Ancient Theory Research Articles

Chinese Culture and Cognitive Science

In the civilizations of the axial age, Chinese and Western cultures gave birth to different scientific traditions—the image sciences and the natural sciences—within the knowledge frameworks of the union of man and nature and of the subject–object dichotomy respectively. Therefore, there are inevitably insurmountable barriers to explaining the differences between Chinese and Western cultures in terms of a natural science concerned with “things.” However, human nature is universal, and it is possible to make direct comparisons and interpretations of the differences between Chinese and Western cultures in terms of the cognitive sciences dealing with the mind. One important way to compare and interpret Chinese culture and cognitive science is the mutual interpretation of Chinese and Western cultures. In view of this, we have integrated enactive cognition (the frontier of cognitive science) and the free energy principle to propose the predictive mind model of enactive cognition and have used this mutual interpretation to study the two cultures using this model of cognitive science as a truly unified cross-cultural paradigm for cognitive science. First, the theory of enaction embedded in Chinese culture is actually closely related to enactive cognition, the frontier of Western cognitive science. Laozi’s theory of universal enaction (cosmology) shows that Chinese culture has an ancient theory of enaction. He firmly planted in the minds of Chinese people a way of thinking dealing with union of man and nature. Western enactive cognition, as a modern theory, advocates continuity of life and mind and emphasizes that life is both autopoietic and cognitive, which is actually a scientific cognitive expression of the Chinese cultural idea of the harmony of man and nature. This is actually a scientific cognitive expression of Chinese culture’s idea of the harmony of man and nature. Second, the qi in Chinese culture is similar to the free energy in Western cognitive science. In terms of concept definition, qi is a mixture of matter, function and principles (information), while free energy is the synthesis of energy and information. From the point of view of the mode of operation, qi is the contradictory harmony between yin and yang, while free energy is the unity of top-down and bottom-up approaches. In terms of kinetic purpose, the kinetic purpose of qi is the doctrine of benevolence, while the kinetic purpose of free energy has gradually changed from representation of nature to construction of meaning. Through comparison and interpretation, we find that enactive cognition is closely related to Chinese culture on the cognitive science route, in what will be a practical path for the rejuvenation of Chinese culture. In addition, through the association of qi in Chinese culture and free energy in Western cognitive science, Chinese and Western cultures can be expected to be truly connected through cognitive science.

A Series before the TV Series: George Martin’s First Fantasy Story

In the article we concentrate our efforts on the detailed analysis of “The Lonely Songs of Laren Dorr”, the first fantasy story written by George R. R. Martin in 1976. Before that, he had written science fiction; and by now, we know him as the creator of the famous Game of Thrones. In this very first manifestation of George Martin’s creativity we can see some kind of a draft for future worlds of his own guided by the power of the Seven. They do not represent as yet different avatars of one and the same deity; rather, they are separate gods. Those gods are envious, cruel, and persecutory, which characteristics remind us of Ancient Greek ones. They steal Laren Dorr’s memory and even his dreams. Once he opposed them, and now he sings his lonely songs in a castle. Forever, because he is immortal.As well as immortal is a girl named Sharra who travels between worlds, searching her lost lover. Ancient gods hated excessive happiness of humans, and so do the Seven. The girl must struggle through innumerable gates between innumerable worlds, and after such a struggle she occasionally enters the lonely world of Laren Dorr. He tries to soothe her by his songs and his compassion, so that inevitably two solitary rebels against gods fall in love with each other.But not for a long time, in her case. After a while, she feels remorse and longs to return to her endless and hopeless search. He sighs and shows her a gate in the neighboring tower, explaining that there is always a guardian. Some try to stop her with force, some with lies. Only he tried to detain her with love, but he was true and never sang her false. He shoves her to the door. Now, he sings his lonely loving songs about her.George Martin’s Shakespearian inspiration obvious in the Game of Thrones was not enough to interpret this early story. We had to actualize ancient theories of love, as well as some medieval ones originating from the 12th century. As we know, Martin always combines those types of imagination.In our analysis we used the following concepts: ethics, desire, truth, and sentimentality. The former two are Lacanian and postmodern, the latter two ones lead us to the metamodern world of today. We cannot ignore the date of 1976 which is too early for a conscious metamodern outlook, but we believe in some kind of the writer’s insight of the forthcoming revival of sentimental moods, sometimes silenced and ephemeral, but always true.

Lotteries, bookmaking and ancient randomizers: Local and global analyses of chance

A local analysis of a chance system recovers the properties of the totality by accumulating the chance properties of its components. A global analysis considers only the properties of the chance system taken as a whole. It can sometimes provide an easier demonstration of the fitness for purpose of chance systems. Such is the case for the operators of lotteries and for bookmakers at a racetrack. Physical randomizers akin to dice were used extensively in antiquity for gambling, drawing lots and in divination. There is no ancient account of the fitness of these randomizers for these purposes and no ancient theory of the individual chances of outcomes. A global analysis can establish their fitness for purpose. If the rules of gambling and lot drawing are such that everyone has an equal opportunity, they are fair, independently of the individual, local chances. The randomizers are fit for the purposes of divination in so far as it is believed that the oracle has no control on the outcomes of the randomizers. In asking why some earlier culture did not discover probability theory, we presume incorrectly an inevitability to probability theory. The better question is why any culture found the theory at all.

Comparison of Vedic Multiplier Implementation Using Gate Diffusion Input and Modified Gate Diffusion Input Techniques

Vedic maths is an ancient mathematical theory based on 16 sutras that has a unique computation technique. We employ the fourteenth sutra, 'Urdhva Tiryakbhyam', from the 16 sutras. Multiplication can be done 'vertically and crosswise' using this sutra. The creation of a high-speed Vedic Multiplier based on ancient Indian Vedic Mathematics principles that have been tweaked to boost efficiency. Power, area, and latency are the three fundamental restrictions in modern VLSI technological advancements. Multipliers are used in high-speed arithmetic logic units, multiplier and accumulate units, and other similar applications. With the rising limits on latency, the design of faster multiplications is becoming increasingly important. Many changes are being done to improve speed. Vedic multipliers based on Vedic Mathematics are among them. Power, area, and latency are the three fundamental restrictions in modern VLSI technological advancements. CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) designs take up more space and use more energy. Power dissipation causes an IC to heat up, which has a direct impact on its reliability and performance. Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) technology reduces the size, propagation delay, and power consumption of digital circuits while also lowering logic complexity as compared to traditional CMOS and existing pass transistor logic approaches. We compared a 2x2 Vedic multiplier based on the GDI and mGDI (Modified GDI) techniques in this study. In comparison to the GDI approach, the mGDI technology employs much less transistors. The Vedic multiplier is implemented in the cadence virtuoso tool, on 180nm and 90nm technology.

Subject and History: Thinking Modernity with Castoriadis in Polemical Context (Heidegger, Ricoeur, Habermas)

The paper considers the specific lines of the ontology of Cornelius Castoriadis in a triple context of his thought: polemics with Heidegger and Ricoeur, but also the reception of Castoriadis' project of modernity by Habermas. The author aims to elucidate historical-philosophical meaning of these debates and receptions through the special problems of the philosophy of history: teleology, succession, determination, creation, innovation, re-production, memory and imagination. The author used hermeneutical and intertextual analyse as methods. The results of authors' work are as follows: 1) author showed that Castoriadis polemized with some cases of reception of Heidegger's thought, especially in regard of Ancient Greek civilization, 2) author showed the limits of Castoriadis' thought: his radical atheism, social monadism, refusal to think communication, 3) author showed also the advantages of Castoriadis' thought of history: his multiculturalism, his claim to restaure genuine philosophy and democracy, critics of determinism, scientism, cultural egoism.

Penyisipan Pesan Pada File Dokumen Berekstensi Xls/Xlsx Menggunakan Metode Chinese Remainder

Information which is the result of processing from data has a different value for each person. Often information becomes very valuable and not everyone is allowed to know it, but there are always parties who try to find out information in ways that are not supposed to even intend to destroy it. There are several methods in steganography, one of which is a method to hide secret messages (text or images) in other files that contain text, images, and even audio without showing any real or visible changes in the quality and structure of the original file. . These methods include invisible ink, microdots, word management, digital signatures, hidden paths and wide spectrum communications. Chineses Reminder Theorem (CRT) is a concept based on a congruent relationship. However, unlike congruence in general, this concept is based on a simultaneous congruence relationship. Simultaneous congruence refers to several congruent relations that have a relationship with each other, and this relationship is related to the value of the same variable but with different modulo. This theory is an ancient theory that is often used in cryptography applications.

A Theological Appraisal of the Recapitulation and Ransom Theories of Atonement

The patristic era represents the formative period of Christian theology. As such, this period witnessed remarkable theological immaturity and complexity. One theological issue that attracted much attention in this period was atonement. Patristic scholars, in an attempt to build on the apostolic tradition, expressed varied interpretations of Christ’s death on the cross. Among the different patristic interpretations, Iranaeus’ recapitulation and Origen’s ransom theories of atonement became the most outstanding. The recapitulation theory emphasizes the restoration of the human race to their divine-given status. The ransom theory, on the other hand, stresses the transactional dimension of the atonement which resulted in the defeat of Satan. This paper critically examines these two theories using data gathered from books, journal articles, and dissertations, among other sources. The paper concluded that, though the recapitulation and ransom interpretations of the atonement are ancient theories, they are still relevant to the overall contemporary understanding of Christian soteriology. The findings from the paper will not only contribute to modern soteriological discourses but will also help readers to avoid some pitfalls that characterize the two interpretations discussed. Keywords: Atonement, Christ, Christians, Patristic, Ransom, Recapitulation

The Embodied Meaning of “Disease” in Analects of Confucius and Interpretation of Body-Life Management

The tension between “body” and “life” has always been the core theme of Chinese philosophy. However, a close reading of Analects of Confucius from the perspective of “disease” reveals a harmony between body and life. Confucius traced the religious attribution of disease from ancient times and advocated the goodness of body and life in the pursuit of a good life, which indicates a non- constructive body view with the presence of the body, and reflects his realistic view on life. In addition, Confucius argued the pursuit of life despite disease should be realized through individual cultivation in ethical life, which suggests the integration of body and life can be achieved through spiritual transcendence over the restrictions of physical disease. Therefore, self-body-life management is of great significance, which reflects the philosophical connection between the ancient theory of self-cultivation and disease. In terms of “social governance” of diseases, though Confucius did not illustrate how “self-cultivation to pacify the common people” could be presented as a kind of social medical construction, he highlighted the sociality of diseases in the humanistic sense, and advocated the special settlement of “peace in disease” in human relations, which can be regarded as the embodiment of ancient ethical social governance of diseases, and is of significance to the construction of medical system today.

A Path to Understanding Dreams: Observations on Ancient Chinese Dream Culture and Western Dream Theories

Throughout history, dreams have been researchers’ major focus where their keen interest lies in. Analyzing the three historical development phrases of dream theories, namely Pre-Freudian, Freudian and Post-Freudian phrases, this paper aims to demonstrate the impacts of ancient Chinese dream culture on languages, characters, medicine, psychology, literature, politics, and economy. Classical modern dream theories proposed by Sigmund Freud, Ivan Pavlov, and other researchers are collected and analyzed to help people have a better understanding of dreams and their meanings. Furthermore, the paper fully and systematically interprets the dream-related culture and scientifically classifies dream theories and technologies to reinvigorate the dream research field in China and advocates to boost global cultural prosperity and development through cultural exchanges, mutual learning and peaceful coexistence among countries.

Ethics and the Orator: The Ciceronian Tradition of Political Morality

Ethics and the Orator: The Ciceronian Tradition of Political Morality

Feeling into Paula Dawson’s Holograms

This article discusses the Australian artist Paula Dawson’s (b. 1954) landmark work of art holography To Absent Friends (1989), a triptych of an empty bar, devoid of life except for streamers and abandoned champagne glasses cluttering the countertops. The largest analog holograms ever made, Dawson’s work pushes the limits of holography in both scale and subject matter. By attending to the experiential aspects of Dawson’s holograms––the interplay of looking, touching, and moving that they elicit––I situate holography within a longer history of art and aesthetic experience than is typically lent to this medium. By extension, I consider the relationship between the optic and haptic senses in both making and viewing holograms, which recall earlier artforms and theories of haptic viewing. I emphasize holography’s similarities to relief sculpture and trompe l’oeil painting and draw on ancient theories of extramission as well as nineteenth-century aesthetic empathy (Einfühlung, or feeling-into) to discuss the haptic sensation and somatic movement activated by these elusive images. I suggest that holographic images draw the beholder into a dynamic, bodily, and intersubjective relationship that happens in neither virtual nor real space-time but somewhere between the two. While viewers are denied physical entry into the virtual space of the holographic image, by feeling into the image and acting on their tactile impulse in real space, they effectively collapse the distinction between what is real and what is virtual. While Dawson’s holograms are not moving images, I suggest they are animated images that move their viewers, both physically and emotionally.

A REVIEW OF NUTRITION THEORIES

The article presents an overview of existing nutrition theories (ancient theory, balanced nutrition theory, adequate nutrition theory, alternative nutrition theories), concepts and their food strategies, features.

Bodily Contemplation: On the Question of the Truth of the Perception of Physical Objects in Chinese Landscape Painting

This article analyzes the views of representatives of the scientific community on ancient Chinese landscape painting, emphasis is mainly placed on views that concern the spiritual qualities of landscape painting, as well as rethinking concepts that ignore the significance of sensual perception. Landscape painting is usually considered as a spiritual work of Taoism: landscape painting developed from Taoist thought, Taoist philosophy determined the identity of the artistic style and the inherent spirit of landscape painting. Moreover, some researchers even believe that bodily contemplation of landscape painting means setting the very original nature of mountains and waters, and the "knowledge of the truth" is a spiritual process that is more blocked by the human capacity for sensual perception. Some of the scientists completely deny the possibility and truth of sensual perception of physical objects in landscape painting. The author of this article believes that the spiritual component of landscape painting lurks precisely in the value of sensual perception, and bodily contemplation of mountains and waters is impossible without the participation of the body, clear confirmation of which we find in the ancient Chinese theory of arts. Ancient Chinese works of art traditionally had a close connection with sensual perception through bodily contemplation. This process is not simply about capturing object information, but when the subject takes an active part in the vision of the object, when the subject gives feedback to the object, and through acquiring the object its meaning is transmitted. Only through bodily contemplation, the individual can fully feel the artistic value of landscape painting, and Taoist philosophy thus gains a real existence in landscape painting, becoming a kind of emotional thinking.

Traces of the statūs or constitutiones of ancient rhetorical theory in early Irish?

Traces of the statūs or constitutiones of ancient rhetorical theory in early Irish?

Invocation of State Responsibility for Violation of Obligations Owed to the International Community as a Whole

The article discusses the features of the application of paragraph 1 (b) of Art. 48 of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility, developed by the UN International Law Commission and taken into consideration by the UN General Assembly by its resolution 56/83 of December 12, 2001. The norm of this article enshrines the right of any state that is not a victim to call to international legal responsibility state that has committed a breach of an obligation owed to the international community as a whole. This rule contributes to the establishment in modern international law of the ancient Roman theory of actio popularis, according to which any citizen could file a claim in the public interest. The UN International Law Commission is considering paragraph 1 (b) of Art. 48 of the 2001 Draft Articles on State Responsibility as a result of the progressive development of International Law. This is manifested primarily in a new approach to the interpretation of concepts such as “the international community as a whole” and “obligation owed to the international community as a whole”. The article notes that the concept of "the international community as a whole" should no longer be considered as a community of sovereign states, since it already presupposes a more active participation in maintaining international legitimacy of all participants of international relations – subjects of international law. In addition, attention is drawn to the fact that the concept of “obligation owed to the international community as a whole” is a new category proposed by the International Law Commission as a part of the progressive development of the theory of erga omnes and jus cogens norms. The author compares these types of obligations and points out a number of problems that may arise while interpreting this concept in order to apply this rule in practice.

Visualizing Pain

Although Seneca often expresses a disdain for the body, vividly detailed evocations of bodily experience feature frequently in his writing. In particular, he presents the repeated imagining of anticipated pain and suffering (praemeditatio futurorum malorum) as an important psychotherapeutic technique. This strategy should be seen in the context of Stoic theories of perception and the embodied nature of emotion (theories that resonate in significant respects with findings in cognitive neuroscience). Yet Seneca’s approach is also profoundly colored by a perception of the relationship between imagination and emotion which lies at the heart of ancient rhetorical theory. While anticipating future misfortunes is sometimes presented as a means to dull anxiety, a method of cultivating stereotypically Stoic impassivity by rooting out negative emotions, Seneca also highlights the power of the vividly imagined scene of suffering to stimulate an ardent love of virtue, a positive emotion which plays a crucial role in the moral progress of the Stoic student.

Pestpfeile, Miasma, Ansteckung

Abstract Epidemics were part of the ancient world; the Homeric Iliad begins with a pestilence that decisively shapes the further course of the plot. The sequence of historically attested epidemics ranges from the »Attic Plague« of 430 BCE to the »Antonine Plague« of the 2nd century to the pandemic of the »Justinianic Plague« of 541/42. Plagues are mentioned in numerous genera of ancient literature; in Hippocratic-Galenic medicine, the plague plays an important, yet peculiarly small role. The words »arrows of pestilence«, »miasma«, and »contagion« in the title stand for ancient theories of origin, which covered a wide range of metaphysicalreligious, natural history and empirical views and each conditioned different, also interacting, coping strategies of epidemics.

Averroes’s Unity Argument Against Multiple Intellects

Abstract Averroes (Ibn Rushd) is well-known for his controversial thesis that there is only one separate intellect for all humankind. This article provides a detailed analysis of Averroes’s Unity Argument from his Long Commentary on De Anima, which argues from unified intelligible concepts to a single transcendent intellect. I set out the Unity Argument in its textual and philosophical context, explain exactly how the argument works on a new interpretation of its infinite regress (based on Averroes’s other assumptions about the mind-dependence of universals), and offer some brief suggestions as to how it might be further evaluated in light of alternative ancient and medieval theories. Ultimately, I demonstrate that the Unity Argument is Averroes’s most important philosophical argument for his distinctive view of intellect.

The Bible as Writing Machine: Reflections on a Late Ancient Theory of Literature

The Bible as Writing Machine: Reflections on a Late Ancient Theory of Literature

Honoring Thomas O’Connor

On the afternoon of December 30, 2020, I received an e-mail notifying me of the passing of David Gitlitz, one of the four founding members of the Association for Hispanic Classical Theater. The announcement of David’s passing followed this summer’s earlier announcement of the passing of Thomas O’Connor, who, among other things, had served as the book review editor for the Bulletin of the Comediantes.As I composed my own announcement of the news of David’s passing for the AHCT listserv, I realized that I had never actually had the chance to get to know David very well. Of course, I was very much aware of his foundational status in AHCT, and I was likewise familiar with his groundbreaking scholarship. But it occurred to me that, while I had developed professional relationships with Donald Dietz, Vern Williamsen, and Matthew Stroud over the years, I had had very little interaction with David. As the current president of AHCT, this realization made me profoundly sad.My interaction with Tom over the past two decades had been more substantial. Some years ago, when I was still relatively new to the profession, Tom asked me to write a book review for BCom. Throughout the process, I came to admire Tom, and I was always happy to see him whenever we crossed paths at one professional gathering or another.Over the past several months, as I have witnessed the great outpouring of love and respect for both Tom and David from friends and colleagues around the world, I have been humbled by the important legacy that they leave behind.Tom, of course, was a true comediante. He was a prolific writer whose work overwhelmingly focused on early modern Spanish theater, with a particular focus on Agustín de Salazar y Torres and Calderón de la Barca. Indeed, Tom’s monographic study Myth and Mythology in the Theater of Pedro Calderón de la Barca is indispensable for students of the Spanish comedia, as is his Love in the ‘Corral’: Conjugal Spirituality and Anti-Theatrical Polemic in Early Modern Spain.Meanwhile, David’s research—like that of so many Hispanists—often crossed a number of disciplinary boundaries. Yes, he published on the Spanish comedia, with a particular focus on Lope de Vega (and, again, David’s La estructura lírica de la comedia de Lope de Vega is required reading), but he also published numerous books and articles in the field of Converso and Crypto-Judaic studies, on the Camino de Santiago, and even on Cervantes. (And this is in addition to his article on the auto sacramental and Disney’s Pinocchio, which, of course, is right up my alley.)Moreover, for members of AHCT, David’s pioneering legacy cannot be overstated. Along with Don Dietz, Vern Williamsen, and Matt Stroud, David’s visionary contribution to the study and teaching of early modern Spanish theater in performance was truly revolutionary at a time (the early 1980s) when scholars still approached Spanish comedias almost exclusively as literary texts rather than as blueprints for a live and vibrant theater tradition. Without David, the wonderful synergy between praxis and theory that became the decades-long nexus between the Chamizal Siglo de Oro Drama festival and the annual AHCT conference in El Paso, Texas, would never have happened. Nor would the AHCT video archive—which documents so much of the past 40 years’ performance history of the Spanish comedia from around the Spanish-speaking world and beyond—have ever existed.Thus, on behalf of all the members of AHCT (both past and present), I want to express our profound gratitude to both Tom and David for all that their work has meant to us over the years. I also want to extend our deepest sympathies to these dear colleagues’ families and friends. If I may be allowed to borrow and reframe a couple of comments that David and Tom themselves made at the time of the passing of Vern Williamsen, but which are equally true of them as well: “the world of the comedia is a poorer place without them” (David); and “we celebrate their lives well lived” (Tom).Bruce R. Burningham, President