Concentrations Of Anionic Surfactants Research Articles

Exploring the Anionic Surfactant Concentrations and Biological Contamination in Yamuna River: Identifying Potential Sources and Mitigation Strategies

Anionic surfactants in the river, particularly downstream in Delhi, have created massive foam-like conditions which may be harmful to aquatic life and humans that come in contact. The present study focussed on the quantification of anionic surfactants, biological contaminants in terms of total bacterial count, total and faecal coliform bacteria and qualitative analysis of pathogenic bacteria from the samples acquired from different sites of Yamuna river. The concentration of anionic surfactants was observed to be between 0.42-3.89 mg L-1 at Okhla barrage, which was significantly high as compared to Wazirabad barrage and ITO bridge. The total bacterial count of Okhla barrage was observed more as compared to Wazirabad barrage and ITO Bridge ranging between 9.7 × 106 to 9.1 × 108 CFU/mL. The findings of total coliform bacteria were observed to be consistently high at Wazirabad barrage ranging between 1.3 × 103 to 9.0 × 104 MPN/100 mL. Qualitative analysis of pathogenic bacteria showed the presence of P. aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., E. coli and S. aureus. Based on the results obtained in the study, it was inferred that the water quality of Yamuna river at Wazirabad barrage, ITO Bridge and Okhla barrage was poor and thus requires regular monitoring and call for immediate effective mitigation strategies.Anionic surfactants in the river, particularly downstream in Delhi, have created massive foam-like conditions which may be harmful to aquatic life and humans that come in contact. The present study focussed on the quantification of anionic surfactants, biological contaminants in terms of total bacterial count, total and faecal coliform bacteria and qualitative analysis of pathogenic bacteria from the samples acquired from different sites of Yamuna river. The concentration of anionic surfactants was observed to be between 0.42-3.89 mg L-1 at Okhla barrage, which was significantly high as compared to Wazirabad barrage and ITO bridge. The total bacterial count of Okhla barrage was observed more as compared to Wazirabad barrage and ITO Bridge ranging between 9.7 × 106 to 9.1 × 108 CFU/mL. The findings of total coliform bacteria were observed to be consistently high at Wazirabad barrage ranging between 1.3 × 103 to 9.0 × 104 MPN/100 mL. Qualitative analysis of pathogenic bacteria showed the presence of P. aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., E. coli and S. aureus. Based on the results obtained in the study, it was inferred that the water quality of Yamuna river at Wazirabad barrage, ITO Bridge and Okhla barrage was poor and thus requires regular monitoring and call for immediate effective mitigation strategies.

Identification of key surfactant in municipal solid waste leachate foaming and its influence mechanism

Serious foaming problems and the excessive consumption of defoamer have undoubtedly become one of the most critical problems that hinder municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate treatment efficiency and industry development. Since there is limited research penetrating the foaming mechanism and identification of the key surfactants, current defoaming and surfactant removal techniques lack pertinence and orientation. In this study, a foaming characterization device was developed and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) was optimized to accurately identify the key surfactants affecting leachate foaming and offer a glimpse into their interaction mechanisms. This study collected leachate samples from 9 typical landfills and waste-to-energy facilities of various waste compositions, climatic conditions, ages, and geographical locations. The foaming problem of leachate was mainly centered on raw leachate and nanofiltration membrane concentrate (NFC). Fresh leachate performed with relatively low foaming capacity and foam stability, associated with low surfactant concentration. The pH value of the system was positively correlated with the concentration of anionic surfactants, indicating significant impacts on surfactant release in MSW. Since the distribution characteristics of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in leachate were consistent with the variety of foaming performances, LAS proved to be an indispensable surfactant in the leachate involved in this study, and its content proportion escalated to 92.87% in aged leachate.

Study towards understanding foaming and foam stability in urban lakes

Foaming water bodies have become a matter of great concern globally. Foam disrupts aquatic ecosystems, emits an offensive smell, disrupts the day-to-day activities in neighbouring localities, and is visually unpleasant. The downstream water bodies are also exposed to the risk of foaming. Even though widespread, the foaming phenomena of surface water bodies are not adequately studied. The present study focuses on the foaming Lake of Bellandur in South India - wherein the sources and concentration of surfactants, effect of phosphorous, effect of bacteria, and its synergy with surfactants were studied. The study revealed that the significant source of pollution in the Lake was the entry of untreated sewage, which consisted of surfactants. The anionic surfactant concentration in the Lake was 17 ± 3 ppm, and surface tension remained around 50 mN/m, similar to the treatment plant inlet. The Phosphorus concentration in the Lake was high at 10 ± 3 ppm, with the primary source being feces and urine. Phosphorus indirectly affected the surfactant concentration of the Lake. Foam stability studies showed that mixed bacteria (filamentous) from Bellandur, in its stationary phase-played a crucial role in adding to the stability of the foam. The highest contributing filamentous bacterial family was found to be Flavobacteriia.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Runoff Pollution in Langfang City

Urban runoff pollution can carry pollutants into the receiving water through scouring and leaching, causing black color and odor or eutrophication. Understanding and mastering the characteristics of runoff pollution is a prerequisite for the effective control of runoff pollution. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of runoff pollution and the correlation between pollutants in the urban area of Langfang City. Rainfall runoff samples were collected seven times by setting up 14 sampling sites within the urban area. The suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), N, P, fecal E. coli, anionic surfactants, volatile phenols, and Zn, Cr6+, As, Cu, etc. were analyzed. The source and distribution of pollutants were summarized and analyzed through principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that the concentration of pollutants in runoff in Langfang City varied greatly at different times and locations. The average ρ(SS) at each point ranged from 150-500 mg·L-1, and the average concentrations of COD, N, P, and fecal E. coli all exceeded those of the surface water standard Ⅴ. The average concentration of anionic surfactants, petroleum, and volatile phenols were between those of the surface water standard Ⅰ and standard Ⅳ. The concentrations of metal pollutants were relatively low. NH4+-N had a positive correlation with total nitrogen (TN), volatile phenols, and As. COD had a certain positive correlation with TN, total phosphorus (TP), Cr6+, and As, whereas fecal E. coli had a certain negative correlation with Zn and Cu. The organic matter, P, Cu, and SS were probably derived from vehicle tires and road surfaces. All sampling sites could be roughly divided into four types according to the features of pollution:mainly commercial service areas, residential areas, larger arterial roads, and small roads between communities. The pollution of runoff in Langfang City was relatively serious, especially that of COD, N, and P. This research provides important reference values for the control and regulation of runoff pollution in urban areas and other northern cities.

STATICS OF ADSORPTION OF ANIONIC SURFACTANTS

The paper presents the results of the study of the statics of adsorption of surface-active substances from model solutions by activated carbon and zeolite. The results of photometric determination of the concentration of anionic surfactants before and after adsorption are presented. The results of adsorption capacity calculations are presented. The experimental results using the program (Langmuir 1.03) were numerically calculated. Sorption isotherms of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicate the mechanism of monomolecular physical adsorption. A good convergence of experimental data and theoretical calculations were established, the coefficient of determination R2>0.9, the value of the Chebyshev criterion 9·10-4 ... 2·10-4, and the root mean square deviation equal to 0 were established.

A study on how to control the supramolecular amphiphilic assembly of anionic bola surfactant with calixpyridinium

The fabrication of supramolecular amphiphiles by the host–guest interactions between macrocycles and surfactants is an effective method to improve the physical and chemical properties of amphiphiles. However, as far as we know, lowering the critical micelle concentration of anionic surfactant by the complexation of macrocyclic host is scarcely studied. In this work, we systematically studied the host–guest interactions between calixpyridinium and four select anionic bola surfactants. Only congo red that has a conjugated linker could assemble into supramolecular amphiphile with calixpyridinium accompanied by a decreased critical micelle concentration. As a result, the pKa value of congo red shifted significantly. Moreover, the calixpyridinium–congo red supramolecular amphiphilic assembly exhibited a valuable visible-light response for the complete photodegradation of congo red.

Rapid authentication of mono-floral honeys by capillary zone electrophoresis

Protein is the most important characteristic component of honey. The types and content of proteins in different kinds of honey are imparity, but those in the same kind of honey are very similar. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method, used to detect proteins, was developed for authenticating of four mono-floral honeys (n = 45), including medlar honey, chaste honey, jujube honey and locust honey. Electrophoresis conditions including capillary inner diameter (50–70 μm), pH (2.5–9), the concentration of anionic surfactant (0.3–0.5 mmol L−1), injection time (3–7 s) and separation voltage (3–7 KV) were optimized. The results showed that the honey sample was highly stable and the detection limit was 10%, the relative standard deviation of retention time and peak area were lower than 1.40% and 1.76%, respectively. The CZE fingerprints were established on the basis of different protein characteristics in different mono-floral honeys combined with chemometric analysis. All 45 honeys could be correctly identified according to their floral origins. This method does not need to confirm the type of protein, and has the advantages of simple and fast verification of the authenticity of honey.

Modelling the Biogas Production Kinetics of Anionic Surfactants Exposed Anaerobic Fermentation Process Using Sigmoidal Growth Functions

The kinetics of biogas production on anaerobic fermentation with anionic surfactants added was evaluated using the sigmoidal models (the modified Gompertz and Logistic). The mesophilic anaerobic co-fermentation experiments under different anionic surfactants concentrations were conducted with mixed cow dung and corn straw as feedstocks. The results showed that the anionic surfactants in appropriate concentrations on anaerobic fermentation increased the cumulative biogas yields while prolonged the lag phase time. The modified Logistic model performed better than modified Gompertz model in fitting the experimental results of anaerobic co-fermentation with anionic surfactants added. The results of this study were expected to provide theoretical guidance for studying the impact of anionic surfactants and modelling the kinetic process of anaerobic co-fermentation.

Conducto metric Studies on the Thermal Effects on Micellar Solubilization of Acetazolamide - A Diuretic Drug

Drugs solubility is an important parameter for efficient absorption and drug delivery. Thus, most exigent phase of drug development practice particularly for oral dosage forms is the enhancement of drug solubility. Acetazolamide is a drug with diuretic properties. Conductivity measurement have been carried out to study the micellar behavior of anionic surfactant i.e., sodium dedocyl sulphate (SDS) and cationic surfactant i.e. cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in the absence and presence of a diuretic drug i.e. Diamox in the temperature range of 25°C – 45°C. From the measurements, various physicochemical and surface properties Critical micellar concentration (cmc), thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°m, ΔH°m , ΔS°m) have been determined. The negative value of ΔG°m shows spontaneity of solubilization process. All these parameters have been discussed in terms of drug-drug, drug-solvent and drug-surfactant interactions. This result shows that the solubility of Acetazolamide drug increases with increasing the concentration of both anionic and cationic surfactant. This study reveals that use of surfactant in pharmacy is an important tool for finding numerous applications.

Equilibrium Constant, Concentrations Study of <i>p-</i>Aminobenzoic Acid in Anionic, Cationic and Non-ionic Surfactants

p-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) was used as a probe to study the equilibrium constant in ground and excited state and concentrations of anionic surfactant, cationic surfactant and non-ionic surfactant. The absorption and fluorescence spectral characteristics of pABA were reported in aqueous micellar environments (SDS, CTAB and TW 80) at different pHs. The neutral and monoanion form of pABA is present at both pHs 3 and 7 respectively. The blue shifted fluorescence maximum was accompanied by a great raise in intensity at pH 3 whereas at pH 7 the emission intensity a little increase with increasing micelles concentration. In the acidic medium, the CMC value is increased when compared to neutral solution. The strength of interaction between pABA-micelles at both pHs was estimated using Hirose - Sepulveda equation and these calculated values was further used to estimate the free energy change of the interaction from the fluorescence data. These results from the absorption and fluorescence spectra of pABA well explained that the nature of force and location of probe in ionic micelles and non-ionic micelles at different pHs.

Spatio-temporal Evaluation of the Quality of Effluents in Anionic Surfactants from the Soap and Cosmetics Units of the Industrial Area of Yopougon, Abidjan, Ivory Coast

The anionic surfactants used in the soap industry and cosmetics appear as indicators of pollution of aquatic biodiversity. Moreover, these industries have experienced rapid growth in Côte d'Ivoire in recent years. Most of them are located in the Yopougon industrial area, thus continuously discharging their effluents into the Ebrié lagoon. This situation could lead to environmental, health and socio-economic disaster. Consequently, the evaluation of the quality of these effluents in anionic surfactants constitutes the starting point for the effect of identifying suitable ways for an efficient management of their use and their future. Four effluent sampling campaigns of ten units from this area were carried out over a period of one year. Anionic surfactants were analyzed by the methylene blue method. The analysis of the concentrations determined and the spatio-temporal analysis of the quality of the effluents according to the analysis of variance with repeated measures were carried out. It appears that all the effluents are very loaded with anionic surfactants and are grouped into two classes. Units Y2, Y6 and Y9 have an average concentration of anionic surfactants varying between 203,740 ± 157,544 (mg/L. EASL) and 275,323 ± 255,811 (mg/L. EASL). The group (Y1, Y3, Y4, Y5, Y7, Y8 and Y10) records an average concentration in this parameter oscillating between 8.305 ± 6,508 (mg/L. EASL) and 71.750 ± 91,485 (mg/L. EASL).

Microextraction-colorimetric determination of anionic surfactants in natural and waste waters

An eco-friendly, simple, rapid and cheap method for determining anionic surfactants in natural and waste waters by microextraction-colorimetric method has been developed. The essence of the proposed approach consisted in extraction and concentration of analytes in an acidic medium in the form of associates with organic reagents (methylene blue and acridine yellow) by dispersion liquid-liquid microextraction using a mixture of chloroform-acetonitrile as an extracting and dispersing solvent, followed by aggregation of extractant microparticles by centrifugation and subsequent measurements of color characteristics using a smartphone. The values of the basic components of the RGB colorimetric system were used as an analytical signal to calculate the final color: The selection of optimal conditions for microextraction concentration of anionic surfactants from natural waters (the nature of the extracting and dispergating solvents, the volume of the dispergating solvent) was performed for the sodium dodecyl sulfate — methylene blue system. To study the colorimetric characteristics of the prepared extracts, a smartphone «iPhone X» was used as a color-registering device equipped with a specialized software product «RGBer». To minimize the measurement error by fixing the distance to the object under study and lighting conditions, we propose an installation that increases the accuracy and sensitivity of the determination and makes the method more mobile. The total content of the most common components of detergents was determined: sodium dodecyl sulfate, sulfonol, laureth sulfate and disodium laureth-3-sulfosuccinate. The detection limits ranged within 0.01 – 0.02 and 0.05 mg/liter. The range of detectable contents for all analytes was 0.05 – 1.0 mg/liter. For the determined surfactants, the equations of the relationship between the analytical signal and the concentration were obtained. The calibration graphs are linear with coefficients of the approximation reliability ≤0.98. The correctness of the method was tested on samples of natural water using the spike test procedure. The relative standard deviation of the analysis results does not exceed 0.13. The analysis duration is 20 – 30 min.

Using hierarchical mesoporous Mg–Al LDH as a potential model to precisely load BSA for biological application

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a familiar protein and often used as a model drug to test the adsorption efficiency of material, while the cytotoxicity of hybrid is overlooked. In this study, we synthesized hierarchical mesoporous flower-like Mg–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) microspheres through anion surfactant mediated hydrothermal method. The scanning electron microscopic images demonstrated that 10S-LDH and 100S-LDH samples possessed a porous surface and the porosity structure were affected by the concentration of anionic surfactant, i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS). By being immersed in the BSA/phosphate buffer solution (PBS) solution, the 100S-LDH had a loading capacity about 44.6 mg/g. Compared to 1S-LDH and 10S-LDH, the SDS intercalated in 100S-LDH could form the hydrogen bond with BSA molecules and promote the adsorption efficiency. In the cytotoxicity test towards Raw264.7 cells, the hybrid of BSA and [Formula: see text]S-LDH showed a superior biocompatibility to the raw LDH materials. The SDS intercalated Mg–Al LDH is expected to be used in the bioactive molecules delivery.

Influence of sodium chloride on the kinetics of methane hydrate formation in the presence of surfactant

Hydrates have been identified as potential technologies for applications such as storage and transportation of natural gas and seawater desalination. These industrial applications are usually affected by the induction time and the growth rate of the hydrate. The addition of surfactants to the gas–water system can improve this effect. The formation of natural gas hydrate requires a lot of water, and the use of seawater can save a lot of freshwater resources. However, the presence of NaCl in seawater has an opposite effect on the formation of hydrates. This article focuses on the influence of NaCl and different types of surfactants on the conversion of water to hydrates, gas dissolution, nucleate growth and formation rate of methane hydrate. Measurements of surface tension and the number of particles in complex systems further explained how surfactants and NaCl affect the hydrate formation. The results indicate that low concentration of NaCl (50 mmol/L) and anionic surfactant can significantly increase the water–to–hydrate conversion and hydrate nucleation. It has been pointed out that although NaCl is called thermodynamic inhibitors, low concentrations of NaCl and surfactants can further promote hydrate formation. The novel mechanism insights have been discussed by which different concentrations of NaCl and surfactants affect the hydrate formation kinetics. Most natural gas hydrates are distributed deep in the seabed, and NaCl is the main component of seawater. Understanding the influence of NaCl on hydrates in the complex system can provide a theoretical basis for future hydrate research.

Determination and comparison of anionic surfactant and phosphate concentrations at the entrance and the exit of the Turkish Straits System (TSS)

A comparison study was performed on anionic surfactant and phosphate concentrations between the entrance and the exit of Turkish Straits System (TSS). Surface water samples were collected at fall season in 2016 and the spring season in 2017. According to the values obtained from the samples taken from 6 stations at the entrance and 7 at the exit, anionic surfactant values were high at the exit of the TSS, while the phosphate concentrations were relatively lower. The high phosphate values at the entrance are related to the eutrophic feature of the Black Sea. Also, the location of these stations covers one end of the Canal Istanbul Project, which is planned to be built soon, so the data of this study will constitute an important database.

Concentration of anionic surfactants from aqueous solutions on sorbents of various nature

The sorption isotherms of anionic surfactants (AS) from the aqueous solution on eight polar and nonpolar sorbents were obtained. The equilibrium characteristics of sorption were determined. The SV-50 activated carbon is recommended for the effective recovery of AS based on the values of maximum adsorption and concentration equilibrium constants. It has been established that, when the content of AS is much higher than the maximum permissible concentrations, adsorption proceeds via a monomolecular mechanism, and the onset of multilayer formation corresponds to half of the critical micelle concentration. A sorbent layer consisting of activated carbon SV-50 and ion exchange fiber FIBAN AK-22-1 is proposed for the concentration of AS from aqueous solutions. 0.1 M Solution of sodium sulfate is selected as a solution for elution. The concentration was carried out using sodium dodecyl sulfate as an example. An elution curve was obtained, and the characteristics of the concentration were calculated for AS. The proposed sorption extraction allows to reduce the detection limit of AS for the determination by ion-selective electrodes.

Modified Two‐Phase Titration Methods to Quantify Surfactant Concentrations in Chemical‐Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications

AbstractIn enhanced oil recovery applications, surfactants are injected into reservoirs along with polymers and salts. The effluents eluted from lab experiments and field tests are analyzed by HPLC methods using an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) detector. When the surfactant concentrations are less than 100 ppm, HPLC methods are inaccurate. A novel two‐phase titration method is developed where surfactant concentrations can be quantified using a calibration curve constructed with UV/vis absorption. This method can analyze surfactant concentrations 5–80 ppm where dilution eliminates any high‐salinity interferences with the absorption measurements. The method is based on formation of a dye‐surfactant complex and the light absorption of the complex has a linear correlation with the surfactant concentration. Anionic surfactant concentrations lower than 100 ppm can be accurately quantified using this method with methylene blue. The method was also developed for low concentrations (<50 ppm) of cationic surfactants using methyl orange and indigo carmine. The indigo carmine method can be used without the use of an organic phase. All methods are applicable at salinities up to 3 wt%. Both the methylene blue method and the methyl orange method can be used to detect zwitterionic surfactants. These methods can be used in the presence of polymers without any prior treatments.

Herbal Shampoos Based on Vegetable Waste Production

Currently, much attention is paid to the development of consumer products based on secondary resources, in particular using production waste. One of the perspective directions of using of plant waste products is their use for making shampoos. This article presents the results of studying of influence of tinctures of blueberry leaves tall (Vaccinium corymbosum) and seed buckwheat grass (Fagopyrum esculentum) on the index of quality of the developed shampoos. An anionic surfactant (SLES, IFRAPON LOS 2 N 70 trademark) was introduced into the composition of the developed shampoo. This is due to variety of causes, for example, it has a more gentle effect on the scalp and hair compared to other sorts of surfactants. Physicochemical parameters characterizing the basic properties of water solutions of anionic surfactants, such as foam number, foam stability, pH, and conditional viscosity, are determined. It was determined that optimal concentration of anionic surfactant for introducing shampoo into the composition is 0.02 % (mass). It was also determined that optimal condition of tincture of blueberry leaves and tincture of buck-wheat grass in the composition of shampoo is 10 % (vol.). Thus, the introduction of tinctures of said plant raw materials into shampoos provides technological index of shampoos at the level of indicators established in GOST 31696-2012, and the biologically active substances contained in tinctures certainly have a positive effect on the scalp and hair of consumers

A hydroponic green roof system for rainwater collection and greywater treatment

A hydroponic green roof system (HGRS) was developed to reduce urban storm water runoff and to meet the demand of collecting, treating, and reusing grey- and rainwater onsite in green buildings. This system works by treating greywater separately during periods without precipitation and by simultaneous rainwater collection and greywater treatment during rainy periods. Therefore, we first studied the performance of this system when greywater was treated separately under the three hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 4, 6, and 8 days. Thereafter, we studied this system as it simultaneously collected rainwater and treated greywater under an HRT of 8 days. The results show that, at this HRT, the removal efficiency of organic matter and anionic surfactants, as well as a decrease in turbidity, were quite significant in this system. The average reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), anionic surfactants, and decrease in turbidity reached 81%, 97%, 88%, and 75%, respectively. Microbial sequencing showed the presence of organisms (i.e., Phenylobacterium) in the system that were capable of degrading anionic surfactants. The relative abundance of Phenylobacterium was closely related to the changes in the anionic surfactant concentration, while the microbial species richness gradually increased with extended treatment time. When this system collected rainwater and treated greywater simultaneously, the COD, BOD5, and anionic surfactant concentration in the effluent were lower than when greywater was treated alone, resulting in superior water quality.

A Universal Electrolyte Formulation for the Electrodeposition of Pristine Carbon and Polypyrrole Composites for Supercapacitors

Electrodeposition of conducting polymer-carbon composites from an electrolyte precursor solution is a facile one-step approach to fabricate device-ready electrodes for energy storage. A key challenge in this approach is the dispersion of the carbon nanomaterials with the aqueous precursor solution with previous approaches either heavily oxidizing the carbon nanomaterials or using high concentrations of anionic surfactants as dopants. However, the former reduces the electrical conductivity of carbon, while the latter reduces the ionic mobility of the conducting polymer due to the large anion size. Herein, for the first time we present a quaternary electrolyte formulation for the fabrication of pristine carbon and polypyrrole (PPy) composites that does not sacrifice either electron or ion mobility. The electrolyte uses lithium perchlorate (20 mM) as a supporting electrolyte and dopant, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate at a very low concentration (1.43 mM) as a surfactant, together with pristine carbon nanomaterials and pyrrole monomers. The order of magnitude difference between the concentration of the dopant and surfactant ion allows the as-deposited PPy to be doped predominantly by small-sized and mobile perchlorate anions. Composites of PPy with carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and electrochemical exfoliated graphene (EEG) have been successfully prepared using this new quaternary electrolyte. The as-fabricated PPy/EEG composite electrodes showed a specific capacitance of 348.8 F g-1 with a high rate capability (190.7 F g-1 at 71 A g-1). Supercapacitor devices based on the PPy/EEG composite electrodes exhibit a high rate behavior up to 500 mV s-1 and a long cycle life of 5000 cycles.