Anglo-Saxon Model Research Articles

Towards Which Model of Capitalism Are the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe Going to? Comparative Analysis of this Trajectory and Its Post-Transition Issues

The end of the Socialist System marked the apparent victory of his adversary: the Capitalist System. Meanwhile the "Recipes" for building the Capitalism in the Countries of the East were Standard and fully complied with the "Washington Consensus" led by the IMF and the World Bank, the reality itself nowadays is facing these Countries with two different challenges. On the one hand, their individual developments during the transition process were very different and their situations quite specific, on the other hand, today they should answer the question towards which model of Capitalism are they going to or privileging: The Anglo-Saxon Model? The German-Scandinavian Model? The French State Capitalism Model, or the Japanese Co-Operative Model?

A jóléti állam rezsimtípusai az Európai Unióban

The article examines a set of quantitative social indicators, using hierarchical cluster analysis, in order to overview how welfare regimes in the European Union exist and change over time. Regime typologies of the welfare state are major tools of generalising across the advanced welfare states. Our results indicate that, first, the previously known types of welfare state regimes within the European Union proved to be distinct types indeed, with the exception of the Anglo-Saxon model, and second, the East Central European type of welfare state regime has emerged.

Is ethical management of human resources inherent to social enterprises European tradition model versus Anglo-Saxon model

Social entrepreneurship has become an economic reality with great potential to provide a response to the existing social challenges. In this paper we identify two models of social enterprise, and we provide, for the first time, evidence from the human resource management of social enterprises in Spain. This allows us to analyse whether these social enterprises manage their human resources in an ethical way, and whether a different ethical human resource management exists in the two models. We have designed a questionnaire using the ethical practices of the ethical human resource management model as a basis. The results reveal that social enterprises in Spain manage their human resources ethically and a difference does not exist between the two models identified. We conclude by outlining the implications for a better understanding of ethical practices in human resource management in social enterprises.

Is ethical management of human resources inherent to social enterprises European tradition model versus Anglo-Saxon model

Is ethical management of human resources inherent to social enterprises European tradition model versus Anglo-Saxon model

Breakdown of the Anglo-Saxon Model of Globalization

The most advanced societies have no newly-needed democratic formations, as legally unsecured intellectual freedom may be usurped by powerful institutions having a formal respect for the old democratic principles. Generally, this means that we are witnessing not just personality changes, but tectonic shifts in the legal and political strata that existed and developed within the period of Modernity. The purpose of this research is to identify the features of current crisis in the Anglo-Saxon globalization. This goal can be achieved on the back of classical philosophy and large-scale historical material applied simultaneously. This approach demonstrates that globalization processes are still guided by the legacy of early English history and the ideas that originated during the Age of Enlightenment. Anglo-Saxon Model discredits itself and, consequently, becomes non-legitimate when it comes to its supreme right to interpret the idea of democracy. An important aspect of this research is how the religious trends of the 17th century were interwoven with political, legal and cultural consequences.

The Analysis of Institutional Environment in the Area of Product Market Competition in the New EU Member States: What Do the Data Say About the Models of Capitalism Emerging in the CEE Countries?

Abstract The paper analyzes the institutional architecture and the effects of product market competition in 11 countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The aim of the research was to find out how similar or dissimilar are the CEE countries in the area of product market competition compared with the four models of capitalism prevailing in Western Europe: the Anglo-Saxon (liberal) model (the UK), the continental model (Germany), the Scandinavian (Nordic) model (Sweden), and the Mediterranean one (Spain). The research method involves calculations of the coefficients of similarity and the analysis of polygons, being the extension of our own concept of the hexagons of similarity. The dynamic approach adopted in this study allows to examine the path dependence in order to assess how the institutional environment evolved over time. The analysis indicates that almost all CEE countries were the most similar to the Mediterranean model of capitalism represented by Spain. However, the variety of results for the individual variables is also a proof that the model of capitalism prevailing in CEE in the area of product market competition may be called a patchwork capitalism.

DETECTING SCAPEGOAT EFFECTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXCHANGE RATES AND MACROECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS: A NEW APPROACH

This paper presents a new testing method for the scapegoat model of exchange rates. A number of steps are implemented to determine whether macro-fundamentals are scapegoats for the evolution of exchange rates. Estimation is conducted using a Bayesian Gibbs sampling approach applied to eight countries (five developed and three emerging) versus the USA over the period 2002Q1–2014Q4. The macro-fundamentals that we consider are real GDP growth, the inflation rate, the long-run nominal interest rate, and the current account to GDP ratio. We calculate the posterior probabilities that these macro-fundamentals are scapegoats. For the inflation rate, these probabilities are considerably higher than the imposed prior probabilities of ½ in five out of eight countries (in particular, the Anglo-Saxon economies).

Ustrój prawny samorządu rolniczego w Polsce i RFN. Studium porównawcze

Two models of farmers’ institutions have developed in Europe: a) the French model, resulting from the decentralization of public administration and taking the form of agricultural chambers, or corporations under public law, administratively imposing obligatory membership, and b) the Anglo-Saxon model of voluntary agricultural associations with no administrative power. The purpose of this paper is to compare the first model, using the example of the North Rhine-Westphalia Chamber of Agriculture and the Wielkopolska Chamber of Agriculture. The differences are presented in terms of their respective legal structures and the tasks each chamber performs in the state administration of FRG and Poland.

German universities at the stage of their radical reforming

The present state of the German universities in the context of their actual reformation, which is carried out through the introduction of Anglo-Saxon models of university education, is researched. First of all, it concerns university education transformation in accordance with the American higher education model, since the American university model is considered to be the most successful in European academic circles. However, German university scholars criticize this model (or models) for marketization of the university activities and for mercantilising scientific knowledge. It is determined that German scholars are skeptical about these processes, because in their opinion, this can lead to an increase in the McDonaldization of society, that leads to the unification of social forms of society life and to the loss by the German university as a sociocultural institution of its national identity and its achievements. As you know, this culture was formed under the influence of the ideas of Wilhelm von Humboldt and was the to the success of German universities for many decades. Many influential representatives of German academic science do not accept the idea of turning universities into factories for the production of an educational product with a certain set of market qualities, which is envisaged by the implementation of the main components of the American university model and program provisions of the Bologna Declaration. In this case, it concerns, first of all, the professional training of specialists, mainly undergraduate graduates who do not have a broad scientific world outlook and the necessary personal qualities to solve complex daily problems, but possess formed key competencies. Secondly, it concerns producing knowledge, which is necessary, first of all, for international corporations, and not for society as a whole. In addition, German scientists do not imagine the possibility of planning scientific knowledge production or the realization of scientific discoveries, which, in their opinion, is not a predictable process, but a result of the constant search for truth in conditions that exclude external influence and control. It has been established that German experts insist on the development of clear and objective criteria for the concentration of the results of the university activities, their units and individual scientists, which take into account not only the quantitative scientific research parameters, but also qualitative ones. The development of such criteria, in the opinion of German specialists, is the work of scientists themselves, not external structures in the form of accreditation agencies, supervisory boards, etc.

Varieties of capitalism and East Asia: Long-term evolution, structural change, and the end of East Asian capitalism

Literature on varieties of capitalism (VoC) argues that capitalist economies can be classified into several types, which include liberal and coordinated market economies. The present study revisits such an argument in light of the trend of increasing globalization and inequality, which may be a force toward the convergence of different varieties of capitalism. This study conducts cluster analysis to analyze the dynamic evolution of economies using the criteria of GDP growth rate, employment rate (employed/population), and top 10% income shares. The analysis first identifies four important types of capitalism: Anglo-Saxon (i.e., low growth and high inequality), Continental Europe (i.e., low growth, low inequality, and low employment), Nordic Europe (i.e., medium growth, low inequality, and high employment), and East Asia (i.e., high growth and low inequality). East Asian economies converged to either the Anglo-Saxon or European capitalism, which may be attributed to its short history. However, many European countries did not converge to Anglo-Saxon capitalism, which supports the VoC hypothesis on the stability of capitalism varieties.

Hiszpański system prawny – między systemami prawa stanowionego a prawem precedensu

The purpose of this article is to show that Spanish law is a paradigmatic example of the approach between traditional continental and Anglo-Saxon models of legal application. Two main factors have caused a deep transformation of Spanish legal system in the last decades: the position of Constitutional Court and its active role in legal creation, and the doctrine, which has been developed precisely by the Constitutional Court, on equality principle in the application of law. These changes show that the rigid traditional distinction among civil law and common law systems cannot be kept any more.

Foundations in Canada: A Comparative Perspective

From a Canadian perspective, this article provides a comparative historical and contemporary overview of foundations in Canada, in relation to the United States and Germany. For the purposes of this analysis, the study was limited to public or private foundations in Canada, as defined by the Income Tax Act. As the Canadian foundation milieu straddles the welfare partnership model that characterizes German civil society and the Anglo-Saxon model of the United States, Canadian foundations as a whole have much in common with the foundation sector in both countries. Similarities include the number of foundations per capita, a similar range in size and influence, a comparable diversity of foundation types, and an explosion in the number of foundations in recent decades (although the United States has a much longer history of large foundations making high-impact interventions). This analysis also highlights some key differences among larger foundations in the three jurisdictions: German foundations are generally more apt to have a change-orientation and are more vigorous in their disbursement of income and assets. U.S. foundations are more likely to play a welfare-replacement role in lieu of inaction by the state. Canadian foundations play a complementary role, particularly in the areas of education and research, health, and social services. At the same time, there is a segment of Canadian foundations that are fostering innovation, social and policy change, and are embarking on meaningful partnerships and acts of reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples in Canada.

Viewing Nordic Public Management

How do Nordic states conduct policies in order to bring people closer to the socio-economic realm, in the sense that they, being social capital, tend to be integrated as active and participatory citizens? How do the interventionist and expensive Nordic welfare states survive in the global age, with demanding and ever changing claims to international competitiveness? This paper addresses these questions. Social capital and partnership building are introduced as terms and policy concepts in order to find answers in the framework of intended or unintended strategic taming endeavours. As a critical approach claims a contextual conceptualisation, we shall here view different European social models and administrative traditions in relation to comparative basic contexts in order to arrive at analytical answers. Leaning especially on the Anglo-Saxon model, the traditional Scandinavian universal welfare state model of the post-war Keynesian order has gradually been transformed into the contemporary Nordic model (Veggeland 2007). Contextual regulatory innovations and path-dependent processes have generated the survival of universal welfare state arrangements and collective action but with the mixed use of Market-Type Mechanisms (MTM) in the public sector of Anglo-Saxon origin. In summary, this blending of policies has resulted in the advantageous social capital of what is called flexicurity , social security combined with a flexible participatory labour market. We shall discuss both flexicurity policy and participatory subsidiarity defined downwards as contributions to an explanation of why the expensive welfare states of the Nordic type have not only so far been doing well but have also sustained both democratic and output-side legitimacy.

International evidence of time-variation in trend labor productivity growth

We assess time-variation in labor productivity growth for a broad set of OECD countries over the period 1960–2016. The analysis utilizes a quarterly dataset and takes full account of the intensive labor margin. We apply ‘data-hungry’ endogenous break tests and time-varying parameters median-unbiased estimation. While the decline in labor productivity growth is particularly striking for European countries and Japan, it is rather mild in Anglo-Saxon economies.

Społeczne zharmonizowanie ewaluacji

Evaluation culture in Poland is still in its initial phase. We are still far from Anglo-Saxon models of socializing evaluation studies, in which both the researcher - the evaluator and the respondents, managers and others involved have the impact on the design and the course of the research. Social evaluation is a difficult research model, requiring the inclusion of diverse participants. However, its value is directly proportional to the effort put into making it since it gives rise to increased involvement, understanding and utilisation of its results.

Knowledge-Based Economy as a Foundation for the Economic Development of Countries

This paper highlights the relationship between knowledge and economic development. The study considers nine countries grouped in three different development models: 1) the Asian model includes Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore; 2) the Anglo-Saxon model includes the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada and 3) the European model includes Germany, France, and the Netherlands. The data was sourced from the Global Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum, the PISA reports, the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) and the Global Innovation Index of the World Bank. The Asian group ranked highest for innovation as shown through the application of patents; they also obtained the highest scores in the PISA test. The Anglo-Saxon group stood out by having a good institutionalized knowledge system. From the European group, Germany is recognized by its innovation capabilities and the Netherlands by the quality of its higher education.

Status of Education System: Interactions of Input and Output Composite Indicators

Education is one of keystones that guarantees well-being of a country, therefore the understanding about the educationsystem status might be crucial. It motivates to measure the state of the education system, to understand its determinants and tomonitor changes over time that would allow the implementation of evidence-based education policy. Measurement and assessment ofthe state of the education system is a complex task, as the analysis of individual indicators of the educational system is insufficient tomonitor and evaluate education as a multidimensional phenomenon. To achieve a comprehensive and generalized assessment of theeducation system, we have chosen to calculate the composite indicators, namely, indicators of resources and outcomes. Using thelatter indicators we evaluate state of resources and output of the educational system, understand the factors, determining the state, andcompare it over time and in the context of other countries. Indices were calculated for the Baltic countries and three “old” EUmember states: UK representing the Anglo-Saxon liberal model, Germany for the Continental corporatist model and Finland as anexample of the Scandinavian model. For the analysis we used 2002-2014 annual publicly available data from EUROSTAT, OECD,and IEA databases. We have employed a simple weighted additive method with equal weights and principal components analysis forthe construction of indices. We have found that the differences between composite indicators, constructed by the simple weightedadditive method with equal and principal components analysis weights, are limited. The increase in the number of sub-indicators byalmost two-thirds does not affect dynamics of the output indices over time. We have established that inertia of the education systemis different for the countries: the impact of the output on the results is observed with 2–4 year lag for the Baltic States, as there is notime lag or there is a one year lag for Germany and the United Kingdom. Finland's results are different as compared with the othercountries examined. The dynamics of the Baltic indices is similar and possibly constitutes a separate group.

Financialization and Distribution from a Kaleckian Perspective: The United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden Compared—Before and after the Crisis

In this article we analyze the effects of financialization on income distribution, before and after the Great Financial Crisis and the Great Recession, for the two liberal Anglo-Saxon economies, the United States and the United Kingdom, and for a typical Nordic welfare state economy, Sweden. We apply a Kaleckian perspective in which the focus will be on functional income distribution and thus on the relationship between financialization and the wage share or the gross profit share. According to this approach, financialization may affect aggregate wage or gross profit shares of the economy as a whole through three channels: first, the sectoral composition of the economy; second, the financial overhead costs and profit claims of the rentiers; and third, the bargaining power of workers and trade unions. We examine empirical indicators for each of these channels, both before and after the crisis. We find that the types of countries investigated here have shown broad similarities regarding redistribution before the crisis, however, with major differences in the underlying determinants. These differences have carried through to the period after the crisis and have led to different results regarding the development of distribution since then.

La scelta della mediazione: panorama europeo ed internazionale

This paper deals with the mediation as an instrument that is able to figure out pacefully the fights in order to make whose is the responsability clear about own actions. The author describes the mediator’s job payind particular attention to the Anglo-Saxon economy criterion which gave rise to the spread of alternative methods about the fights’ resolution. Furthermore, the author speaks about the European Committee idea of creating a good system to defend the rights for the member countries.

Monitoring corporate boards: evidence from China

China’s listed companies have two-tier boards comprising of a supervisory board and a board of directors. The supervisory board has the responsibility to oversee and monitor the board of directors. Similarly, the role of the independent non-executive directors (INEDs) is to advise and monitor directors. In this paper, we investigate the main board structure hypotheses namely the scope of operations, monitoring and negotiation hypotheses for a sample of Chinese Initial Public Offerings floated on both the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. Our results provide evidence to support the three hypotheses. Interestingly, we find that the larger the size of the board of directors, the larger the supervisory board size. Moreover, we find that the higher the proportion of INEDs, the smaller the supervisory board size and this implies that INEDs are perhaps a substituting mechanism for the supervisors’ monitoring role. Finally, we argue that as the Chinese governance structure combines both the German and the Anglo-Saxon models, this creates a conflict between the two boards with respect to the monitoring role. Our results, therefore call for a comprehensive reform in the Chinese governance mechanism.