Andean Spanish Research Articles

Interferencia morfosintáctica del quechua al castellano en la provincia del Cusco

The Spanish spoken in the province of Cusco belongs to Andean Spanish, this because of the linguistic contact between Quechua and Spanish. This linguistic relationship generates various linguistic cases such as bilingualism, interference, substitution of one language for another, etc. The objective of this investigation is to describe and analyze the morphosyntactic interference from Quechua into Spanish spoken by bilinguals in the province of Cusco. The methodology used the qualitative approach and, consequently, the descriptive explanatory method. The linguistic corpus is made up of the information noted in the linguistic record sheet and the series of recordings of the interview. Also, the techniques that were used were observation andthe interview.The instruments used were the linguistic record sheet and a semi-structured questionnaire for the interview. The study design is of a non-experimental, cross-sectional nature. The results obtained show that morphosyntactic interference from Quechua to Spanish is manifested in linguistic insertion, omissions, grammatical substitutions, grammatical discordance, and solecism. Finally, the linguistic cases analyzed are natural expressions of the bilingual, without taking into account whether the bilingual is a native or non-native speaker.

Inappropriate Identities: Racialized Language Ideologies and Sociolinguistic Competence in a Study Abroad Context

Abstract This article examines cases where two study abroad students—Rita and Jack—problematized the normative use of specific dialectal variants by local native speakers at the end of their Spanish immersion program in Peru. Specifically, it explores what these cases reveal about second language learners’ sociolinguistic competence in a study abroad context involving their knowledge of native speaker norms and the contextual appropriateness of target language variation. An analysis of ethnographic data suggests that Rita and Jack interpreted the appropriate use of sociolinguistic variation from the local variety of Andean Spanish by drawing on prevalent racialized language ideologies in the host community that link non-standard variants to an indigenous identity imagined as incompetent in Spanish. These findings validate a need for alternative analytic frameworks that conceptualize second language learners’ development of sociolinguistic competence in terms of language ideologies rather than objective sets of normative native speaker practices. This study advances calls to develop L2 learners’ critical language awareness through curricular innovation and critical pedagogies in study abroad programs.

First person singular subject pronoun expression of young Spanish speakers from Quito, Ecuador

Abstract This variationist study analyzes the first-person subject pronoun expression (SPE) of speakers from Quito, Ecuador. To date, this morphosyntactic variable has not been explored in this Andean variety of Spanish. The data consists of 20 sociolinguistic interviews. Results reveal an SPE rate of 17%, comparable to other Andean Spanish varieties. As per Rbrul’s quantitative analysis, the predictors that promote the presence of the ‘yo’ in this variety of Spanish are co-referential Priming, switch reference, ambiguous TMA endings and main clauses. In addition, following Orozco and Hurtado (2021), lexical effects of the verb were observed by analyzing the verb lemma. This predictor revealed similarly opposing tendencies between verbs in the same lexical category. This study adds to the growing body of SPE research by examining which linguistic variables influence the use of ‘yo’ in this Ecuadorian Andean Spanish (EAS) variety and comparing these results to those of other Andean Spanish varieties.

Context-specific use and ideology: perception of appropriate domains for dar + gerund

Abstract This investigation explores the perception and use of dar ‘give’ + gerund, i.e., dame pasando ‘pass me’, as a request in Ecuadorian Andean Spanish. Previous research has focused on origins and uses of dar + gerund, often classifying it as an attenuated request form that arose, in part, from sustained contact with Ecuadorian Kichwa. This paper demonstrates that a simple definition of politeness insufficiently captures the requester’s complex calculation of social relationship, perceived imposition, indirectness and politeness when making a request with dar + gerund. Furthermore, dar + gerund tends to be perceived as most appropriate in equal social/functional relationships, breaking with previous research that positions more attenuated requests with deference and formality. By examining the perception of appropriate use through an online questionnaire, observations and sociolinguistic interviews, this investigation shows how this dialectal construction encodes a range of social meaning in a particular context.

Concessive scalar particles: Symmetric vs. non-symmetric alternatives. The case of Spanish <em>siquiera</em>

Polarity items have been analyzed as existential quantifiers that introduce alternatives into the semantic derivation (Krifka 1991; 1995; Kratzer & Shimoyama 2002; Chierchia 2013). Under this approach, variation in the polarity system can be reduced to variation in the types of alternatives that polarity items introduce (Chierchia 2013). We present a case of dialectal variation within the polarity system that can be treated along these lines. The paper focuses on Spanish siquiera, a concessive scalar particle. Concessive scalar particles (Slovenian magari, Greek esto, and Spanish siquiera) (Crnič 2011a; b) are polarity items licensed in a variety of downward entailing environments, where they can be paraphrased with English even, and in modal environments, where they can be paraphrased with English at least. The paper shows that the interpretation and distribution of Spanish siquiera differs between Iberian and Andean Spanish. We propose that siquiera shares the same assertive core across dialects, but differs in the types of alternatives that it introduces.

Metalinguistic discourse and dialect performance

Abstract This investigation examines how dialect identity and linguistic ideologies are negotiated and performed through dar +gerund, a northern Andean Spanish construction used to express an attenuated request or favor. Specifically, positive, neutral, and negative sentiments expressed through metalinguistic commentary are analyzed from a corpus of 450 tweets collected on Twitter between 2008- May 2019. This analysis shows how a higher degree of emotional intensity in negative sentiments signals linguistic and cultural discrimination towards this Kichwa-contact induced construction. On the other end, positive sentiments celebrate and defend this feature as an intrinsic part of the Andean Ecuadorian dialect and identity. This negotiation of the linguistic and cultural significance of dar +gerund serves to destabilize dominant negative perceptions and renegotiate the meaning of this NAS feature.

Grammaticalization in the Evidential pathway of the Andean Spanish Present Perfect

This work examines the development of the Spanish Present Perfect (PP) in an excolonial region where Spanish is in contact with Amerindian languages and argues for the inclusion of linguistic factors connected to ‘subjectivity’ and ‘information structure’ in the study of the PP, alongside the traditional temporal and aspectual factors. Perfects in the world’s languages derive from three main sources (BE/HAVE, COME, FINISH, Bybee, Perkins & Pagliuca 1994), but HAVE perfects (e.g., Spanish) are considered the least common pattern (WALS, Dahl & Velupillai 2013; Drinka 2017). Bybee et al. (1994) posit that only the stative source branches into two distinct grammaticalization pathways of the PP: the temporal (towards past/perfective) or the evidential (leading to (in)direct evidential). There are exceptions to the temporal pathway in Romance: Daca-Romanian (Drinka 2017), Judeo-Spanish (Varol 2006), and Andean Spanish varieties (Escobar & Crespo del Río 2021) are argued to follow the evidential path that is in each case triggered by contact with a language or languages of families (Turkic or Quechumaran) that have evidential markers. Through detailed grammatical analyses of data from semi-structured conversations, the effects of subjectivity and information structure on the grammaticalization pathway of the PP in Andean Spanish varieties are established.

Te Andean Spanish of Peru Trough Folk Tales: Psycholinguocultural Approach

National varieties of Spanish have been studied successfully since the second half of the XX-th century. Te object of this research is the Andean varieties of Spanish, which we intend to study from a psycholinguocultural perspective, which is a novel approach, developed by a number of Russian linguists.Te research is aimed at analyzing some linguistic characteristics of the natural bilinguals of the Andean world and answering the questions, if there is a connection between language and ethnicity and if an ethnic group can have two or more linguistic identities. Between language and ethnicity there is a close and direct interdependence. However similar the language spoken by different ethnic groups living in the same territory may seem, it is only on the surface, as the language is determined by psycho- and linguocultural factors. A monolingual ethnic group does not usually have more than one linguistic identity, but in diglossia situations, a person who acts as two (or more) speaking subjects, using one or more languages depending on the circumstances, brings together two (or more) linguistic personalities.

El pretérito pluscuamperfecto como marca de género narrativo en el español andino del Noroeste de la Argentina

In her research about the past tense forms from the Quechua Southern Conchucos lands (Ancash, Peru), Hintz (2007) finds equivalences between some functions of the narrative structure of both the past tense in Quechua and the past tense in Spanish among the bilingual speakers of Quechua-Spanish. In this work, we analyze a group of not-experienced native speakers’ oral testimonies of Andean Spanish from Northwest Argentina. We seek to find a mutual relation between evidential and affect functions of the Quechua suffix -na: and the use of the pluperfect of Andean Spanish. Our findings show that there is a partial grammar barrowing between the two forms. We envisage also that the pluperfect appears remarkably more often in certain parts of the narrative structure, usually along with one of the decir verb forms as a metadiscursive markers (Chang, 2018 and 2019).

About the Use of Tag Questions in Andean Spanish

This paper aims to describe the use of tag questions in the variety of Andean Spanish spoken in Bolivia. In particular, it explores the tag questions that occur in the Corpus oral del español hablado por bilingües de aymara-español. The analysis consists of two levels. On the one hand, it describes the pragmatic functions of tag questions and identifies the correlation between their distribution and their pragmatic functions. On the other hand, it focuses on the impact that social factors (the speakers’ sex, age, and education) have on the frequency of the tags. Along these lines, it displays the lack of a general sociolinguistic trend in the use of tag questions, furthermore, it shows that the higher frequency of tags in a sociolinguistic group rather than in another is tag-dependent.

Notes on Extended Uses of pues in Basque Country Spanish

This work is intended to present a preliminary approach to some of the facts related to the Basque Country Spanish extended use of the connective pues 'so, therefore, consequently...'. The differences between the Standard Spanish pues and the Basque uses of this same particle will be examined and thoroughly described in order to establish the distinctive syntactic and semantic features of the latter. By so doing, we will introduce the topic of a possible language contact explanation. In this regard it will be necessary to face similar facts about pues in Andean Spanish in contact wtih Quechua. This complete scenario of coinciding developments for pues in Spanish contact dialects will be finally taken into account in order to suggest some of the paths leading to an explanation of the origins of the specific uses of pues in Basque Country Spanish.

Valores de nomás en el español andino

The aim of this article is to present an analysis of different values of Andean Spanish adverb nomás, conducted by means of methodology referred to as cultural linguistics (Anusiewicz, 1994; Palmer, 2000; Wilk-Racięska, 2012 and 2018), understood as a multidimensional research system which uses various tools, depending on the phenomenon under the investigation. Hence, the research apparatus of cultural linguistics covers semantic, cognitive and pragmatic tools. This methodology allows for the thorough examination of the relations between Andean Spanish and its substrative languages. The autor introduces key notions, defines methodology and presents a practical ilustration of the hypothesis put forward in the form of a short analysis of some values of the Spanish Andean adverb nomás. https://doi.org/10.17398/2660-7301.43.309

La perífrasis de gerundio en el castellano andino de La Mar (Ayacucho)

El presente trabajo aborda el tratamiento descriptivo de las perífrasis de gerundio más recurrentes en el español hablado por los niños del distrito de La Mar (Ayacucho), cuya variante dialectal corresponde al castellano andino propiamente dicho (Escobar, 1978). De entre las construcciones presentadas destaca la perífrasis estar + gerundio, tanto por su recurrencia como por su funcionalidad; esto es, el verbo “estar” como verbo auxiliar puede combinarse con cualquier otro verbo del español y producir, por tanto, una gama variada de construcciones perifrásticas altamente funcionales. Presentamos, asimismo, algunas otras construcciones que, si bien no alcanzan una gran funcionalidad, resultan características de esta variedad de español, fuertemente influida por el sufjo -chka del quechua.

El pretérito perfecto compuesto en relatos del castellano de Acolla (Junín)

Este artículo científico da cuenta del comportamiento morfosintáctico del pretérito perfecto compuesto (PPC) en relación con el pretérito perfecto simple (PPS) en el castellano de Acolla. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si la frecuencia de uso del PPC era mayor al de PPS en relatos orales del pasado de esta variedad dialectal. Se trabajó sobre la base de la producción narrativa de 75 niños y niñas de seis años, monolingües del castellano. La estrategia Mi mascota favorita (MMF) resultó ser bastante efectiva para el acopio de información, insumo útil en la conformación del corpus lingüístico. Para el cálculo de la frecuencia absoluta y relativa de las formas verbales involucradas, se utilizó el programa informático Windows AntConc, versión 3.2.4. Los resultados señalan que en el castellano de Acolla, la frecuencia de uso del PPC es significativamente mayor a la del PPS tal como ocurre en otras variedades de castellano andino. Se concluye que en el castellano de Acolla, el PPC goza de mayor preferencia en narraciones que describen eventos temporalmente ocurridos no solamente en un pasado lejano sino también remoto.

Perceiving isn't believing: Divergence in levels of sociolinguistic awareness

AbstractThe influence of social knowledge on speech perception is a question of interest to a range of disciplines of language research. This study combines experimental and qualitative approaches to investigate whether the various methodological and disciplinary threads of research on this topic are truly investigating the same phenomenon to provide converging evidence in our understanding of social listening. This study investigates listeners’ perceptions of Spanish and Quechua speakers speaking Spanish in the context of a contact zone between these two languages and their speakers in central Bolivia. The results of a pair of matched-guise vowel discrimination tasks and subsequent interviews demonstrate that what peopleperceive, as measured by experimental tasks, is not necessarily what theybelievethey hear, as reported in narrative responses to interview prompts. Multiple methodological approaches must be employed in order to fully understand the way that we perceive language at diverging levels of sociolinguistic awareness. (Perception, sociophonetics, sociolinguistics, awareness, Andean Spanish)

페루 중부 안데스 스페인어의 모음 사이 /d/ 탈락에 대한 빈도 효과 연구

페루 중부 안데스 스페인어의 모음 사이 /d/ 탈락에 대한 빈도 효과 연구

Variation in Coda /ɾ/ in Peruvian Andean Spanish: a sociophonetic study

Variation in Coda /ɾ/ in Peruvian Andean Spanish: a sociophonetic study

Hacia una enseñanza no prescriptiva de la lengua estándar: herramientas para la valoración del contacto quechua-español en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires

Fil: Juanatey, Mayra Ayelen. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Argentino de Informacion Cientifica y Tecnologica; Argentina

Variable subject pronoun expression in Andean Spanish: a drift from the acrolect

This study is one of the first variationist accounts of subject pronoun expression (SPE) in Andean Spanish, in particular, in the variety spoken in Huancayo, Peru. The data analyzed consist of sociolinguistic interviews of sixteen participants, equally divided by sex. The results show that the overt subject personal pronoun (SPP) rate in Huancayo Spanish is the lowest one attested: 16.2%, even lower than that of Lima, the capital (16.8%), which situates Andean Spanish among conservative varieties regarding SPE. In order to determine if Huancainos are following Limenos as a model in their SPE use and therefore sharing the same constraints, I conducted two separate regression analyses: one for Huancayo and one for the Limeno acrolect using Goldvarb X. The results show that Lima’s dialect is sensitive to two factor groups that are neutralized in Huancayo, which suggests that Huancainos do not take Limenos as a role model for their overt SPP production

Measuring /s/ variation among younger generations in a migrant settlement in Lima, Peru

AbstractThis study analyzes the pronunciation of /s/ in the Spanish of young adults in a newer migrant settlement in metropolitan Lima, Peru. The participants have parents and/or grandparents who migrated to Lima primarily from the Andean provinces, where the sibilant pronunciation of /s/ prevails. The study examines a variety of social factors, including migrant generation, family origin, gender, education, occupation, and social networks to determine the factors that correlate with /s/ weakening, which is more prevalent in ClassicLimeñoSpanish than in Andean Spanish (Caravedo 1990; Hundley 1983; Klee and Caravedo 2006). A proportional-odds mixed effects model was used to treat the repeated measurement categorical data on a continuum of acoustical variation ([s]>[h]>Ø) and the advantages of this model are explained. Results indicate that an important social predictor of /s/ variation is migrant generation: there is a progressive weakening in /s/ with each subsequent migrant generation. In addition to the generational effect, higher levels of education correlate with less /s/ weakening. Two variables were more weakly correlated with /s/ pronunciation: gender and social networks. Overall, the results indicate that young adults in this community, especially those of the third-generation, seem to be assimilating to some degree to coastal norms of /s/ weakening, although there is also a possibility that they may be forming their own norm.