Development Of Animal Husbandry Research Articles

Development of low carbon agriculture and animal husbandry in Thekelan Hamlet, Indonesia using the participatory rural appraisal approach method

Thekelan Hamlet has residents with the majority working in the agricultural and livestock sector. Village development through agricultural education and low-carbon animal husbandry is a strategy for utilizing natural potential. Biomasses of livestock manure can be used as liquid organic fertilizer which will increase the selling price of agricultural products and be beneficial to the environment. The potential for the use of livestock manure has not been fully exploited because of the low education, knowledge, and capital that residents have. The Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method is used to develop agriculture and low-carbon farms in Thekelan Hamlet. There are three aspects; biogas as the treatment of livestock gas waste, the use of liquid organic fertilizer from livestock manure, and the use of organic pesticides. The results of this study indicate that the community in Thekelan District can apply agriculture and low-carbon farms. The technology used by utilizing livestock manure can reduce household gas emissions in the production process, increase production yields, and increase the level of the community economy. Therefore, the community agrees to contribute and join the development of this program because this can improve the welfare of farmers and benefit the environment.

Cattle Disease Studies Via Geographical Information System in Bowi Subur Village, Masni District, Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province

Geographical Information System(GIS) and remote sensing provide real-timedata to stakeholders.GIS is new and modern tool that are essential for mapping, monitoring, and surveillance of animal diseases.This study aims to provide a digital map of cattlepopulation and diseasedistribution. Usingsatellite imaging as mapping apparatus, this study map the distribution of cattle diseases.Animal health is key to livestock production and productivity. This study can be used as prevention and treatment measures efficiently and effectively.Based on theresults of the study, the cattle population in Bowi Subur Village was 455 heads. About 78% of respondents grazetheir cattle extensively in a forage land while the other 22% keeptheir cattle intensively in the barn,31 respondents (31%) stated that their cattle had health problems.The study showed that cattle diseases, such as helminth infestation, external parasite infestation, dystocia, and abortus, are varied. Both primary and secondary data showed that helminth infestation was the most common case. Bowi Subur Village has great potential for animal husbandry development especially ruminantsin Manokwari Regency.

A dataset of grass yield estimation with 30m resolution in Mongolia during 2017-2021

Grassland is the dominant vegetation type on the Mongolian Plateau. It is not only an important part of the ecological environment of the Mongolian Plateau, but also an important resource base for the development of animal husbandry in the Mongolian Plateau. As one of the evaluation indicators of grassland productivity, the grass yield has guiding significance for striking the balance between grassland and livestock. However, due to the long-term dependence on artificial investigation, there is a shortage of products for estimating grass yield in a large range, high spatial resolution and continuous time. Taking Mongolia as the research area, in this paper, we used Landsat8 remote sensing image, MODIS remote sensing data and meteorological data in combination with the measured sample data of grass yield in the field survey to obtain the relationship between the measured grass yield and the vegetation index NDVI, surface temperature and precipitation through the depth neural network. In this way, we constructed the estimation model of Mongolia's domestic grass yield suitable for the characteristics of the region. Moreover, we establish a deep neural network estimation model for grass yield, and retrieved the temporal and spatial distribution map of grass yield in Mongolia from 2017 to 2021. The precision verification experiment shows that the model based on deep learning has a high precision, with an RMSE of 12.14 g/m2 and an estimation accuracy of 81%, which can provide a method and data reference for the estimation of domestic grassland in Mongolia.

Enzymes and their application in the diets of pigs

Complete and nutritionally balanced feed is an essential factor in increasing the productivity of farm animals at the current stage of animal husbandry development. Feed must satisfy the animals' need for nutrients and biologically active substances (BAS) because the lack of certain nutrients leads to increased feed consumption per production unit and failure to achieve the planned productivity. Adding exogenous enzymes to pig diets is an alternative solution to increase nutritional energy and fiber digestibility to improve pig production at low production costs and reduce environmental impact through reduced nitrogen and phosphorus emission. Feeding enzymes as part of enzyme preparations in the formula of compound feed improves its assimilation. As a result, enzymes positively affect the productive characteristics of farm animals and poultry. Enzyme preparations are used to increase the efficiency of feed nutrients in animal husbandry. They supplement the body's enzymes and significantly accelerate the breakdown of feed nutrients, increasing the completeness of the assimilation of feed components. Moreover, enzyme substances positively affect the health of animals, reducing the risk of disease and strengthening their immunity. Unlike hormones and biostimulants, enzymes do not affect the body of animals and birds. However, they directly affect feed components in the gastrointestinal tract, where they accumulate in poultry and livestock products. Including enzyme preparations in the composition of the compound, feed helps reduce the effect of substances that interfere with the assimilation of nutrients. Today, modern fodder enzyme preparations help realize animals' genetic potential by supplementing the enzyme activity of their enzymes of animals and poultry in the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, animals and poultry receive additional nutrients, so the livestock becomes more uniform in terms of live weight and productivity. Thus, when used and added to feed farm animals and poultry, enzymes have no disadvantages. They increase the digestibility and assimilation of feed nutrients, eliminate or reduce the negative impact of anti-nutrients, and contribute to the replenishment of digestive enzymes in young animals and poultry. Future studies should focus on the interaction between production steps, diet composition, enzyme origin, and the number of added enzymes.

Factors influencing Chinese public attitudes toward farm animal welfare.

A comprehensive understanding of current Chinese public attitudes toward farm animal welfare and the relevant influencing factors is essential for improving farm animal welfare and promoting further development of animal husbandry. The attitudes of 3,726 respondents in China were investigated using paper and online questionnaires. Three components (affective, cognitive, and behavioral) of attitudes toward farm animal welfare were assessed using 18 items designed based on the literature review. Influential factors of attitudes toward farm animal welfare were explored via tobit regression. The results revealed that the Chinese public not only considers farm animals to be emotional and sentient but are also sympathetic toward farm animals that suffer inhumane treatment. Although they have limited knowledge about farm animal welfare, the public believes improving farm animal welfare is beneficial, especially for food safety and human health. The Chinese public prefers regulation policies to incentive policies for improving farm animal welfare. The main factors influencing attitudes toward farm animal welfare included gender, age, education, monthly household income, area of residence, farm animal raising experience, and attention to farm animal welfare events. The effect of these influencing factors on attitudes varied. These findings provide a basis for improving Chinese public attitudes toward farm animal welfare. The implications of formulating and implementing effective policies to improve the Chinese public attitudes toward farm animal welfare were discussed.

Biological properties of essential oil emphasized on the feasibility as antibiotic substitute in feedstuff

The discovery and application of antibiotics in animal feeds have boomed the development of intensive animal husbandry in the last century, until the emergence of antibiotics-resistant bacteria. To alleviate the risks aroused by antibiotics-resistant bacteria, effective antibiotic substitutes are urgently needed to replace antibiotics. Essential oils (EOs) derived from plants are illustrated as the promising antibiotic substitutes used in animal feeds, as same as their current views for poultry and livestock industries in the future. It has been widely demonstrated that the phytochemicals in EOs show multiple biofunctionability and are less likely to induce resistance in bacteria. The beneficial effects of EOs feed supplementation on the intestinal inflammation, intestinal flora, immunity, digestion, and growth performances have been already extensively examined. However, the cost-effectiveness, odor, volatility, instability and bioavailability are the challenges in effectively utilizing EOs in animal intestines. Based on previous researches, and these challenges can partially be resolved by microencapsulation and nanotechnology are promising techniques to deal with these challenges. This article presents the feasibility and foundation of EOs application as antibiotic substitutes in animal feeds, and illustrates the mechanisms, functional performances and superiority of EOs compared with antibiotics.

Priorities for the development of alfalfa pasture in northern China.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is acclaimed as "Queen of forages" because of its great yield and high feeding value. China is the second biggest country in acreage of alfalfa cultivation, but the cultivation regions of alfalfa are distinguished by adverse climatic and edaphic conditions in northern China. Moreover, the lack of elite alfalfa varieties with great adaptation and poor field management are vital factors limiting development of alfalfa pasture in China. In addition, nutritional quality of alfalfa in China is also poor compared to that in countries of developed animal husbandry industrial. Here, we propose several priorities in terms of a comprehensive system of alfalfa breeding, field management, harvest and processing with Chinese characteristics, based on the theories and methodologies of breeding science, agronomy, plant physiology and agricultural machinery. Implementation of these priorities will greatly contribute to the sustainable development of the alfalfa pasture in China.

A molecularly imprinted fluorescence sensor for sensitive detection of tetracycline using nitrogen-doped carbon dots-embedded zinc-based metal-organic frameworks as signal-amplifying tags

Tetracycline (TC) residues not only endanger human health, but also are detrimental to the sustainable development of aquaculture and animal husbandry. Herein, a novel fluorescence sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity was developed based on nitrogen-doped carbon dots embedded in zinc-based metal-organic frameworks and incorporating molecularly imprinted polymer (ZIF-8&N-CDs@MIP). The physical and chemical properties of the ZIF-8&N-CDs@MIP had been characterized by SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, BET, TGA, etc. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of the novel sensor was 0.045 μg mL−1 with the concentration of TC in the range of 0.1–4.0 μg mL−1. In addition, the prepared imprinted polymers showed superior adsorption selectivity to tetracycline compared with non-imprinted polymers, and the quenching mechanism of ZIF-8&N-CDs@MIP was demonstrated to be attributed to the inner filter effect (IFE). This work provided an effective and reliable method for the specific detection of tetracycline and was successfully applied in milk and egg samples with satisfactory recoveries (80.67–95.22%).

МИНТАҚАДА ЧОРВАЧИЛИКНИ РИВОЖЛАНТИРИШНИНГ ИСТИҚБОЛЛИ ЙЎНАЛИШЛАРИНИ БЕЛГИЛАШ ВА ПРОГНОЗ КЎРСАТКИЧЛАРИНИ ИШЛАБ ЧИҚИШ

This article discusses issues of reducing the impact of external influences in the presence of external effects, determining priorities for the development of agriculture in ecologically critical areas, in particular in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. According to the study, there is a high correlation between feed production, crop production, agriculture and animal husbandry in the region, a high share of farms in the production of livestock products, as well as a large number of pastures, which is one of the promising areas, in the development of animal husbandry. At the same time, the research findings based on econometric models also show that the development of animal husbandry serves to ensure optimality. As a result, it has been found that the development of the livestock industry in the Republic of Karakalpakstan will serve to reduce the impact of external effects. Hence, based on the development of promising directions for optimal regulation of external effects in the region, promising directions for the development of livestock breeding in the region and forecast indicators for 2021–2025 have been developed.

Effect of dietary supplemental vitamin C and betaine on the growth performance, humoral immunity, immune organ index, and antioxidant status of broilers under heat stress.

Heat stress (HS) has become one of the important factors affecting the development of animal husbandry. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether vitamin C (Vc) and betaine (Bet) improve immune organ index and humoral immunity by enhancing the antioxidant status of immune organs, thus protecting broilers from HS-induced injuries. A total of 200 28-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n = 4 replicates/group, 10 broilers/replicate) which were reared at different ambient temperatures (24 ± 1°C or 33 ± 1°C). The control group fed basal diet, while high-temperature groups were either fed a basal diet (HS group) or a basal diet supplemented with 250-mg Vc/kg diet (HSVc group), 1000-mg Bet/kg diet (HSBet group), and 250-mg Vc plus 1000 mg Bet/kg diet (HSVcBet group), respectively. On day 42, growth performance, humoral immune function, immune organ index, and antioxidant capacity were measured. HS reduced the productive performance of broilers, antibody potency against the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC), indices of thymus and bursa, and antioxidant capacity of immune organs. Adding Vc alone or in combination with Bet improved performance, NDV and SRBC antibody potency, thymus and bursa indices, and antioxidant capacity of immune organs in heat-stressed broilers, with the most effective being combination. In summary, HS reduces the antioxidant capacity and immune organ development status of broiler immune organs. Vc and/or Bet can improve the development of immune organs and restore part of the production performance by regulating the antioxidant status of immune organs, among which the combined addition of Vc and Bet has the best effect.

Effects of Probiotics Supplementation on the Intestinal Metabolites, Muscle Fiber Properties, and Meat Quality of Sunit Lamb.

The development of animal husbandry is closely related to the meat quality of small ruminants. Intestinal metabolites and the muscle fiber types of lambs are important factors that affect their meat quality, but few studies have examined the regulation of the "intestinal muscle axis" by probiotics. In this study, 12 Sunit lambs were divided into a control group (C) and a probiotics group (P). The gene expressions of the myosin heavy chain, metabolic enzyme activity, and short-chain fatty acids in the intestines were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that levels of propionic acid and butyric acid in the intestines of group P were significantly higher than in group C (p < 0.05). In addition, probiotics increased the number and area ratio of type I muscle fibers. They also increased the mRNA expression of MyHC IIA and the activity of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Propionic acid was negatively correlated with the number ratio of type IIB muscle fibers. Butyric acid was found to be significantly positively correlated with the number ratio of type IIA muscle fibers. Cooking loss, pH24h, and shear force decreased significantly in group P. In conclusion, intestinal metabolites (SCFAs) altered the activity of oxidative-myofibril-metabolizing enzymes and the expression of myosin heavy-chain type IIA, reduced the meat shear values, and improved meat tenderness. This study provides a new basis for improving the production and meat quality of small ruminants.

Reseeding improved soil and plant characteristics of degraded alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grassland in loess hilly plateau region, China

It is of great significance for the sustainable development and feed supply of animal husbandry in the hilly region of Loess Plateau to improve the degraded alfalfa grassland scientifically and reasonably. We studied the effects of reseeding gramineous grass on soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass, plant community characteristics and community nutrients of degraded alfalfa grassland based on four treatments: no reseeding, reseeding Elymus dahuricus, reseeding Dactylis glomerata, and reseeding Leymus chinensis. Soil physicochemical properties and microbial biomass were improved after reseeding E. dahuricus, and above-ground biomass and community coverage were increased by >30% compared with those without reseeding. The reseeding of E. dahuricus benefited soil properties, plant community characteristics, and community nutrients more than reseeding of D. glomerata and L. chinensis. Furthermore, a structural equation model (SEM) was established based on the analysis and screening of related variables to analyze the influence factors of reseeding on soil and community and their interactions in degraded grassland system. The SEM results showed that reseeding had significant effects on plant community characteristics, plant community nutrients and soil characteristics (P < 0.001), but the degree of influence decreased in turn. The interaction between soil characteristics and plant community characteristics was 18.72% higher than that between soil characteristics and plant community nutrients. We recommend reseeding of E. dahuricus as suitable method to improve degraded alfalfa grassland in the loess hilly plateau region.

Productive and biological traits of cows when including in the ration biological additives

At the present stage of the development of animal husbandry the fundamental factor in realizing the genetic potential of dairy productivity and preserving the health of cows is to provide animals with biologically complete feeding. The purpose of the work was to study the infl uence of biotechnological additives in the rations of highly productive cows on their productive and biological traits. The research was carried out in CJSC “Glinki” in the Kurgan region on highly productive cows of Black-and-White breed. The cows of the control group received the basic ration adopted on the farm. In addition to the basic ration the cows of the 1st experimental group were fed a probiotic additive Lactur at a dose of 2 kg/t of concentrated feed, the analogues of the 2nd experimental group were fed a prebiotic additive Acid Lac 3 kg/t of concentrated feed and the cows of the 3rd experimental group were fed together the probiotic additive Lactur 1 kg/t and the prebiotic additive AsidLak 1,5 kg/t of concentrated feed. The paper scientifi cally substantiates and experimentally confi rms the zootechnical and economic feasibility of the complex use of the probiotic additive Lactur and the prebiotic additive AcidLac in the rations of highly productive cows in order to increase their productive and biological traits. The use of biological additives in the rations of highly productive cows as part of concentrated feeds is economically feasible to increase the dairy productivity of cows, reduce the prime-cost of milk and increase the profitability of its production. A particularly positive eff ect was provided by the complex introduction of pro- and prebiotic feed additives into the ration of cows in the dry period and lactating cows, which positively affected their further productive traits during the period of increasing the milk yield and throughout lactation, which was confirmed by the increase in milk yields, fat and protein content in milk.

Сохранение генетического разнообразия крупного рогатого скота — основа успешного развития животноводства

В статье приведены статистические данные исчезновения и статуса риска исчезновения пород сельскохозяйственных животных согласно классификации ФАО. Указаны причины этого явления, где главным фактором генетической эрозии в мире является беспорядочный кроссбридинг — 42%. Дан обзор современного состояния генофонда отечественных пород крупного рогатого скота в Российской Федерации. В 2020 году животные молочного и молочно-мясного направлений продуктивности представлены 24 породами, а мясной скот — 12. Приведена динамика относительной численности подконтрольного поголовья животных молочного и молочно-мясного направлений продуктивности, которая свидетельствует о высокой интенсивности голштинизации скота. За период 2015—2020 гг. произошло увеличение доли голштинской породы на 14,21%. Упомянут ряд пород крупного рогатого скота с уникальными характеристиками. Сравнивается средний возраст выбытия коров отечественной селекции и голштинской породы, отмечена важность данного продуктивно-хозяйственного показателя с точки зрения производственно-экономического и рыночного потенциала. Затронута проблема сохранения генетического разнообразия сельскохозяйственных видов животных в рамках организационно-правовых форм, а также программ in vivo и in vitro.

Herders' adaptation strategies and animal husbandry development under climate change: A panel data analysis

The frequent occurrence of extreme climate events has become an indisputable fact. However, the role of adaptation to extreme climate change in the development of livestock husbandry is still insufficiently understood. This study empirically analyzed the impact of herders' adaptation strategies to extreme drought on livestock husbandry development and aimed to explore the optimal grassland management path under continuous climate change. A panel dataset of surveyed herders from the Xilingol League, a traditional pastoral area in China, was used. The results indicated that the average frequency of extreme drought in the Xilingol League from 1980 to 2020 was 4.94 months/year, and the occurrence of extreme drought showed a slightly upward trend. The average technical efficiency of livestock husbandry was 0.721, which can still be improved. Hay purchases can effectively promote livestock technical efficiency (p<0.01) and is the main adaptation strategy of herders to extreme drought. Further analysis showed that non-farming and pastoral employment has a positive regulatory effect in the impact of purchased hay on livestock technical efficiency. The results of this study deepen the understanding of effective adaptation to extreme weather events in pastoral areas due to climate change and provide useful information to policymakers engaged in grassland management.

Effects of altitude and varieties on overwintering adaptability and cold resistance mechanism of alfalfa roots in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The roots are the main functional organs involved in the overwintering adaptability of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). However, it is still unclear how the roots are involved in the cold resistance in the high-altitude area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). In this study, three winter-surviving 2-year-old alfalfa varieties (M.sativa Zhongmeng No.1, M.sativa Chiza No.1, and M.sativa Gongnong No.1) planted at two different altitudes (2812 m and 3109 m) in the northeast edge of the QTP were used to explore the cold-resistance mechanism. At low altitudes (2812 m), the overwintering rate, taproot length, root area, root surface area, and root average diameter, plant height, fresh yield and hay yield of M.sativa Zhongmeng No.1 were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than for the other two varieties. At high altitude (3109 m), lateral root length, number of lateral roots, main root dry weight, and lateral root dry weight of M.sativa Chiza No.1 were higher (P < 0.01) than the other two varieties. At low and high altitudes, the activities of peroxidase and catalase were higher (P < 0.05) in M.sativa Chiza No.1 during post-winter and pre-winter respectively. At low altitude, higher soluble sugar (P < 0.05) and proline (P < 0.01) contents were recorded during the pre- and post-winter periods. Membership function analysis showed that M.sativa Zhongmeng No.1 has the strongest cold resistance. The structural equation model showed that the overwintering rate of alfalfa was mainly affected by the morphological characteristics of roots and the physiological characteristics of roots, with contribution rates of 0.54 and 0.75 respectively, and the physiological characteristics of roots had the greatest effect on the overwintering rate. This study is of great significance to effectively solve the overwintering of alfalfa, the lack of high-quality legume forage resources, and promote the development of animal husbandry in the alpine areas of the QTP. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The effect of perceived value on farmers' livestock manure resource utilization behavior: Evidence from Shandong, China.

The rapid development of animal husbandry has brought many problems such as ecological environmental pollution and public health damage. The resource utilization of livestock manure is the key way to deal with the above crisis and turn waste into treasure. Based on the theory of perceived value, this paper uses multi-group structural equation model to explore the driving mechanism of perceived value on the resource utilization behavior of livestock manure. The results showed that: (1) The resource utilization behavior of livestock manure followed the logic of "cognitive level → cognitive trade-off → perceived value → behavioral intention → behavioral performance." Perceived benefit and perceived risk have positive and reverse driving effects on perceived value, respectively. Perceived value has a positive driving effect on behavioral intention. The behavioral intention has a positive driving effect on utilization behavior. (2) Among the observed variables of perceived benefits, ecological benefits have the greatest impact; Among the observed variables of perceived risk, economic risk has the greatest impact. Among the observed variables of perceived value, Significance cognition has the greatest influence. Among the observed variables of behavioral intention, utilization intention has the greatest influence. (3) The perceived value has a differential effect on the utilization behavior of livestock manure resources of different part-time farmers, and the driving effect is more obvious for full-time farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the resource utilization system of livestock manure, increase the channel for realizing the output of manure resources, strengthen technical assistance and policy subsidies, and implement policies according to local conditions to improve the overall perceived value of farmers.

Participation of Representatives of the German Diaspora in the Economy of Turkestan

The mass resettlement of Germans, among other Russian peoples, from Russia, Germany and other European countries and the formation of a diaspora on the territory of Turkestan began in the second half of the 19th century after its conquest by the Russian Empire. Having successfully adapted to the new lands, Germans, along with other peoples, took an active part in the political, cultural and economic life of Turkestan. This article is devoted to the representatives of the German diaspora who were directly involved in the economy of Turkestan. The goal is to analyze the economic activity of the Germans in Turkestan in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. In this study, both general scientific and specialized methods are used, which allowed for a consistent analysis.&#x0D; We have identified various areas of German entrepreneurship in the spheres of the economy of Turkestan. In particular, urban Germans were directly employed in the field of service personnel, in industrial, commercial and entrepreneurial activities; they acted both as independent merchants and as managers of firms. Rural peasants, German settlers, became one of the main driving forces of the agrarian development of the region. They became owners of farms, contributed to the development of agriculture, irrigation and animal husbandry. An analysis of the economic activities of the German diaspora in Turkestan showed that, despite their relatively small number in the region, they had a very noticeable impact on the socio-economic development of the region, which had a positive value for Turkestan. The article may be useful to scientific and practical workers, graduate students and all those who are interested in the history of the German diaspora and the development of the economy in the Turkestan period.

Logical-probabilistic model of the reliability of means for preparing and distributing fodder

Countries with a developed agricultural sector of the economy use modern advances in industry and computer technology in precision animal husbandry. At the current stage of animal husbandry development, both in global practice and in Ukraine, for the preparation of fodder mixtures, means for preparation and distribution of fodder are becoming more and more widespread, which combine the operations of loading, grinding, mixing, transportation and dosed distribution of fodder mixtures. The purpose of the presented article is to assess and ensure the reliability of the operation of the means for preparing and distributing fodder due to the logic-probabilistic modeling of failures of the feed mixture unloading mechanism as a subsystem of the "Man-Machine-Environment" technical system. The results of theoretical and experimental research are a continuation of previous work and are aimed at increasing the efficiency of use and ensuring the reliability of machines and equipment for animal husbandry. The obtained results of theoretical and experimental studies of reliability based on logical-probabilistic modeling of means for preparing and distributing feed as complex technical systems depending on the influence of the components "man-operator", "machine", "environment". The shortest paths of failures and the minimum cross-sections of their prevention for the research objects were analyzed. In order to prevent the failure of the human-operator component of the system, it is necessary to provide sufficient qualification of the personnel, foresee the possible occurrence of errors and ensure their timely elimination. In order to prevent failures of the feed mixture unloading mechanism, it is necessary to timely control and adjust the condition of parts during operation and when restoring performance. It has been established that the probability of failure of the mechanism will be less important, provided that the probability of elimination of failures due to insufficient qualification of the operator and failure of drive parts is 0.2. An increase in the probability of failure of the operator under the condition of insufficient qualification from 0.5 to 0.9 will lead to an increase in the probability of failure as a result of a change in the conveyor tension and the impossibility of adjusting the conveyor tension, and at 0.9 the probability of failure of the mechanism will be 0.046. The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of investigating the probability of failure of the feed mixture unloading mechanism based on the reliability of the components of the means for preparing and distributing feed, including the hydraulic cylinder, drive parts, and conveyor belts

Analysis of the differences in green farming behavior of operating agents in grassland pastoral areas

Green farming is the inevitable path to solving the problem of pasture ecological protection and a fundamental guarantee to realize the high-quality development of grassland animal husbandry. This study explores the differences in green farming behaviors of different operating agents in grassland pastoral areas. The mechanism of the formation of the differences is based on 274 working agents’ survey data from Xilin Gol league pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia, China, by constructing the Logit model and Fairlie decomposition method. The results show that family ranch is the primary operating agent of green farming in China’s grassland pastoral areas. The green farming behavior is 2.115 times more extreme than that of traditional pastoralists. Differences in the intensity of green farming behavior of the operating agents were significantly and positively correlated with differences in their ecological consciousness and differences in resource endowment. Differences in ecological consciousness and participation in training were the key factors contributing to the differences in the intensity of green farming behavior among the operators, with ecological consciousness contributing 51.34% and participation in training contributing 46.65% to the differences in the intensity of green farming behaviors. Therefore, to enhance the effective transformation of traditional pastoralists’ green farming behavior, we should guide them to raise ecological consciousness, focus on the role of resource endowment, and gradually form a new grassland animal husbandry development where green farming behavior fully landed.