Anionic Polymer Research Articles

Treatment of polluted river water using potential bioflocculant produced by Klebsiella pneumonia UKD24.

Chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) is a rapid wastewater treatment process involving treating wastewater with two chemical-aided processes, coagulation, and flocculation. In the present study, a natural extracellular polymeric substance flocculant (EPSBF) produced by Klebsiella pneumonia UKD24, a bacterium isolated from the sewage treatment plant, and a synthetic polyacrylamide anionic polymer flocculant (PAM) were evaluated to treat polluted river water. The synthetic PAM showed immediate turbidity reduction after agitation, while the EPSBF expressed a rapid decrease in optical density. After 20 min of the settling period, the EPSBF showed reduced rates of turbidity, optical density, and chemical oxygen demand at 74.14 ± 5.2%, 89.37 ± 0.76%, and 87.21 ± 0.73%, respectively, while PAM showed 67.08 ± 4%, 85.68 ± 2%, and 86.57 ± 2%, respectively. EPSBF treatment significantly improved the water quality parameters in terms of total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, conductivity, and oxidation-reduction potential than PAM treatment. However, the EPSBF has shown a more water-holding capacity and relatively weak flock formation, producing more sludge volume than PAM. Furthermore, though the sludge produced by the EPSBF treatment had a higher moisture content, it showed shorter capillary suction time (CST). In contrast, sludge formed in PAM treatment had lower moisture content, but it exhibited prolonged CST value indicating that PAM treatment sludge showed slow dewaterability.

The enduring impact of a visionary scientist

This study chronicles the seminal contributions of Dr. Raphael M. Ottenbrite, the late Founding Editor of the Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, to polymer science from the 1970s through 2016. Beginning with an exploration of the biological impacts of anionic polymers, Dr. Ottenbrite’s research evolved to include their applications in immunology and cancer therapy. The 1980s marked a pivotal shift toward the synthesis of polymers geared specifically toward biomedical uses. In the 1990s, his work advanced to include sophisticated synthesis methods and surface modification techniques. The 2000s were characterized by a focus on nanotechnology and the innovation of drug delivery systems. His final research phase, from 2011 to 2016, concentrated on the development of biodegradable materials and advanced drug delivery systems. Dr. Ottenbrite’s work was a unique blend of polymer chemistry, materials science, and biomedicine, laying a vital groundwork for future interdisciplinary research.

Cationized gelatin-sodium alginate polyelectrolyte nanoparticles encapsulating moxifloxacin as an eye drop to treat bacterial keratitis

A mucoadhesive polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) nanoparticles were developed for ocular moxifloxacin (Mox) delivery in Bacterial Keratitis (BK). Moxifloxacin-loaded G/CG-Alg NPs were prepared by an amalgamation of cationic polymers (gelatin (G)/cationized gelatin (CG)), and anionic polymer (sodium alginate (Alg)) along with Mox respectively. Mox@CG-Alg NPs were characterized for physicochemical parameters such as particle size (DLS technique), morphology (SEM analysis), DSC, XRD, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, mucoadhesive study (by texture analyzer), mucin turbidity, and viscosity assessment. The NPs uptake and toxicity of the formulation were analyzed in the Human Corneal Epithelial (HCE) cell line and an ocular irritation study was performed on the HET-CAM. The results indicated that the CG-Alg NPs, with optimal size (217.2 ± 4 nm) and polydispersity (0.22 ± 0.05), have shown high cellular uptake in monolayer and spheroids of HCE. The drug-loaded formulation displayed mucoadhesiveness, trans-corneal permeation, and sustained the release of the Mox. The anti-bacterial efficacy studied on planktonic bacteria/biofilms of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (in vitro) indicated that the Mox@CG-Alg NPs displayed low MIC, higher zone of bacterial growth inhibition, and cell death compared to free Mox. A significant reduction of bacterial load was observed in the BK-induced mouse model.

Effects of carboxymethyl starch as a papermaking additive

Carboxymethyl starch (CMS) is a bio-based, anionic polymer that has potential as part of a dry-strength additive program for papermaking. Due to its negative charge, its effects can be expected to depend on its interactions with various cationic agents. In this work, the effects of CMS were observed following its sequential addition after one of three selected cationic strength agents at different dosage levels. In selected tests, the furnish was pretreated at the 1% level by a dispersant, sodium polyacrylate, which might represent a high level of anionic contaminants in a paper mill system. Laboratory tests were conducted to show the effects on dewatering, fine-particle retention, and flocculation. These tests were supplemented with measurements of charge demand, zeta potential, and handsheet properties. Sequential addition of cationic glyoxylated acrylamide copolymers (gPAM) and CMS were found to strongly promote dewatering. Two gPAM products and a poly(vinylamine) product in sequential addition with CMS were very effective for promoting fine-particle retention. These same sequential treatments of the stock contributed to moderate fiber flocculation, though severe flocculation was caused by further treatment of the furnish with colloidal silica. Handsheet strength results were mixed. In the default recycled copy paper furnish, the average breaking length for the sheets made with cationic additives followed by CMS was not greatly different from the blank condition. Superior strength resulted when the default furnish was treated with a dispersant alone. When the dispersant-contaminated furnish was treated with the same combinations of cationic additives and CMS, the strength returned to the baseline achieved in the absence of the dispersant. The results were discussed in terms of the charged character of the different additives and their interactions not only with the fiber surfaces but also with each other.

Importance of Non-Covalent Interactions in Yeast Cell Wall Molecular Organization.

This review covers a group of non-covalently associated molecules, particularly proteins (NCAp), incorporated in the yeast cell wall (CW) with neither disulfide bridges with proteins covalently attached to polysaccharides nor other covalent bonds. Most NCAp, particularly Bgl2, are polysaccharide-remodeling enzymes. Either directly contacting their substrate or appearing as CW lipid-associated molecules, such as in vesicles, they represent the most movable enzymes and may play a central role in CW biogenesis. The absence of the covalent anchoring of NCAp allows them to be there where and when it is necessary. Another group of non-covalently attached to CW molecules are polyphosphates (polyP), the universal regulators of the activity of many enzymes. These anionic polymers are able to form complexes with metal ions and increase the diversity of non-covalent interactions through charged functional groups with both proteins and polysaccharides. The mechanism of regulation of polysaccharide-remodeling enzyme activity in the CW is unknown. We hypothesize that polyP content in the CW is regulated by another NCAp of the CW-acid phosphatase-which, along with post-translational modifications, may thus affect the activity, conformation and compartmentalization of Bgl2 and, possibly, some other polysaccharide-remodeling enzymes.

Electron Localization Induced by Disordered Anions in an Organic Conductor.

We report on a new organic conductor κ″-(ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br (κ″-Br), which is the first polymorph of an organic superconductor κ-(ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br (κ-Br), where ET denotes bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene. κ″-Br has a similar κ-type arrangement of ET molecules to κ-Br, but, in contrast to the orthorhombic κ-Br, which has ordered polyanion chains, presents a monoclinic crystal structure with disordered polymeric anion chains. To elucidate the electronic state of κ″-Br, we performed band calculations as well as transport, magnetic, and optical measurements. The calculated band dispersion, magnitude of electron correlation, and room-temperature optical conductivity spectra of κ″-Br were comparable to those of κ-Br. Despite these similarities, the κ″-Br salt exhibited a semiconducting behavior. The electron spin resonance and Raman spectroscopies indicated that there is neither magnetic nor charge order in κ″-Br, suggesting the occurrence of Anderson localization due to disordered anion layers.

Accelerated Selective Li+ Transports Assisted by Microcrack-Free Anionic Network Polymer Membranes for Long Cyclable Lithium Metal Batteries.

Rechargeable Li metal batteries have the potential to meet the demands of high-energy density batteries for electric vehicles and grid-energy storage system applications. Achieving this goal, however, requires resolving not only safety concerns and a shortened battery cycle life arising from a combination of undesirable lithium dendrite and solid-electrolyte interphase formations. Here, a series of microcrack-free anionic network polymer membranes formed by a facile one-step click reaction are reported, displaying a high cation conductivity of 3.1 × 10-5 S cm-1 at high temperature, a wide electrochemical stability window up to 5V, a remarkable resistance to dendrite growth, and outstanding non-flammability. These enhanced properties are attributed to the presence of tethered borate anions in microcrack-free membranes, which benefits the acceleration of selective Li+ cations transport as well as suppression of dendrite growth. Ultimately, the microcrack-free anionic network polymer membranes render Li metal batteries a safe and long-cyclable energy storage device at high temperatures with a capacity retention of 92.7% and an average coulombic efficiency of 99.867% at 450 cycles.

ThermOxshield ion pair self assembly unleashing suppressed release.

Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA), an anionic polymer was used to prepare ion pair self-assembly (IPSAM) with 4-(methylthio)aniline (MTA), a hydrophobic counter ion, which is responsive to temperature and oxidation. The IPSAM was formed when the carboxylic to amino group molar ratio was 7/3-5/5. The structure of the IPSAM nanoparticle was spherical whose diameter was 30-40nm on the TEM images. The PAA/MTA ion pair showed the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) that hiked with increasing MTA content. When the MTA of the ion pair was oxidized by H2O2, the UCST was also increased. The amphiphilic property of the ion pair was responsible for interface activity which declined upon the oxidation of the MTA. The surface tension was low for the ratio of PAA/MTA (5/5), which made the 5/5 ratio suitable for further studies. The interaction between PAA and MTA, which was ionic, and the oxidation of MTA was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The release of payload (i.e. Nile red) in IPSAM was restrained below the UCST but it was triggered above the phase transition temperature possibly due to the disintegration of the IPSAM whereas on MTA oxidation the release was shielded due to more hydrophobicity. The release was found to be higher in tumor environment temperature which could be controlled with the input concentration of H2O2 giving a stable IPSAM. The cell viability results showed that IPSAM has no significant cytotoxicity and can serve as a drug carrier for stimulus-response.

Anionic extracellular polymeric substances extracted from seawater-adapted aerobic granular sludge.

Anionic polymers, such as heparin, have been widely applied in the chemical and medical fields, particularly for binding proteins (e.g., fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and histones). However, the current animal-based production of heparin brings great risks, including resource shortages and product contamination. Recently, anionic compounds, nonulosonic acids (NulOs), and sulfated glycoconjugates were discovered in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aerobic granular sludge (AGS). Given the prevalence of anionic polymers, in marine biofilms, it was hypothesized that the EPS from AGS grown under seawater condition could serve as a raw material for producing the alternatives to heparin. This study aimed to isolate and enrich the anionic fractions of EPS and evaluate their potential application in the chemical and medical fields. The AGS was grown in a lab-scale reactor fed with acetate, under the seawater condition (35 g/L sea salt). The EPS was extracted with an alkaline solution at 80 °C and fractionated by size exclusion chromatography. Its protein binding capacity was evaluated by native gel electrophoresis. It was found that the two highest molecular weight fractions (438- > 14,320 kDa) were enriched with NulO and sulfate-containing glycoconjugates. The enriched fractions can strongly bind the two histones involved in sepsis and a model protein used for purification by heparin-column. These findings demonstrated possibilities for the application of the extracted EPS and open up a novel strategy for resource recovery. KEY POINTS: • High MW EPS from seawater-adapted AGS are dominant with sulfated groups and NulOs • Fifty-eight percent of the EPS is high MW of 68-14,320 kDa • EPS and its fractions can bind histones and fibroblast growth factor 2.

Cadmium Dicyanoaurates and Their Reaction with Ammonia.

The synthesis and crystal structures of two anionic cadmium dicyanoaurate coordination polymers, [nBu4N]6[(Cd4Cl4)2(Au(CN)2)12][CdCl4] (TCCA) and [nBu4N]2[Cd(Au(CN)2)4], and their reaction with ammonia vapour is reported. TCCA and the isostructural [nBu4N]6[(Cd4Br4)2(Au(CN)2)12][CdBr4] form 3-D arrays with [Cd4X4]4+ (X=Cl, Br) cubane clusters linked from each octahedral Cd(II) centre by three bridging [Au(CN)2]- units. TCCA reacts with ammonia with concentrations of 1000 ppm or higher to give a product with a quantum yield of 0.88, while [nBu4N]2[Cd(Au(CN)2)4], which forms a 2-D anionic Cd[Au(CN)2]2 sheet structure with axially pendant [Au(CN)2]- units, reacts with concentrated ammonia vapour to generate Cd(NH3)2[Au(CN)2]2; this has a similar 2-D sheet structure but with axial NH3 units. Vibrational spectroscopy illustrated that the reaction of both Cd/[Au(CN)2]-based materials with ammonia proceeded by breaking Cd-NC bonds. For [nBu4N]2[Cd(Au(CN)2)4], this results in decomposition into [nBu4N][Au(CN)2] ⋅ 0.5H2O and Cd(NH3)2[Au(CN)2]2, while the reaction of ammonia with TCCA is reversible by heating the ammonia-bound sample above 110 °C. Cd[Au(CN)2]2 can be prepared by thermal removal of NH3 units from Cd(NH3)2[Au(CN)2]2.

Gels Containing Poloxamer 407 and Sodium Alginate as Vehicles for Vaginal Administration

Sodium alginate and poloxamer 407 were both studied in order to design a hydrogel-based delivery system as a platform for the formulation of vaginal medecines. Sodium alginate is a natural anionic mucoadhesive polymer while poloxamer 407 is a temperature-sensitive polymer. A commercial alginate was characterized. Then, its solutions (0.5-2 % w/w), poloxamer 407 solutions (16-21.5 % w/w) and their mixtures were prepared. Their rheological properties and the influence of vaginal simulated fluid were assessed. This commercial alginate had a mannuronate-to-guluronate ratio of 1.24, a weight-average molecular weight of 300 000 ± 2% g.mol-1, a polydispersity index of 1.8 ± 3%. Alginate solutions displayed a viscous behavior not suitable for a vaginal administration. Poloxamer solutions and their mixtures with alginate were temperature-sensitive, shear-thinning, non-thixotropic and had an elastic behavior suitable for a vaginal administration. Their resistance to dilution with vaginal fluid could prolonge vaginal residence.
 Keywords: Formulation, poloxamer 407, rheology, sodium alginate, temperature–sensitive, vaginal fluid, viscoelastic properties.

Investigation of Treatability of Automotive Industry Wastewaters by Coagulation-Flocculation, Fenton and UV/H2O2

In the automotive industry, painting operations have emerged as a major source of environmental concerns. In this study, the treatability of wastewater obtained from the automotive industry painting process was investigated by using coagulation-flocculation, ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2), and Fenton processes. The effects of pH, coagulant, and anionic polymer doses were examined for three different coagulants in the coagulation-flocculation process. Optimal conditions were determined based on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity removal efficiency. As a result of the study, the optimum conditions for the coagulant identified as ferric chloride, which achieved the highest COD removal of 49.6% and turbidity removal of 74.4%, were determined as pH 8, coagulant dose of 400 mg L-1, and anionic polymer dose of 1 mg L-1. In the second stage of the study, Fenton and UV/H2O2 processes were applied to the effluent of the coagulation-flocculation process to increase the removal efficiency. When the results were evaluated, it was observed that the maximum COD removal efficiency of 63.4% was attained under the conditions of pH 3 and 400 mg L-1 H2O2 concentration applied in the UV/H2O2 process. However, in the Fenton process, a maximum COD removal efficiency of only 51% was achieved. From this study, it can be concluded that the UV/ H2O2 process applied after coagulation-flocculation increases the removal efficiency and can be an alternative and effective treatment process for wastewater from the automotive painting process.

Dynamic Orientation Control of Gold Nanorods in Polymer Brushes by Their Thickness Changes for Plasmon Switching

AbstractGold nanorods (AuNRs) have unique optical properties such as transverse and longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance (T‐ and L‐LSPR). As the L‐LSPR absorption depends on the angle of the AuNRs to incident light and polarization, orientational control of AuNRs is a crucial issue. In spite of various techniques to control AuNR orientation, dynamic orientation tuning on a solid substrate remains challenging. Herein, dynamic changes are demonstrated in AuNR orientation in the anionic polymer (DNA) brushes via control of their thickness by salt concentration. AuNRs vertically align toward the substrates when their thickness exceeds the AuNR length. Once their thickness becomes shorter than the AuNR length, the attached AuNRs begin to tilt. The tilt reaches a maximum level close to horizontal when the thickness decreases to half that of the AuNR length. The dynamic control between the vertical (uniform) and tilted (random) orientation of the AuNRs showed not only absorption intensity changes in L‐LSPR but also the switching of side‐by‐side plasmon coupling. The polymer brush‐based system affords a novel platform for the stimuli‐responsive control of AuNR orientation on the substrates via changes in the thickness of polymer brushes for actively tunable plasmonic substrates.

Oligo (ethylene glycol)-grafted poly(terphenyl indole piperidinium) with high water diffusivity for anion exchange membrane fuel cells

The water diffusivity of polymeric anion exchange membranes (AEMs) plays a critical role in determining the AEM fuel cells (AEMFCs) performance because it generates an imbalance in the amount of water at the anode and cathode. However, the correlation between water diffusivity and the chemical structure of AEMs remains unclear. This study focuses on a series of oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) functionalized poly(arylene indole piperidinium) AEMs, in which OEG grafts are directly attached onto the polymer backbones. The polar and flexible OEG side chains afford a microphase-separated morphology, close polymer-chain packing, and extra sites for water–ion transport, resulting in high ion-exchange-capacity (IEC)-normalized conductivity, improved water diffusivity, and dimensional stability. Moreover, these side chains provide excellent ex-situ stability in a 1 M NaOH solution (80 °C) for 1080 h, surpassing the stability of its alkyl side chain counterpart (PITP-C10Q85) by a significant margin. The resultant PITP-OEG-85 with the highest water diffusivity exhibits a highest peak power density of 1.23 W cm−2 at 80 °C despite its low IEC value and conductivity. In-situ durability tests of this membrane at 0.2 A cm−2 for 24 h revealed the degradation of piperidinium under harsh conditions (70 % anode relative humidity at 60 °C). This work opens a new avenue for designing highly conductive and alkali-stable AEM materials with high water diffusivity to realize high-performance AEMFCs.

New design to enhance phosphonate selective removal from water by MOF confined in hyper-cross-linked resin

Although polymeric anion exchange resins can remove phosphonates, they lack selectivity for target phosphonates and are susceptible to interference by anions and other substances. Here, we developed a novel strategy via confining MIL-101(Fe)-NH2 inside commercial resins IRA-900 for high-efficient and precise phosphonate removal, accompanying with the improvement of the stability and recovery of MIL-101(Fe)-NH2. The obtained nanocomposite MIL-101(Fe)-NH2@IRA-900 (MFNI) exhibited significantly enhanced phosphonate removal in the presence of competing anions (Cl−, SO42−, NO3− and CO32−) and natural organic matter (humic acid) at high concentrations (2–4 times of phosphonate concentration). Moreover, MFNI displayed the highest phosphonate adsorption capacity (12.9 mg P/g) and the fastest adsorption kinetics (120 min) than hydrated ferric oxides modified IRA-900 (HFOI) (6.7 mg P/g, 180 min), MIL-101(Fe)-NH2 (7.6 mg P/g, 240 min) and IRA-900 (5.6 mg P/g, 360 min). Such higher adsorption affinity and anti-interference ability came from the synergistic effect of the host IRA-900 (hydrogen-bond interaction and electrostatic attraction) and the embedded MIL-101(Fe)-NH2 (ligand exchange). The depleted MFNI could be regenerated with a binary NaOH-NaCl solution and reused without significant loss of capacity. Column adsorption runs by using MFNI indicated the fresh MFNI could achieve 100 % removal of PPOA in 10.5 h continuously feeding, which offered the possibility of achieving potential large-scale applications. In general, a new MOF-confined design approach was practiced to achieve selective elimination of phosphates and to improve the stability and recovery of MOF.

On the mucoadhesive properties of synthetic and natural polyampholytes

HypothesisThe mucoadhesive characteristics of amphoteric polymers (also known as polyampholytes) can vary and are influenced by factors such as the solution's pH and its relative position against their isoelectric point (pHIEP). Whilst the literature contains numerous reports on mucoadhesive properties of either cationic or anionic polymers, very little is known about these characteristics for polyampholytes ExperimentsHere, two amphoteric polymers were synthesized by reaction of linear polyethylene imine (l-PEI) with succinic or phthalic anhydride and their mucoadhesive properties were compared to bovine serum albumin (BSA), selected as a natural polyampholyte. Interactions between these polymers and porcine gastric mucin were studied using turbidimetric titration and isothermal titration calorimetry across a wide range of pHs. Model tablets were designed, coated with these polymers and tested to evaluate their adhesion to porcine gastric mucosa at different pHs. Moreover, a retention study using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled polyampholytes deposited onto mucosal surfaces was also conducted FindingsAll these studies indicated the importance of solution pH and its relative position against pHIEP in the mucoadhesive properties of polyampholytes. Both synthetic and natural polyampholytes exhibited strong interactions with mucin and good mucoadhesive properties at pH < pHIEP.

OCTACALCIUM PHOSPHATE-EMBEDDED HYDROGELS ON 3D-PRINTED TITANIUM IMPROVE THE CORROSION PERFORMANCE IN SIMULATED BIOLOGICAL MEDIA

Titanium alloys are one of the most used for orthopaedic implants and the fabrication of them by 3D printing technology is a raising technology, which could effectively resolve existing challenges. Surface modification of Ti surfaces is often necessary to improve biocorrosion resistance, especially in inflammatory conditions. Such modification can be made by coatings based on hydrogels, like alginate (Alg) - a naturally occurring anionic polymer. The properties of the hydrogel can be further enhanced with calcium phosphates like octacalcium phosphate (OCP) as a precursor of biologically formed hydroxyapatite. Formed Alg-OCP matrices have a high potential in wound healing, delivery of bioactive agents etc. but their effect on 3D printed Ti alloys performance was not well known.In this work, Alg-OCP coated 3D printed samples were studied with electrochemical measurements and revealed significant variations of corrosion resistance vs. composition of the coating. The potentiodynamic polarization test showed that the Alg-OCP-coated samples had lower corrosion current density than simple Alg-coated samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that OCP incorporated hydrogels had also a high value of the Bode modulus and phase angle. Hence Alg-OCP hydrogels could be highly beneficial in protecting 3D printed Ti alloys especially when the host conditions for the implant placement are inflammatory.AcThis work was supported by the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions GA860462 (PREMUROSA). The authors also acknowledge the access to the infrastructure and expertise of the BBCE – Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence (European Union Horizon 2020 programme under GA857287).

Realizing a high-performance n-type thermogalvanic cell by tailoring the thermodynamic equilibrium

Judiciously designed anionic polymer (AP) tunes the thermodynamic equilibrium between hydroquinone and benzoquinone via self-regulating pH and selective transport of mobile species in the AP, leading to high-performance n-type thermogalvanic cells.

Molecular rotators anchored on a rod-like anionic coordination polymer adhered by charge-assisted hydrogen bonds.

On the basis of variable-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction, variable-temperature/frequency dielectric analysis, variable-temperature solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations, here we present a new model of crystalline supramolecular rotor (i-PrNHMe2)[CdBr3], where a conformationally flexible near-spherical (i-PrNHMe2)+ cation functions as a rotator and a rod-like anionic coordination polymer {[CdBr3]-}∞ acts as the stator, and the adhesion of them is realized by charge-assisted hydrogen bonds.

A high-spin s-triazine linked fluorenyl radical polymer.

The syntheses of high-spin organic polymers have been a daunting task due to the highly reactive nature of organic radicals, especially when they are ferromagnetically coupled. In this paper, we report our approach to obtain high-spin organic polymers, in which a reasonably stable fluorenyl radical was employed as the primary radical unit, and s-triazine serves as the connector that facilitates ferromagnetic coupling between them. Initially, the diamagnetic polymer precursor was synthesized by cyclotrimerization of a cyano-monomer. Subsequently, the high-spin polymers were obtained by oxidizing corresponding anionic polymers using O2 (6) or I2 (7). The temperature-dependent magnetic moments, and field-dependent magnetization data obtained from SQUID measurements revealed ferromagnetic couplings between primary radical units, with coupling J = 7.5 cm-1 and 38.6 cm-1. The percentages of primary unit in the radical form are 29%, and 47% for 6 and 7, respectively. Notably, this marks the first reported instance of a high-spin fluorenyl radical polymer exhibiting ferromagnetic coupling.