmann was a committed Social Democrat, and Varga was married to a communist. Most of the academic career trajectories outlined here led through the historical seminar of the University of Vienna—a couple trained and worked at my alma mater, the University of Innsbruck (Wopfner, Helbock). Some of the leading historians portrayed here (Redlich, Uebersberger, Brunner, Borodajkewycz), received the elite, hidebound postdoc training of the Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung (IÖG) at the University of Vienna, which also opened up to them careers as archivists. Of the fortyseven historians portrayed in the three volumes, thirteen went through the [End Page 84] IÖG training (18). The IÖG trained people in the best empirical document-based tradition. It seemingly did not open young historians' eyes to new methodologies practiced in the wider world. Since many of the IÖG-trained historians ended up with chairs at the University of Vienna, this sort of "historicist and source positivist" (14) training was passed on to subsequent generations of students. This might explain a lot about the study of history in Austria in the present day. If these historians cast their gaze onto historical discourses practiced outside of Austria, they networked mostly with German historians or Germans teaching and researching in East Central Europe (Prague, Breslau) or southeastern Europe. Balduin Saria is an interesting case. Hailing from a German community in Lower Styria (today's Slovenia), he trained in Vienna but worked in post–World War I Yugoslavia (Belgrade and Ljubljana). He too was a German nationalist and became an NSDAP party member and taught at the University of Graz during World War II. Oddly enough, the only historians portrayed in this volume who also took note of new Western European or American historical discourses were the two women portrayed together in one chapter. Erna Pazelt engaged the scholarship of the important Belgian medieval economic historian Henri Pirenne, and Lucie Varga as a refugee in Paris worked with Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch, leading lights in the famous Annales school based in France (430). Pazelt even ventured twice to visit the United States for lecture tours, during the Anschluss in 1938 and after the war in 1947 (421, 422); astoundingly, during World War II she even taught courses on American...

The Alienated Russian Nobility?

The Alienated Russian Nobility? Alexander M. Martin (bio) Rodolphe Baudin and Wladimir Berelowitch, eds., Histoire de Russie avec sa partie politique, par Mr. Koch, Professeur à Strasbourg, suivie de la Constitution de l'empire de Russie (History of Russia with Its Political Part, by Mr. Koch, Professor at Strasbourg, Followed by the Constitution of the Empire of Russia). 322 pp. Strasbourg: Presses universitaires de Strasbourg, 2018. ISBN-13 978-2868205391. €22.00. Bella Grigoryan, Noble Subjects: The Russian Novel and the Gentry, 1762–1861. 189 pp. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2018. ISBN-13 978-0875807744. $39.00. Elena Marasinova, "Zakon" i "grazhdanin" v Rossii vtoroi poloviny XVIII veka: Ocherki istorii obshchestvennogo soznaniia ("Law" and "Citizen" in Russia in the Second Half of the 18th Century: Essays in the History of Public Consciousness). 508 pp. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2017. ISBN-13 978-5444806968. Derek Offord, Vladislav Rjéoutski, and Gesine Argent, The French Language in Russia: A Social, Political, Cultural, and Literary History. 699 pp. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ISBN-13 978-9462982727. €45.00. Much writing about the pre-reform nobility is a search for solid ground. Russian nobles, it seems, somehow lacked substance. As Petr Chaadaev put it in 1829–30, they were "nomads" in their own country.1 To generations [End Page 861] of Russians and Westerners in the 18th and 19th centuries, they were lackeys of despotism and imitators of foreign cultures.2 This conception shaped much of the scholarship of the second half of the 20th century. Marc Raeff wrote of the Westernized nobility's "rootlessness" and "lack of contact with both the Russian tradition and the Russian people."3 Iurii Lotman argued that "the Russian nobleman was like a foreigner in his own country": "To behave properly," he explained, "was to behave like a foreigner," hence "playacting at everyday life, the feeling of being forever on the stage, is extremely characteristic of Russian gentry life."4 The past three decades have seen a reaction against this gloomy assessment. Microhistorical studies have concluded that nobles were not culturally rootless or psychologically alienated.5 Historians have found, somewhat like the revisionists in Soviet historiography, that the autocratic regime did not unilaterally dictate its will but instead sought consensus with wider elite strata.6 Cultural approaches have relativized the nobility's lack of a formal political role by highlighting culture and sociability as arenas where power was negotiated.7 [End Page 862] The four books under review here make significant contributions to this debate. Written by specialists in history, literature, and sociolinguistics, they also convey its disciplinary breadth. Rulers and Subjects Elena Marasinova's "Zakon" i "grazhdanin" v Rossii is a study of the 18thcentury elite's ideas of rulership and subjecthood. This is basically a Begriff-sgeschichte, a history of political concepts (law, citizen, subject, and others) that were new in the 18th century and whose meaning was in flux, but it is Begriffsgeschichte bolstered by political and social history. In almost Annales School fashion, Marasinova shows how the evolution of concepts was governed at once by their own logic, by the choices of concrete historical actors, and by the longue durée of a vast, poor agrarian country where serfdom and autocracy were immutable facts of life. In keeping with the complexity of her subject matter, her sources and topics are eclectic. She draws on legal texts, political treatises, private letters, memoirs, dictionaries, and belles-lettres. She gives us intellectual portraits of monarchs, etymologies of words, and histories of church rituals, criminal cases, and penal colonies. The book is a wide-ranging exploration of Russian life under Elizabeth and Catherine II. By its end, we see the emergence of the familiar constellation of Russia in the early 19th century: an autocratic state; a population excluded from political life; and an elite that desired legal rights and the ability to participate in government, but mostly sought autonomy and fulfillment in nonpolitical spaces beyond the state's reach. The book is constructed as an exploration of three themes. The first is the relationship between God and the state as sources of law. Marasinova opens with Empress Elizabeth's moratorium on the death penalty. Elizabeth was pious...

W poszukiwaniu źródła „totalnego”. Najważniejsze kierunki badań nad testamentami ludności miejskiej w XIII–XVIII w.

By introducing the phrase “total source” into the title of this paper, the author intends to bring to the fore the fundamental — and nowadays somewhat overlooked — role of the historians of the Annales School in redirecting research on testaments and research using testaments towards the serial history of mentalities (histoire serielle des mentalites). Previously interesting mainly for biographers and historians of law, testaments have now become a universal type of documentation, indispensable for research on the “new history” of society, economy and culture.The article focuses on the major studies published in the 1970s and 80s which introduced the quantitative method and the questionnaires that are still applied by mediaevalists and histo-rians of the early-modern period: Michel Vovelle’s Pietebaroque et dechristianisation en Provence au XVIII e siecle. Les attitudes devant la mort d’apres les clauses des testaments (1973) and Jacques Chiffoleau’s La comptabilite de l’au-dela. Les hommes, la mort et la religion dans la region d’Avignon a la fin du Moyen Âge (vers 1320–vers 1480) (1980). The author discusses their significance and impact in the context of the methodology of serial history promoted by Annales historians (P. Chaunu, F. Braudel) and the crowning achievements of the history of mentalities concerning the history of death. Furthermore, the author surveys a range of new Anglo-American studies on the material history of the renaissance (mainly Italian). She also discusses in detail the long-established tradition of research on legacies and the recent impact of the gender turn, clearly discernible in this area and in studies on testaments in general. Briefly outlining the research on German, Polish and Czech testaments of city-dwellers, she highlights the importance of studies on source texts (their form and language, the authentication and registration of testaments). In a separate paragraph she comments on Martin Nodl’s extreme scepticism about the potential of the quan-titative method (in relation to testaments from Czech towns), which is said to be inapplicable to the documentation that cannot be considered quantitatively or socially representative in that part of late-mediaeval Europe.

The Birth of the Present-day Historiography in the West

서양의 근대 역사학이 19세기 초 랑케에서 시작했다면, 현대 역사학은 20세기 초 랑케 사학에 대한 반발과 그것과의 결별로부터 출발한다. 이러한 경향을 주도한 세 개의 학파 또는 흐름이 주목된다. 첫째는 미국의 ‘신사학파(New History)’다. 신사학파 역사가들은 랑케가 주장했던 역사적 사실의 객관성과 불변성에 의문을 제기하면서 역사를 역사가의 주관적 가치관과 판단에 따라 구성되는 상대적이고 현재적인 사유의 결과물로 보았다. 두 번째는 프랑스의 ‘아날학파(Annales School)’다. ‘20세기 역사학의 혁명’으로 불리는 아날학파 역사가들은 역사연구에 경제학, 사회학, 지리학, 인구통계학과 같은 사회과학의 방법론을 끌어들이면서 랑케 사학과의 투쟁 전선을 확장시켰다. 세 번째 흐름은 이탈리아(크로체)와 영국(콜링우드)의 ‘현재주의(Presentism)’다. 이 두 명의 역사철학자들은 역사의 현재성을 강조하면서 결국 모든 역사가 현재사, 사상사라고 주장했다. 이 글은 랑케의 근대 역사학과 결별하면서 출범시킨 이들 세 개의 현대 역사학 경향의 특징과 한계를 살펴보고, 현대 역사학의 탄생이 사학사적으로 오늘날 우리에게 어떤 의미를 갖는지 성찰하려는 의도에서 기획되었다.Modern historiography in the West began with Leopold von Ranke in the early nineteenth century, whereas the present-day historiography began in the early twentieth century with a backlash against and separation from Rankean history. Three schools that have led to this trend are worth to be noted. The first is the ‘New History’ in the United States. The historians of this school like James H. Robinson, Carl L. Becker, and Charles A. Beard questioned the objectivity and invariability of the historical facts that Ranke claimed, viewing history as the result of relative and present thought organized by historian s subjective values and judgments. The second is the French ‘Annales School.’ Historians in this school, called the “Revolution of 20th-century historiography,” such as Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch, and Fernand Braudel, etc., expanded the battle front against Rankean history by adopting methodologies of social sciences such as economics, sociology, geography, and demographics into historical research. The third flow is called “Presentism” from Italy (Benedetto Croce) and England (Robin G. Collingwood). These two philosophers of history emphasized the present aspect of history and insisted that all history is the contemporary history or the history of thought. This research is designed to examine the characteristics and limitations of these three contemporary historical trends that broke out with the Rankean modern historiography, and to reflect on the meaning of the birth of the present-day historiography.

Um possível diálogo entre a Escola dos Annales & a análise de conteúdo em pesquisas históricas

O questionamento que norteia este estudo pode ser assim delineado: Como dialogam Escola dos Annales e a Análise de Conteúdo em pesquisas de caráter histórico? A partir dessa questão, a estrutura narrativa traz aproximações epistemológicas entre ambas as escolhas metodológicas e tece problematizações relativas às desconfianças e resistências no entorno das mesmas. Foram consultados estudiosos que tratam da Interdisciplinaridade, Pesquisa em Educação, Análise de Conteúdo, Método e Teorias Históricas. A discussão compreendeu: O lugar da pesquisa histórica/historiográfica; Escola dos Annales e Análise de Conteúdo nas pesquisas qualitativas e a busca do implícito nas fontes. Por fim, o estudo sublinhou possibilidades de diálogo entre Escola dos Annales e Análise de Conteúdo.

História do Direito e História da Sociedade: Questões de Método e Problemas de Pesquisa

Conferência pronunciada em abril de 1985 no contexto das discussões em torno das relações entre história e ciências sociais promovida pela chamada escola dos Annales. Como construir pontes entre a história do direito e a história da sociedade em termos de métodos e problemas de pesquisa? Entendendo o direito como a dimensão jurídica de fenômenos sociais, Sbriccoli defende que o direito não pode ser algo subsidiário em certas pesquisas sobre práticas sociais e que os historiadores do direito não podem se isolar, desdisciplinarizando-se, embora mantendo a autonomia da área, para dialogar com a história da sociedade, de modo que possa acontecer um efetivo intercâmbio. Em suma, “é preciso se tornar bilíngue para viver e operar em um mundo que é estruturalmente bilíngue”.

The Ressourcement of Black Catholicism in Cyprian Davis, OSB

AbstractFr. Cyprian Davis, OSB (1930–2015) was a Benedictine monk and the preeminent historian of black Catholicism in the United States. Although he began his scholarly career in the study of medieval monasticism, he brought cultural history methods of the Annales school to bear on black Catholicism. While he is known for his archival work on black Catholicism and spirituality, Davis's work should be understood as ressourcement, a theological retrieval of lost sources of black Catholicism. Cyprian Davis offers an iteration of ressourcement that takes seriously the often‐violent rupture that black Catholics experienced. The theological vision that arises out of his historical recovery is one attentive to the experience of division, fragmentation, loss of traditional moorings, alienation from a wider tradition, and rejection by the church.

The Enduring Culture of Restraint in Modern Germany: German Mentalités on the Use of Force as Portrayed in Contemporary Television Narratives

German foreign policy has continued to evolve since the re-unification of the country. The majority of studies that focus on this evolution take a top-down approach. However, this approach provides limited insight into the mechanics of change and thought within Germany. This paper is inspired by the histoire des mentalités approach to the study of history, which is part of the larger Annales school of historical inquiry. The mentalités school of thought seeks to address the shortcomings of the idealist tradition of culture history by studying the average citizen on the street. The study of mentalités offers a way to connect the elite and the person on the street, which is arguably important given that in a representative democracy such as the Federal Republic, it is the ordinary person that empowers the elite at which point the elite then do have an ability to craft a narrative, which may in turn, impact the thinking of the people. But in the first instance understanding a mentalités of the people is useful to understanding why certain thinking endures and prevails, despite changes at the top of society.

A COMUNIDADE IMAGINADA NA METAFICÇÃO HISTORIOGRÁFICA SARAMAGUIANA "A VIAGEM DO ELEFANTE" E AS RELAÇÕES COM A NOVA HISTÓRIA

O objetivo deste artigo é abordar os conceitos de Nova História, metaficção historiográfica e comunidade imaginada, relacionando-os com a narrativa A viagem do Elefante (2008), do escritor português José Saramago (1922-2010). Este, inspirado pelas ideias da escola dos Annales, constitui, por meio de sua narrativa, um olhar crítico sobre os paradigmas da história tradicional, que, segundo o autor, é parcelar e parcial, ideologicamente comprometida. A partir das intersecções entre literatura e história, Saramago revisita e interpreta o passado em sua obra, por meio de seu discurso crítico-reflexivo.

Individuos y espacios domésticos: estrategias de transmisión de la propiedad de las mujeres viudas en la España rural (extremadura, siglo XVIII)

This article discusses the distribution of paternal property within rural communi-ties in the interior of the Iberian Peninsula, through an analysis of familial inher-itance of a widow from Extremadura. As a source for the study, the author draws on the Cadastre Ledger of the Marquis of Ensenada (1761), kept in the General Archive of Simancas (AGS), capturing changes in the family estate of a country widow (living in the village of Alcuéscar) in the mid-eighteenth century resulting from a transfer of property. Using the method of quantitative analysis developed by the Annales School, the author examines the issue from several standpoints; on the one hand, this enables insights into the increases and reductions in the volume of real estate (urban and rural) and the real estate assets of such women through pur-chases and sales. On the other, the author is also able to analyze and outline the distribution ofa widow’s property during her life and after her death.

La crisis de la universidad venezolana y el imaginario de la paz (2000-2016)

En este trabajo se presenta una mirada crítica de la crisis que vive la universidad venezolana y el estudio del imaginario social de la paz. Se trata de documentar y reflexionar desde una perspectiva filosófica, histórica y sociológica, respecto a la actuación, impacto y naturaleza con que encararon las universidades venezolanas el desafío coyuntural de las políticas de Estado en el período de la Revolución Bolivariana (2000-2016); no sólo para documentar el proceso sino para ofrecer las alternativas de cara a la construcción de una paz sostenible. Metodológicamente el estudio se fundamenta en la comprensión de la historia de las mentalidades de la Escuela de Annales y el Imaginario Social de Cornelius Castoriadis (1975).