Ancient Village Research Articles

Heritage Sustainability of the Territory: Photogrammetric Survey of the Castle of Beas de Segura (Jaén, Spain)

Beas de Segura is an ancient village located in the valley of the Sierra de Segura, at the gateway to the Sierra de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas (Jaén, Spain). This territory has been inhabited by different cultures, from the Palaeolithic to the present day, giving rise to a complex urban fabric in which relevant architectural and archaeological elements still survive. The coexistence of these heritage structures with the inhabited domestic architecture has generated significant conflicts of coexistence, resulting in an accelerated process of physical and social deterioration of this increasingly impoverished area. Drawing, together with all the techniques that derive from it, is a necessary and precise source of knowledge and communication for understanding the territory, however complex it may be. This potential, applied to a heritage and social reality such as that of the Castle and Fortress of Beas de Segura (Jaén), allows for processes to be revealed, actions to be ordered, and interventions to be proposed. This article brings together the results of research carried out in this area of the Sierra de Segura, in which graphic expression, combined with the study of materials, has enabled us to identify original elements of the castle and medieval fortification. This system of knowledge discovery has been decisive in establishing a criterion for heritage intervention, seeking a sustainable balance between the development of life in this area of the city, the recovery of the collective memory of the surviving elements of the castle and fortress, and the conservation of the protected historical remains.

IMPACT OF THE GOVERNMENT'S HOUSE ASSISTANCE ON CHANGES IN SPATIAL PATTERNS AND COMMUNITY BEHAVIOR OF PINGGAN TRADITIONAL VILLAGE, BANGLI BALI REGENCY

Pinggan Village, which is an ancient traditional village (Bali Aga) with a pattern of settlements and traditional mountainous Balinese buildings, namely Bale Saka Roras, in 2018 received assistance to improve housing quality from the government. that. This study aims to determine and analyze the impact of housing assistance on changes in settlement space patterns and changes in local community behavior. Research for changes in spatial patterns is descriptive qualitative, and changes in behavior using the two-average difference test analysis method. The results showed that housing assistance had an effect on changes in spatial patterns on the macro and meso scales, as well as changes in the behavior of rural communities. The meso scale is seen in changes in the shape and addition of buildings to the yard, while on a macro scale the distribution of housing assistance forms new settlement groups outside the traditional village area. Behavioral changes that occur are the decreasing function of traditional buildings (bale’s sake roras) only for religious and cultural activities.

Retraced memories - virtual reconstruction of an architectural landmark

<p class="VARAbstract">This paper addresses the challenge of digitally reconstructing ruined architectural sites and retracing their history, in order to virtually recompose their geometrical, stylistic and material integrity. To this end, the research team analyzed the ruins of the church of Santa Maria de Monasterio Albo, located in the ancient village of Misterbianco (Sicily) and destroyed (together with the entire hamlet) by the 1669 eruption of Mount Etna. In the last years, some excavation campaigns brought the church to the light, unveiling the remains of the main portal and six altars, which are one of the most remarkable examples of Mannerist art in eastern Sicily. This research aimed to three-dimensional (3D) reconstruct both the altars and the portal, ideally reviving their original 17<sup>th</sup> century configuration. This goal was achieved through an in-depth archival research (documents dating back to the years between 1300 and 1666 were consulted), an analysis of Classic and Renaissance treatises, and two integrated digital survey campaigns (laser scans and photogrammetry). The outcome is represented by the 3D models of the seven artifacts, which include surviving parts reconstructed as photogrammetric meshes, several fragments were placed in their likely early location through a virtual anastylosis, and NURBS (Non Uniform Rational Basis-Splines) surfaces (recreating the no longer existing elements). The latter were 3D modelled based on the treatises (which provided information on the correct proportioning) or in analogy with other coeval similar artifacts. Overall, the digital reconstruction was based on the ethical principles of transparency of the intervention, recognition of non-original additions and distinction between evidence and hypothesis, according to the London Charter and the Seville Principles. The experimentation provides a valid support for possible interventions in the real world and is the starting point to develop a digital archive of the site, which would make the different accuracy levels the reconstruction explicit.</p><p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li><p>3D virtual reconstruction is effective to visualize and bring back to life ruined architectural artefacts.</p></li><li><p>Information about the artefacts original appearance was harvested through digital survey campaigns, archival documents, and comparisons with iconographic sources and coeval buildings.</p></li><li><p>The 3D reconstruction follows ethical principles of transparency and combines photogrammetric meshes (partly relocated through a virtual anastylosis) and NURBS surfaces.</p></li></ul>

Приозерное поселение начала эпохи железа в уральской тайге

The article presents the characteristics of the multi-temporal settlements that existed in the 8th—3rd centuries BC on the ruins of Shaitanskoe Lake II, a unique sanctuary of the beginning of the Bronze Age in the vicinity of the village Neivo-Rudyanka, Sverdlovsk Region. This is the first most fully investigated (1149 sq. m) site of the early Iron Age of the mountain-forest Trans-Urals, located on a low lakeside terrace. The ceramic and tool complexes of the Gamayun culture, descendants of the taiga tribes of Western Siberia, who came from the north, as well as the communities of the local Itkul’ and heterogeneous Iset’ cultures, characterize the inhabitants of the settlements as settled fishermen and hunters who were familiar with the basic producing economy (livestock maintenance, copper foundry). The absence of long-term stationary dwellings and a powerful cultural layer is typical for ancient seasonal summer camps and villages. The presence of a small amount of ceramics from Gorokhovo and Baitovo cultures documents forced relocation of a part of the population from the Tobol region into the Trans-Ural taiga in the 5th—3rd centuries BC, under the pressure of cattle-breeding tribes of the Sargat culture, ancient ancestors of the Hungarians, moving from the Ishim-Irtysh forest-steppe.

Research on Sustainable Conservation of Ancient Villages by Utilizing Digital Technologies

With the coming of the 5G era, it has become a crucial international trend to conserve ancient villages and the sustainability by utilizing multiple digital technologies. The recognition of landscape and culture is a momentous step in the sustainable conservation of ancient villages’ study, as well as the extended application and management approach of data should be considered seriously. In the pages that follow, it tries to provide a conservation method systematically in which emphasizes the integration utilization of digital technologies by taking the Taoping Qiang Stockade Village in Sichuan as a case study. Moreover, this article proposes that the conservation should be carried out at three steps: landscape recognition, establish the data chain and cultural inheritance and dissemination. In general, this essay seeks to explore the utilization of digital technologies and provide a systematic perspective and methodology for the sustainable conservation of ancient villages.

Why is the ‘counter-tradition’ room setting harmonious for an ancient village of China? An analysis based on landsenses ecology

ABSTRACT Based on the theory of landsenses ecology, this paper makes a detailed analysis of the architecture pattern of ‘The House of Hundred Rooms’(HHR) in the East Dragon Village, a traditional ancient Chinese village, so as to provide a reference for the research on reasonable land use and sustainable development in modern times. By the principle of the vein-compliance in orientation and bearing in landsense creation, the paper analyses the causes of the north-facing feature and the ‘counter-tradition’ room setting feature lie in the architectural pattern of HHR, revealing that people’s psychological perceptions of orientation and bearing is distinct from the physical one. It points out these features of this building complex are the results of man’s active adaptation to nature on the basis of respecting nature, which together manages to form a process of constructing the harmonious relationship between man and nature during land use. By the principle of the multiscale (trans-scale or cross-scale) spatiotemporal combination in landsense creation, the paper continues to analyze on the pattern of HHR and finds that it has both the function of cultural inheritance and the innovation of adaptation to new environment, which can promote the protection of historical and cultural elements during the course of development, and bring reference for the realization of sustainable development from the perspective of contemporary historical and cultural heritage protection.

Framework for the sustainable development of village tanks in cascades as an adaptation to climate change and for improved water security, Sri Lanka

Abstract The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all UN member states, provides a policy framework for achieving sustainable development goals. The 13th SDG: Climate Action is fully dedicated to ‘taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts’. Increasing storage is a key adaptation strategy in the water sector, and restoration and rehabilitation of ancient village tanks have been identified as one of the Nationally Determined Contributions in Sri Lanka. Though the country has engaged in the restoration of village tanks for nearly 170 years, only around 50% of the ancient tanks amounting to around 16,000 are restored and in working condition. Hence, this study aims to identify a strategy for restoring the abandoned tanks in the country towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals. The study reviewed the evolution of policies and approaches adopted in developing village tanks and identified conceptual and technical drawbacks in the existing normative assessment approach. New conceptual and decision-making frameworks were developed, incorporating design-level strategic considerations identified while following a multidimensional and transdisciplinary approach. The approach presented would be a viable strategy to develop village tanks in cascades as sustainable social–ecological systems.

From UAV survey to 3D printing, geomatics techniques for the enhancement of small village Cultural Heritage

Italy is rich in cultural heritage villages and places of interest. This work illustrates the methodology utilized by the Geomatics Laboratory (DICEAM of the Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria) to create a archaeological structures’ 3D model. 3D modeling is based on the utilization of imaging techniques, such as computer vision and digital photogrammetry. The outcomes obtained determine the value of the technique used in the field of cultural heritage to create a digital models and to replicate them through 3d printing. Furthermore, in the renewed interest in the context of the studies of ancient villages, the implementation of open GIS represents a new method to amplify the number of visitors to the villages despite concerns about returns on investments. In fact, the use of 3D acquisition and modeling tools to enhance the Cultural Heritage represents one of the study’s areas in quickly development in the near future.

Disaster Prevention Route Planning of Fenglin Ancient Village Based on Space Syntax Analysis

The channel of a disaster prevention (hereinafter referred to as DP) system for traditional villages are roads and alleys (hereinafter referred to as RA) whose accessibility decides DP efficiency and route. This paper aims to illustrate how potential the RA of Fenglin Ancient Village (hereinafter referred to as FAV) are as DP channel and define insecure area by looking into accessibility layout which is produced by analysis on 2 indexes of space syntax (integration and choice). The result shows that the RA of FAV enjoy a high value of integration (1.059), with the middle area being most prominent. The average choice value is 1161.57, which reveals their low potential as passage. In accordance with the research result, the DP route map is planned, and strategy optimization is put forward.

Влияние природно-географического расположения Сурхандарьинской области на размещение населенных пунктов

The article examines the influence of natural and geographical factors on the location of settlements in Surkhandarya region from a scientific point of view. The structure of the surface of the Surkhandarya region, the natural geographic tariff, the population and the number of settlements, the historical formation of villages have been studied. In connection with the multinationality of the population in the region, it is natural to divide the village into certain groups, its structural structure and distribution. In mountainous areas, villages are generally more concentrated along streams and springs. Ancient villages consist of seasonal settlements, reflecting the study of the reasons for the location of villages in the highlands, socio-economic, geographical factors, as well as the level of development of the area.

The ethnobotany of Ngusaba ceremonial plant utilization by Tenganan Pegringsingan community in Karangasem, Bali, Indonesia

Abstract. Ratnani DA, Junitha IK, Kriswiyanti E, Dhana IN. 2021. The ethnobotany of Ngusaba ceremonial plant utilization by Tenganan Pegringsingan community in Karangasem, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2078-2087. Tenganan Pegringsingan is an ancient village in Bali, Indonesia, which often performs several ceremonies with high intensity. One of them is the Ngusaba ceremony, where many plants are utilized both in species and quantity. Hence, this study aimed to identify the species, family, local names, sources, and parts of plants, used for Ngusaba ceremonies by the Tenganan Pegringsingan community including the Index of Cultural Significance (ICS). Data analysis was qualitative and quantitative. Furthermore, the qualitative method was used to obtain data on the plants’ local names, while snowball sampling was applied to select key informants through in-depth interviews and moderate participation. The results showed that the 130 species distributed in 56 families mostly belonging to the purchased source (34.61%). The Poaceae is the largest family, while the most widely used part of the plant is the leaf. Based on the ICS analysis results, a range of 2-114 values was obtained. The highest value is Base (Piper betle L.) and kangkung (Ipomoea batatas L.) as lowest.

Contextualizing Mississippian Migration in Early Fort Ancient Villages

Abstract The transition to sedentary village life and maize agriculture was an important turning point in the prehistory of the American midcontinent. This article presents the results of excavations at the Turpin site, one of the earliest agricultural villages in the Middle Ohio Valley, located just east of Cincinnati, Ohio. Although earlier researchers suggested that Turpin was occupied later during the Fort Ancient period, our work confidently anchors the site to the inception of the Fort Ancient archaeological culture. Excavations reported here produced evidence of two Mississippian-style walltrench structures, each of which dates between AD 1050 and AD 1275, demonstrating the early and nonlocal nature of occupation at the site. Material culture further supports the interpretation that the Turpin site reflects a community that included nonlocal peoples and traditions. Our findings provide archaeological support for recent biological studies suggesting that the inception of Fort Ancient culture along the Middle Ohio River was linked, at least in part, to an influx of people from neighboring Mississippian regions.

A study on the topographical composition and land use of old village section (Oaza) at the presumed locations of ancient villages in Chiba prefecture

Areas where people have lived and produced for long periods of time should have the conditions that make it possible， and therefore, clarifying them will provide useful insights for disaster risk reduction of the area. The purpose of this study is to clarify the topographical composition and the characteristics of land use of 244 old village sections (“Oaza”) in the presumed locations of ancient villages in Chiba prefecture, and to verify how they are related to disaster risk and agricultural land use. As a result, it was found that areas of many “Oaza” at the presumed ancient villages were set as to include various topography, and various land uses are made within them. In addition, four types of patterns with common features in topographical composition were confirmed, and it was clarified that the flood risk and agricultural land use differ for each pattern. Since these characteristics were confirmed in a relatively small unit called “Oaza” , maintaining and regenerating proper land use based on each “Oaza” as the basic unit may be an effective approach to reduce flood risk not only in “Oaza” but also in larger units of local communities.

Inter-visibility between settlements in pre-Hispanic Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. The relation between hierarchy and control of distant communications

The pre-Hispanic Tairona society of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in northern Colombia, adapted to their natural surroundings for the development of their culture, economy and architecture. The mountainous environment determined the location and shape of their settlements and roads, the use of construction materials and the way to adapt to the terrain. The location of these ancient villages coincides with the proximity to freshwater sources and usually takes advantage of ridges between watersheds or river basins, for possible strategic reasons of communication and defence. This research is based on computational experiments and fieldwork to explore the relationship that can be interpreted between the hierarchy of individual sites and their privileged position in the territory. Through viewshed analysis, multiple points were taken on the ground to assess the visual domain of some villages over others and the surrounding landscape.

Empowering Migrant Women Through Poetry

It was a lovely summer day in Athens when I welcomed Alishba, Sahar, Mahdia, Sakineh, Fatima, Khadija, Mahboubeh, Heba and Rahima in my poetry workshop. We shared tea and coffee, cakes and fresh fruit. The room was filled with laughter and vivid conversation in English, Greek, Arabic and Farsi. The women looked happy and relaxed, as we were ready to explore the poetry of the Nobel Laureate Odysseus Elytis (1911-1996). Selected poems from his Orientations (1940), Sun the First (1943), The Sovereign Sun (1971) and Maria Nefeli (1978) transformed the place into a hothouse of ideas and creativity. With the wings of our imagination, “we walked in the fields” and the sun found us “again on the sandy shores” untangling the nets of dreams. We “drank water” from the springs of ancient villages and heard sublime hymns as the wind loitered “among the quinces.” 1

Documenting the most widely utilized plants and the potential threats facing ethnobotanical practices in the Western Hajar Mountains, sultanate of Oman

The Sultanate of Oman has a rich human history, stretching back millennia, however little is known about the history of human – plant interactions, particularly within the ancient villages and communities in Oman's northern mountains. An ethnobotanical study to document the most utilized wild plant species in Oman's Western Hajar Mountains (Jabal Shams and Jabal Asarah) and assess the threats facing these species was carried out in 2016. Forty-two wild plant species were recorded. Life forms include, shrubs (25%), trees (22%), large shrubs (15%), grasses (8%), climbing plants (5%) and herbs (5%). Plant uses were divided as follows: medicinal (30%), fuel (14%), fodder (12%), food (9%), honey production (7%), construction (6%), and 4% each for utilitarian, tools, weapons and livestock care. Less than 1% of species were noted for their uses as dyes, perfumes and cosmetics. Twenty-seven plant families were represented; Rhamnaceae had the highest number of uses, followed in order by Fabaceae, Oleaceae, Asteraceae, and Lamiaceae. Wild plants play an important role in local communities in the Western Hajar Mountains. However, traditionally important plants, their uses and the associated traditional knowledge are under increasing threat from rapid socioeconomic development and local climate change patterns – reduced rainfall and increasing summer temperatures.

Community Participation and Residents’ Support for Tourism Development in Ancient Villages: The Mediating Role of Perceptions of Conflicts in the Tourism Community

As increasing numbers of tourists have begun to visit ancient villages, conflicts between tourism development and residents have become one of the main challenges to the sustainable development of the tourism community. This research explores the relationship between community participation and residents’ support for tourism development in an ancient village. This study surveyed 249 indigenous residents living in Whampoa Village, Guangzhou, China. The findings show that community participation in tourism development has a positive influence on residents’ support for tourism development, and this relationship is mediated by the perceptions of conflicts in the tourism community. This study contributes a new theoretical perspective and practical implications for the sustainable development of ancient villages.

Entre os vivos e os mortos

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão acerca das atitudes dos vivos em relação aos mortos, com base na análise dos artefatos cerâmicos e seus arranjos espaciais, indicadores de rituais funerários relacionados aos sítios arqueológicos Laranjal do Jari I e II, antigas aldeias localizadas no sul do Amapá, que datam por volta dos séculos VIII a XV AD. As estruturas de deposição cerâmica revelaram a presença dos conjuntos cerâmicos Jari e Koriabo. A partir da análise tecno-funcional da cerâmica e associações com contextos de deposição e sepultamentos, sugerem-se formas de sociabilidade e concepções sobre vida e morte dessas sociedades pré-coloniais que diferem das noções de afastamento dos mortos e construção de novas identidades, comuns à maior parte das populações indígenas contemporâneas.

Study on the Optimization of Activity-oriented Rural External Public Space—On the Basis of Beijing Shuiyu Village

In China today, the construction of public space outside the traditional countryside has been influenced by the new urbanisation and has initially changed in the direction of intensification, functionalisation and outward orientation, and in the process has exposed the problems of uneven distribution, single function and under-release of stock. The starting and ending points are the adaptation of different types of public space to outdoor activities. In summary, the three main types of outdoor activities in China's countryside are gathering, leisure and commercial activities, and there are differences in the form and distribution of external space dominated by different activities, and different construction strategies. As an ancient village with mainly assembly and leisure activities, Beijing Shuiyu Village has a single form of assembly space, a scribbled monument space and a blank commercial space. Based on this, the thesis proposes a spatial strategy of "monument protection, assembly development and commercial increment", which promotes the revitalisation of the village in parallel with protection and development, guides the transformation of the village space in a holistic manner, and provides a refined activity perspective for the optimisation of the village space in general.

Study of ancient monuments in namangan region

During the years of independence, the study of archeological monuments in the Namangan region has begun. The services of archaeologists in this regard are invaluable. Archaeological excavations in recent years have revealed that Namangan region has also been extensively developed by primitive farmers. Especially in the foothills, where small mountain streams flow, created conditions and opportunities for the emergence and development of sedentary agriculture. The ruins of these small rivers, such as Govasay in Chust, Tergachi on the banks of the Kosonsoy, and other ancient villages, are typical of this period.