Anhydrous Aluminum Chloride Research Articles

Oxygen‐Rich Porous Organic Polymer for Thermal Energy Storage

Oxygen atoms have been widely used in porous organic polymers, which has attracted much attention from researchers. Herein, porous organic polymer with high oxygen content is synthesized with oxygen‐rich monomer as construction unit and anhydrous aluminum chloride as catalyst; then phase‐change materials (PCMs) composites are prepared by self‐adsorption method. The pore properties of the oxygen‐rich porous organic polymer are characterized by nitrogen absorption and desorption method. The properties of the PCM composites are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the oxygen‐rich porous organic polymer has high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (465 m2 g−1) and excellent thermal stability. The PCM composites possess high encapsulation rate (50.6 wt%) and latent heat (124.7 kJ g−1). After several thermal cycles, the thermal properties of all PCM composites are almost unchanged, and no leakage phenomenon is found. It can be seen that oxygen‐rich porous polymers have potential applications in PCM adsorption and thermal energy storage.

Fluoride removal by hydroxyapatite modified with anhydrous aluminum chloride

ABSTRACT Efficient and low-cost removal of fluoride from water has attracted wide attention. Here, aluminum-modified hydroxyapatite (Al-HAP) was prepared by a homogeneous hydrothermal co-precipitation method. The physicochemical properties of the Al-HAP surface were characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR, BET, and zeta potential, and the adsorption performances were evaluated. It showed that Al-HAP has a larger specific surface area (121.97 m2/g, which is 2.3 times larger than that of HAP), more surface-active hydroxyls and positively charged at pH less than 7, which indicate that Al-HAP is beneficial to the adsorption of negatively charged fluoride. Al-HAP had a higher fluoride adsorption capacity (56.44 mg/g) than that of HAP (28.36 mg/g), and not sensitive to the interference of coexisting ions except CO32-. Based on the adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm experiments, the proposed two-stage kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model can better describe the adsorption process. From the results of XPS and FT-IR, it indicated that the ion exchange between hydroxyl group on the surface and fluoride ions is the main driven force for the adsorption, and electrostatic adsorption is also helpful. The present study provides an improved HAP to effectively remove fluoride from water.

Mechanical Properties of Aramid Fiber Fabrics and Composites Enhanced by Phthalic Anhydride Catalyzed with Anhydrous Aluminum Chloride

The surface modification of aramid fiber plain fabric (PPTA) was conducted through phthalic anhydride treatment and anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) catalysis, aiming to enhance the interfacial bonding strength between aramid fiber fabric and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) resin. The surface morphologies and structures of PPTA fiber before and after modification were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. The mechanical properties of the PPTA/DGEBA composite were evaluated using a universal mechanical testing machine. The results demonstrate that when the concentration of phthalic anhydride is 0.3 mol/L, the tensile strength, bending strength and interlaminar shear strength of PPTA/DGEBA composites reach the maximum value, which are increased by 17.94%, 44.18%, and 15.94% compared with the unmodified sample, respectively. After a 0.5-h catalytic modification, the PPTA/DGEBA composites exhibited significantly enhanced tensile strength, bending strength, and interlaminar shear strength, achieving respective increments of 32.28%, 24.91%, and 29.10% compared to the modified samples without catalyst addition. Moreover, the overall mechanical properties of the aramid fiber fabrics and composites were substantially improved, which are more suitable for structural applications.

Fabrication of Polysulfone Beads Containing Covalent Organic Polymer as a Versatile Platform for Efficient Iodine Capture.

Radioactive iodine poses a significant risk to human health, particularly with regard to reproductive and metabolic functions. Designing and developing highly efficient adsorbent materials for radioactive substances remain a significant challenge. This study aimed to address this issue by the fabricating polymeric beads containing covalent organic polymer (COP) as an effective method for removing iodine vapor. To achieve this, a COP was first synthesized via the Friedel-Crafts reaction catalyzed by anhydrous aluminum chloride. Then, COP-loaded polysulfone (PSf) (COP@PSf) and PSf beads were prepared using a phase separation method. The beads produced in this research have exhibited remarkable proficiency in adsorbing iodine vapor, showing an adsorption capacity of up to 216 wt % within just 420 min, which is higher than that of most other similar beads reported in the literature.

Chloride and Hydride Transfer as Keys to Catalytic Upcycling of Polyethylene into Liquid Alkanes

AbstractTransforming polyolefin waste into liquid alkanes through tandem cracking‐alkylation reactions catalyzed by Lewis‐acid chlorides offers an efficient route for single‐step plastic upcycling. Lewis acids in dichloromethane establish a polar environment that stabilizes carbenium ion intermediates and catalyzes hydride transfer, enabling breaking of polyethylene C−C bonds and forming C−C bonds in alkylation. Here, we show that efficient and selective deconstruction of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) to liquid alkanes is achieved with anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and gallium chloride (GaCl3). Already at 60 °C, complete LDPE conversion was achieved, while maintaining the selectivity for gasoline‐range liquid alkanes over 70 %. AlCl3 showed an exceptional conversion rate of 5000 , surpassing other Lewis acid catalysts by two orders of magnitude. Through kinetic and mechanistic studies, we show that the rates of LDPE conversion do not correlate directly with the intrinsic strength of the Lewis acids or steric constraints that may limit the polymer to access the Lewis acid sites. Instead, the rates for the tandem processes of cracking and alkylation are primarily governed by the rates of initiation of carbenium ions and the subsequent intermolecular hydride transfer. Both jointly control the relative rates of cracking and alkylation, thereby determining the overall conversion and selectivity.

Chloride and Hydride Transfer as Keys to Catalytic Upcycling of Polyethylene into Liquid Alkanes.

Transforming polyolefin waste into liquid alkanes through tandem cracking-alkylation reactions catalyzed by Lewis-acid chlorides offers an efficient route for single-step plastic upcycling. Lewis acids in dichloromethane establish a polar environment that stabilizes carbenium ion intermediates and catalyzes hydride transfer, enabling breaking of polyethylene C-C bonds and forming C-C bonds in alkylation. Here, we show that efficient and selective deconstruction of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to liquid alkanes is achieved with anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and gallium chloride (GaCl3). Already at 60 °C, complete LDPE conversion was achieved, while maintaining the selectivity for gasoline-range liquid alkanes over 70 %. AlCl3 showed an exceptional conversion rate of 5000 , surpassing other Lewis acid catalysts by two orders of magnitude. Through kinetic and mechanistic studies, we show that the rates of LDPE conversion do not correlate directly with the intrinsic strength of the Lewis acids or steric constraints that may limit the polymer to access the Lewis acid sites. Instead, the rates for the tandem processes of cracking and alkylation are primarily governed by the rates of initiation of carbenium ions and the subsequent intermolecular hydride transfer. Both jointly control the relative rates of cracking and alkylation, thereby determining the overall conversion and selectivity.

Preparation and property analysis of antioxidant of carbazole derivatives

Carbazole derivatives can be used as antioxidants in the lubricating oil industry. The alkylation of carbazole with 2-chloro-2-methylpropane and 2-bromopropane catalyzed by anhydrous aluminum chloride was studied. Initially, 3,6-di-iso-propylcarbazole and 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole were using dichloromethane and dibromomethane as solvents at room temperature, respectively. The synthesis conditions were optimized. Subsequently, the effects of reaction time, catalyst dosage, and molar ratio of carbazole to alkylating agent were investigated, and orthogonal experiments were performed. The structures of the carbazole derivatives were characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mass spectrum (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The thermal stability of the synthesized carbazole derivatives was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The carbazole derivatives were added into the lubricating oil with a mass fraction of 0.8% and the miscibility, stability and oxidation resistance of the mixed system were evaluated by mechanical stirring and a rotary pressure vessel oxidation test (RPVOT). The DSC results showed that there was good thermal stability for the carbazole derivatives. The mechanical stirring method revealed good solubility and stability for the mixture of oil and carbazole derivatives. The RPVOT results showed that isopropyl carbazole derivatives could increase the oxidation induction period of lubricating oil to 1.39 times, and tert-butyl carbazole derivatives could increase the oxidation induction period of lubricating oil to 1.91 times. The antioxidant effect of tert-butyl carbazole derivatives was better than that of isopropyl carbazole derivatives.

Study of the Effect of Modification of Asphalt on the Rheological Properties Employing Microwave Radiation—An Aging Study

This study focuses on producing asphalt with improved rheological properties that differ from the original asphalt and are less affected by aging conditions. The rheological properties of Qayara asphalt were enhanced by modifying the asphalt using spent rubber tire (SRT) with different percentages of anhydrous aluminum chloride. Percentages ranging from 1.0% by weight of the spent tire rubber were added after proceeding with the thermal crushing process. The percentages of anhydrous aluminum chloride catalyst were 0.4 and 0.8%, respectively. This mixture was microwaved at 270 watt of power for 4, 8, and 12 min, respectively. The measurements performed are plasticity, penetration, softening point, and penetration index. The previously mentioned measurements were also made on the modified asphalt one year after the modification process to understand the effect of aging conditions. The microstructure and thermodynamics have been characterized by FE-SEM and EDX measurements. This study provides good rheological properties of the modified bitumen binder that is aging-resistant.

Structural and optical properties of aluminum nitride nano powder prepared from tris (N,N dimethyl-ethylenediamine)AlCl3 precursor

A cost-effective process for preparation of aluminum nitride was developed by using single-source precursor tris (N,N dimethylethylenediamine)AlCl3, which was prepared from anhydrous aluminum chloride and N,N dimethylethylenediamine (DMEDA) in 1:3 molar ratio at room temperature under N2. The pyrolysis of the precursor was carried out at various temperatures, pressures, and flow of gases (N2 and Ar) to optimize parameters. The resultant pyrolyzed residues were investigated using various instrumental techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that AlN crystallizes in mixed-phase (hexagonal/cubic) and the grain size was estimated to be in the range of 4–10 nm. The band gap of AlN was investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy and found to be ∼5.7 eV (6.1 eV bulk); TEM showed agglomerated crystallites of AlN.

Термодинамический анализ хлорирования оксида алюминия

Thermodynamic analysis of aluminum oxide chlorination is of theoretical and practical interest and is performed for the main possible reactions of interaction with chlorine. The process is possible only in the direction of decreasing (decreasing) the Gibbs energy (∆G). The condition ∆G0 determines the principal possibility of carrying out the process under specified conditions and is determined only by the initial and final state of the system. The calculated values of the Gibbs energy and the equilibrium constant in the temperature range 400 – 1000 K show that in the presence of a reducing agent, the equilibrium of reactions is shifted towards the formation of aluminum chloride. It was found that the changes in the Gibbs energy of chlorination reactions of polymorphic modifications of Al2O3 increases in the series: γ-Al2O3, Al2O3 am., δ-Al2O3, α-Al2O3. It is possible to effectively assess the basic laws of obtaining anhydrous aluminum chloride in the reacting system by evaluating the change in the ratio of the initial components. Thermodynamic analysis of Al – O – C – Cl and Al – O – C – Cl – Si – Na systems with different component ratios was performed. The latter system is a rough alumina containing sodium aluminosilicate. It is shown that the 100 % yield of the target products with the full use of chlorine corresponds to the stoichiometry of their chemical interaction. The possibility of selective chlorination of Al2O3 and SiCl4 has been determined. As calculations have shown, sodium oxide is completely converted into chloride, which makes it possible to use the residue from chlorination to obtain aluminum-silicon alloys without sodium impurities.

Preparation of Chromeno[b]quinoline Derivatives and Their Application for Lipid Droplets Markers.

Functional dyes with a chromeno[b]quinoline skeleton (3a-d) were synthesized by one-step cyclization between coumarin derivatives and aromatic amines under the promotion of anhydrous aluminum chloride in 41.2-45.8% yields. Their maximum absorption and emission wavelengths locate at 358-396 and 420-603 nm with large Stokes shifts (168-231 nm), and their intramolecular charge transfer has been corroborated by density functional theory calculations. Cell experiments have proved that the probes 3a-c possess the ability to target lipid droplets.

Controllable Coaxial Coating of Boehmite on the Surface of Polyimide Nanofiber Membrane and Its Application as a Separator for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

With the continuous development of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), the electrochemical performance and safety of LIBs have become increasingly challenged recently. Therefore, research on high‐performance LIB separators has gradually attracted widespread attention. As an important component of lithium batteries, the diaphragm plays an important role in battery safety. Improving battery separator performance is an important way to improve batteries’ safety and electrochemical performance. Herein, to prepare a new type of LIB separator, a preparation strategy in which polyimide (PI) nanofibers can be coaxially encapsulated by the inorganic boehmite (AlOOH) ceramics through an adsorption and complexation process is developed. This strategy involves immersing partially imidized PI nanofiber membranes into anhydrous aluminum chloride ethanol solution and dilute ammonia, where the adsorption−complexation and hydrolysis processes are completed. During the hydrolysis process, the PI nanofibers are evenly coated with AlOOH. The amount of AlOOH can be controlled easily by adjusting the concentration of the anhydrous aluminum chloride ethanol solution. After being encapsulated with AlOOH, the separator exhibits better mechanical properties, wettability, thermal stability, cycling durability, and a high capacity, along with faster ion transport speed. All excellent features prove that the PI@AlOOH composite nanofiber membrane is an advanced high‐performance LIB separator.

Synthesis of alkylbenzenes via the alkylation of benzene using α-olefin dimers and the surfactant properties of their sulfonates

Abstract Fischer-Tropsch syncrude prepared via the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) using a Fe-based catalyst is featured by its high content of linear α-olefins (C5–C13). The utilization of C6–C8 α-olefins for the synthesis of alkyl benzene sulfonate surfactants was performed in the present work via dimerization, benzene alkylation, and sulfonation. The effects of the reaction conditions on benzene alkylation over a trimethyl amine hydrochloride-acidic anhydrous aluminum chloride ionic liquid catalyst (Et3NHCl-AlCl3) have been studied in detail using C6 α-olefin dimers as a model alkylation agent. Under the optimal reaction conditions (molar ratio of AlCl3 to Et3NHCl = 2, catalyst loading = 0.29 mol %, reaction temperature = 30 °C, and molar ratio of benzene to C6 α-olefin dimer = 10) the conversion of the C6 α-olefin dimer was 100% and the selectivity toward the mono alkylbenzene product was 91.0%. C6–C8 α-olefin dimer alkylbenzene sulfonates (C6–C8 DBS) were synthesized via sulfonation using chlorosulfonic acid and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS). The surfactant properties of the C6–C8 DBS, including their equilibrium and dynamic surface tension, foaming, wetting and emulsifying capabilities, were closely explored and compared with a commercial linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). The limiting surface tension (γ CMC = 34.62 mN m−1) and critical micelle concentration (CMC = 2.15 mmol L−1) of C6 α-olefin dimer alkylbenzene sulfonate (C6-DBS) were similar to those of LAS. Upon increasing the hydrocarbon chain length, the γ CMC of C6-DBS, C7-DBS, and C8-DBS remained unchanged, while the CMC decreased. C6–C8-DBS exhibited foaming, emulsifying, and wetting properties comparable to LAS.

Influence of Operating Conditions on Deposition Rate and Smoothness of Electrolytic Aluminum Foil Using Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids

The ionic liquid comprised of anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC) has attracted attention as an electrolyte for Al electrolysis. We have investigated the influence of the operating conditions on the deposition rate and the surface roughness of electrolytic Al foil by using the AlCl3-EMIC melt with/without 20 mmol dm−3 of an 1,10-phenanthroline anhydrate (OP) additive as the electrolyte. The cross-sectional SIM images revealed that the increase in the operating temperature affected the foil thickness and the OP addition affected the smoothness. At the operating temperature of 50 °C and the current density of 52.6 mA cm−2, the current efficiency was 90% or more and the deposition rate was about 0.9 μm min−1 regardless of the OP addition. An AFM image revealed that the surface roughness value of the Al foil obtained on the Ti plate substrate from the melt with the OP additive at 50 °C was 45.8 nm at the current density of 52.6 mA cm−2. The XRD patterns showed that the orientations of the (200) reflections became strong by the OP addition. A smooth Al foil was obtained even at a high current density by increasing the operating temperature and adding OP to the melt.

Investigating opportunities for use of alternative coagulants for drinking water treatment at Morton Jaffray Water Treatment works, Harare, Zimbabwe

Abstract Drinking water treatment at Harare's main water works, Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Works (MJWTW), has been a challenge due to source (Lake Chivero) pollution, and the efficacy of some of the processes and chemicals including aluminium sulphate (alum) has been questioned. This study investigated the use of an alternative coagulant to the traditional use of alum at MJWTW. The effectiveness of five coagulants, namely Anhydrous Poly Aluminium Chloride (APAC), Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC), Primco 100, Zetafloc 4030 and alum (control) was investigated by flocculation tests in a laboratory using Lake Chivero water. Parameters analysed included pH, turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and chlorophyll-a for raw water and treated water. Raw water mean pH was 7 ± 0.4, turbidity (3.3 ± 0.2 NTU), EC (337 ± 5.0 μS/cm) and chlorophyll-a concentration (2.28 μg/L). Primco 100 had the best performance with the lowest optimum dosage of 25 mg/L while alum had the highest dosage of 55 mg/L. APAC, PAC, Primco 100 and Zetafloc 4030 did not change the pH of water significantly but alum did. The study concluded that Primco 100 was the most suitable coagulant and could be an alternative to alum.

Rheological Modification for Asphaltic Materials Using a Mixture (Poly carbonate: Poly Methyl Methacrylate) and Microwave Radiation

Obtaining asphalt that suits the nature of the countries it is used in, is of great importance. Asphalt constitutes an important component in the paving of roads, mastic and flattening substance. This study was included the modification of the asphaltic material by the use of a mixture of polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate after crushed to obtain low molecular weight. The study included two paths: In the first asphaltic materials was treated with different percentages of a mixture in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride (0.06%of weight) as a catalyst for this reaction. The mixture was heated at 150° for 30 minutes. In the second path, the process of mixing was performed with the existence of a 360 watt microwave radiation for 15 minutes. The process of mixing was repeated in the presence of sulphur (1% of weight) instead of anhydrous aluminium chloride and under the same conditions. Properties of the original and modified asphalts were determined, and this included the measurement of ductility, penetration, softening point, penetration index and calculating the percentage of separated asphaltenes. Additionally, Marshal test, chemical Immersion test and aging were measured for some of the samples. Good samples that can suit Iraq's climate were obtained from this study.

The rheological properties of asphalt modified by commercial adhesive (Ethylene-vinyl acetate) and air blowing process

In this study, we modify the rheolgical prioperties of asphaltic materials by addative and air blowing. For this process, asphaltic materials have been oxidized by air blowing in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride as a catalyst for this process . Air blowing was conducted in different condtions of temperature and times using 0.5%(by weight) from catalyst, after determining the optimal conditions for air blowing, we changged the percentage of catalyst to get the optimal perecentage which can be using in modified process, then the asphalt was treated with the commercial adhesive (EVA) in two phaths: The first path was included addtion of different percentages from commercial adhesive under the optimal condition from air blowing and perecentage of alaminum chloride. The second path was included dissolved the commercial adhesive in the toluene and then the modified process was conducted at same conditions in the first path, ( toluene was added to the commercial adhesive by ratio (1:6) (weight of commercial adhesive: ml of toluene). The results showe rheological properties that are compeletly differentj from the original asphaltic materials . The study was gave modified asphaltic materials that can be using in different fields, some samples can be using in paving as in samples (AS19, AS24, AS25) and other as mastic or as flattening as in samples (AS15, AS16, AS17, AS21, AS22). The usage of asphalitic materials in various fields depends on the measurments of different properties such as (ductility, penetration, softining point ,asphaltens percentage, penetration index ,aging test, marshall test).

Conjugated microporous polymers for near-infrared photothermal control of shape change

Herein, a facile and highly efficient synthetic method to prepare organic photothermal materials with high photo-stability and outstanding photothermal performance is reported. Through direct polymerization of commercial aromatic monomers in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride and dichloromethane, four kinds of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) were obtained. Detailed structural analysis confirmed that the resultant CMPs possessed abundant micropores with an extended π-conjugated skeleton. Under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation (808 nm, 1.0 W cm−2), all the CMPs showed fast heating-up behavior with their maximum temperatures higher than 150°C. Moreover, the efficiency of photothermal conversion ( η ) of the CMPs was found to increase linearly with the increase in the number of conjugated benzene rings within the monomer. Poly-TPE from tetraphenylethylene (TPE) and Poly-TP from o -terphenyl (TP) showed high η values of over 47%. Poly-TPE was additionally used as a photothermal filler to remotely and spatially control the shape recovery of thermal-sensitive shape memory polymers (SMPs), while its introduction (1 wt%) had little influence on the thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer matrixes. Owing to their excellent NIR photothermal performance as well as a one-step synthetic preparation, these CMPs may be promising photothermal materials for practical applications.

Rheological modifications of the asphalt-polymer system using microwave technology

This research aimed to prepare different types of asphaltic materials having a good rheological properties compared with the non-modified asphaltic materials. Different polymers and microwaves were used to prepare the modified asphalt in different ways. The first method is based on the modification of asphalt with reclaim tire rubber using anhydrous aluminum chloride catalyst at 360 watt at different times, The second method depends on the same principle of the first method with the introduction of sulfur as an additive and the third method is based on the same principle of the first method but the change of polymer added to the polyamethyl methacrylate and with the introduction of sulfur as an additive. The latter method is the same principle of the first method but the change of polymer added to mixtures of (1:1)(polymer_polymer)(recycled tire rubber polyamethyl methacrylate)with the introduction of sulfur as an additive. The above methods we obtained asphaltic materials which can be used in paving and mastic depending on the measured (ductility, penetration , softening point).

Protective role of functional food in cognitive deficit in young and senile rats.

Cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases pose a significant burden on healthcare resources both in developed and developing countries which is a major socio-economic and healthcare concern. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of progressive neurodegenerative dementia of the aged brain. Aluminum is a constituent of antacids, deodorants, kitchenware and food additives which allows easy access into the body posing risk to development of senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. Virgin coconut oil was declared as a potential cognitive strengthener. Assessment of cognitive and memory-enhancing effects of virgin coconut oil in senile and young rats to gain vital insights into its effective use in the prevention of neurodegeneration in dementia/Alzheimer's disease-like manifestations and alleviate cognitive dysfunction and learning impairment with neuronal damage imparted by daily oral intake of aluminum. Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms and memory impairment were experimentally induced using oral anhydrous aluminum chloride given daily for five successive weeks in young and old age albino rats. Treatment groups received virgin coconut oil to assess protection during the experimental period. Behavioral test, Morris water maze was conducted before/after induction/treatment. At the end of the experimental period, cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor were being investigated, in addition to immunochemical and histopathological examination of targeted brain regions. Virgin coconut oil significantly improved cholinergic activity and monoaminergic neurotransmission. Moreover, immunochemical and histopathological examination revealed marked protection with virgin coconut oil against aluminum-induced Alzheimer's disease-like pathology and cognitive deficit.