Ancient Nations Research Articles

The suppressive effects of crocin from saffron on allergic airway inflammation through Drp1/Nfr1/Mfn2/Pgc1-alpha signaling pathway in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSaffron is derived from the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus L., which was considered by ancient nations for food and medicinal purposes. In traditional medicine, the therapeutic use of Crocus sativus includes antispasmodic, antitussive and expectorant. Aim of the studyMitochondrial fusion, fission, biogenesis, and mitophagy are essential processes for maintaining mitochondrial dynamics in response to cellular stress. The primary objective of this research was to examine how crocin affected the levels of important mitochondrial regulators, including Drp1, Pgc1α, Nrf1, and Mfn2, in the lung tissue of ovalbumin-sensitized mice. Materials and methodsA total of fifty male BALB/C mice were randomly assigned to five unique groups (n = 10 for each group), including the control group, ovalbumin-sensitized group (OVA), OVA group treated with 30 mg/kg of crocin, OVA group treated with 60 mg/kg of crocin, and OVA group treated with 1 mg/kg of dexamethasone. Post-sensitization and ovalbumin challenge, mice lung tissues were evaluated for the expression of Drp1, Pgc1α, Nrf1, and Mfn2 mRNA levels using real-time PCR as well as histopathological assessments. ResultsIn the OVA group, there was a significant elevated in inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes; however, crocin (both concentrations) and dexamethasone intervention showed significant inhibitory effects (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001). Moreover, an increase in the expression of Drp1, Pgc1α, and Nrf1 levels was seen in the OVA group, while crocin and dexamethasone showed protective benefits (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Furthermore, the levels of Mfn2 were reduced in the lung tissue of mice exposed to ovalbumin, but this decrease was reversed by crocin 60 (P < 0.05) and dexamethasone treatment (P < 0.001). ConclusionIn mice with OVA sensitization, the balance of mitochondrial dynamics in lung tissue was disrupted, but intervention of crocin identified to have a protective effect.

Interpretation and implications of high-resolution hydroclimatic records of the past 7,000 years based on Gaho paleolake sediments in South Korea

In this study, we investigated the past hydroclimate and its controlling factors over East Asia by reconstructing hydroclimate variability during the middle-to-late Holocene using rainfall-driven sedimentary features in the Gaho paleolake, Hapcheon County on the southern Korean Peninsula. Based on radiocarbon dates, median grain sizes, and elemental ratios of strontium (Sr), titanium (Ti), and zirconium (Zr) measured by high-resolution X-ray fluorescence core scanning, we tested potential indicators of past heavy rainfall. During the past 7000 years, temporal changes in median grain size and elemental ratios (Sr/Ti and Zr/Ti) were found to be similar to those in the Asian monsoonal precipitation index and sea surface temperature (SST) in the western North Pacific region, suggesting that periods with increased elemental ratios may have been influenced by intensified regional rainfall events and higher SSTs. During the past 2000 years, time series of Sr/Ti and Zr/Ti ratios in the paleolake sediments appeared to covary with a megadrought period (AD 1593–1698; 357-252 cal BP), flooding events in the 1500s, and the collapse of ancient nations in Korea and other parts of East Asia. This similarity between sedimentary records and historical events suggests considerable potential for the dating of elemental ratios in lake sediments as high-resolution analogs of past hydrological events to support historical records.

From Choresmia to Cathay: A New Look at al-Bayrønð’s Chronology

al-Bayrūnī’s Chronology of Ancient Nations is a famous work on calendars and historical chronology, written in the year 1000 of the Christian era. The present paper is the first investigation of the complicated textual history of the Chronology and an attempt to construct a stemma codicum. The investigation leads to some unexpected discoveries, among them the only known complete list of the twelve names of the animal cycle in the language of the Kitan (Liao) people.

EXPLORING THE PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS OF ABU RAYHAN AL-BIRUNI: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS

Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, a polymath of the Islamic Golden Age, made significant contributions to various fields, including astronomy, mathematics, geography, anthropology, and philosophy. Among his multifaceted endeavors, his philosophical inquiries stand out, offering profound insights into the nature of existence, knowledge, and the universe. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of al-Biruni's philosophical views, examining his thoughts on epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and the relationship between science and religion. By delving into his works, including "The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology" and "The Chronology of Ancient Nations," we illuminate al-Biruni's philosophical legacy and its relevance to contemporary discourse.

Образ Еревана в контексте постколониального дискурса в повести Юрия Карабчиевского «Тоска по Армении»

Armenia has been incorporated into Russia or under its “protectorate” for two centuries. Throughout this period, a substantial body of texts about Armenia has emerged in prose and poetry, highlighting the distinctive “Armenian text” as a metatext with In Russian literature. However, Yuri Karabchievsky’s novella “Longing for Armenia” (1978), which could not be published in Russia until the times of Perestroika, is considered the first work to explore Armenia's colonial status and contain key motifs of post-colonial text: loss of territories, loss of history and culture, language, etc. The impact of Armenization is evident, notably in the capital city, Yerevan, portrayed as a space marked by impermanence, foreignness, contradiction, and negligence. An analysis of the novella’s central themes, characters, thoughts, and emotions related to Yerevan leads to the conclusion that Yerevan is inherently “non-Armenian,” bearing a profound colonial imprint in organizational structure and spatial symbolism, primarily in its architectural aspect. Furthermore, this article places significant emphasis on Soviet symbols and presence in Yerevan, as well as the role of the Armenian language in the city’s culture and space. Yerevan emerges as a city harboring a melancholy for a lost and estranged ancient past, whose specifics remain elusive, partly due to the suppression of the language of that past. It also yearns for a present and future in which Armenia has not forfeited its culture and history. Despite Yerevan’s failure to conform to the status of the capital of an ancient nation, the changes occurring in the city during the protagonist's lifetime in Karabchievsky’s novella offer hope for the revival of such a Yerevan and Armenia – longed for by the novella’s main characters and cherished by many.

Silk Road and Trade of the Mongol Empire

Abstract Our ancestors once said, “A person who does not know his history is like a monkey lost in the forest.” In the framework of this work, it was intended to study the historical development of the Silk Road and the characteristics of trade during the Mongol Empire in comparison with the principles of modern trade. According to the findings, ancient nations traded with each other to satisfy their unlimited needs with limited resources and laid the foundations of the Silk Road. On the other hand, the country that dominated the road became the most powerful country at that time, fighting with each other through geopolitical policies to maintain its influence in the area along this road. It can be said that the idea of logistics supply chain and the concept of free trade was created during the time of the powerful Mongolian empire, one of the strongest empire in the history of Mongolia as well as the world.

Supply Chain Networks and the Prospects of Sustainable Industrialization in Asia

India and China are home to the world’s 2.8 billion people. Ancient nations but young republics, India and China have been through their good and bad times. There are numerous studies suggesting that the urban population, rate of growth, and population percentage residing in agglomerations all have a statistically notable and constructive effect on Human Development Index (HDI). Industrialization has historically encouraged urbanization by fostering economic expansion and job opportunities that entice people to relocate to cities. This article exclusively focuses on strategic planning regarding how to build and improve supply chain networks. It also looks at how factories built in a location increase demand for manufacturing and managerial workers personnel, resulting in a population inflow. Following the factories, other businesses such as construction makers, retailers, and service providers follow to meet the workers’ product demands. As a result, more jobs and housing demand are created, forming a city.

The history of archives in Central Asia: ancient times

The article devoted studies of the documents on the history of the archives in Central Asia on the basis of archeological researches having been conducted in Central Asia over the last decades. Until now there have not been conducted practical complex studies of Central Asian archives of ancient times. On the basis of certain facts this following article has described the life experiences of ancient people who lived in the territory of current Uzbekistan and indicated the process of preserving documents and transferring data from generation to generation in the form of rock paintings and archival documents-libraries. These references indicate to the existence of ancient scripts in Khorezm. On the basis of scientific studies of the scientists it can be concluded that the elements of scripts discovered on the ancient ceramic handcrafts may be considered as the samples of early economic archieves found in the territory of present Uzbekistan. In the period of Akhamanids in Iran and in Central Asia cuneiform was widespread and in the whole territory of the empire Aramaic script wasn’t the only language of paperwork. As it has been indicated in the article, according to its geographic scope, the Bactrian language took the second place after the Sogd language which was widely used in the territory extending from India to Eastern Turkestan. The fact that two biggest empires as Kushanids and Ephtalits and then also the state of Takhirids utilised this script demonstrates the significance of the ancient Bactrian language in the lives of ancient nations. This paper also shows the similar attributes of the Bactrian language used in making negotiations of Surkh-Kutal, Rabotak with the scripts used in the samples of the letters in the documents from the library of Ashurbanipal and with the Het script in which the texts of the anthems, national communal decisions and religious messages were inscribed on the rocks. There are also some evidences proving the existence of particular archives in the residences of ancient rulers of Central Asia in such places as Toprak Kala (Khorezm), and in the mount of Mug’ (Devashtich archives). Particularly in royal archives there was a systematic archival work and such materials as leather and wood were widely used to fix the data. Such documents as personal letters, diplomatic correspondence, contracts and economical records were kept in this period. It also should be noted that paperwork was far more enhanced in this epoch.

David Hume and the Politics of Slavery

David Hume alluded to the politics of slaveholding throughout his career and was among the first to observe that the republican tradition has an awkward relationship with slavery. This article places Hume’s critique of Roman slavery in conversation with recent debates over “neo-Roman” liberty, paying special attention to Hume’s complaint that some republican advocates for political liberty have also apologized for personal slavery. Most of Hume’s direct comments on slaveholding appear in the 1752 essay, “Of the Populousness of Ancient Nations,” where Hume criticized Roman slavery for its negative effects on population growth. But more was at stake than ancient demography. Even abolitionists who abhorred Hume’s racism still drew upon his argument against ancient slavery—which they read as a commentary on the modern colonies.

The Novel and the Problem of New Life

The Novel and the Problem of New Life

The Kantian ideals and the Mongolian young democracy: Achieving peace and democracy through international cooperation (Кантын үзэл санаа ба Монголын залуу ардчилал: олон улсын хамтын ажиллагаагаар энх тайван ба ардчилалд хүрэх замд)

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how, even in the most remote from Europe country, in this case in Mongolia, the ideas of such great philosophers as Rousseau, Montesquieu and Kant went to this ancient nation to transform it entirely from a communist state to a vibrant democracy.

JOKUMARASWAMI: FOLK DEITY OF RAIN, PROSPERITY, AND FERTILITY

India is an ancient nation with diverse cultures, which are articulated and depicted through different tribes, communities, castes, and ethnic groups. Kabbaliga (Koli) and its associated communities are one of the ancient tribal groups found across the subcontinent of India under different names. Culturally and religiously, they are Hindus with diverse traditional beliefs systems and practices. They worship different deities, saints, philosophers, and personalities from different generations together. Jokumaraswami (commonly called Jokumara) is a popular folk deity of these associated communities in both the central and northernregions of Karnataka state. He is believed to be a deity of rain, agricultural prosperity, and well-being. There are numerous folk tales and songs on the origin of Jokumaraswami and his antecedents on earth. The study aims to know about the socio-cultural aspects of the Kabbaliga and its associated communities and the worship of folk deities in Karnataka. Anthropological techniques such as observation, participant observation, and informal interviews were used to gain a better understanding of these associated groups social and cultural lives.

A Historical Study of the Role of Exercise and Physical Activity in Medicine from Perspective of Galenian Medicine

Historical reports indicate that concepts such as health, well-being, personal and social development are closely related to physical activity, and the civilized nations of the world have always considered the importance of physical activity in the field of health and wellness. Among the ancient nations, the Greeks were most interested in exercise and physical activity, as it was an important part of ancient Greek medicine, and ancient Greek physicians, especially Hippocrates and Galen, focused on physical activity and proper diet as important components of a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, much of the basic information about the relationship between exercise and health was presented in the findings and medical texts of ancient Greece, which was comprehensively and practically proposed by Galen in the form of the theory of nature and the unnatural. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method based on library information to answer the question of when humans with scientific and principled method found that exercise and physical activity have played a role in body health and the result of ancient Greek medicine, especially theory. Galen on the relationship between exercise and health in the form of abnormalities in ancient Greece, the Middle Ages, then the Renaissance to the present day, can play an important and effective role of exercise and physical activity in maintaining body health and disease prevention in different eras of human life.

臨津江ㆍ漢灘江流域 古代 關防體系와 河川路

이 글에서는 임진강과 한탄강 유역에 분포한 고대 성곽의 현황을 정리한 후 관방체계 이해를 위한 전제 조건, 유역의 관방체계의 특징과 양상 그리고 이들 관방체계와 하천로의 관계 순으로 살펴보았다.BR 그 결과 임진강과 한탄강유역의 고대 성곽들은 양주분지와 천보산맥일원에서 발원한 하천로를 중심으로 그 지천과의 합류지점에 대부분 입지하는 공통점이 확인되었다. 이들 하천로는 임진강유역의 북안에 위치한 江岸 平地城 방향으로 진행하면서 하나의 교통로 역할을 수행하게 되었던 것이다. 신천로, 간파천로, 설마천로, 문산천로가 바로 은대리성, 당포성, 호로고루, 덕진산성으로 연결되면서 거점성으로서의 기능을 가지게 되었다.BR 특히 사미천로의 남안에 자리한 육계토성은 백제 한성기의 북부 전략 거점으로 배후의 칠중성과 감악산을 하나의 벨트로 하는 방어체계를 형성시키고 있으며 이는 한강유역의 왕성인 풍납토성 일대에서도 몽촌토성이나 남한산과의 배치관계에서도 그 연원을 찾을 수 있었다.BR 고구려의 경우 임진강유역의 전략 거점은 육계토성과 인접한 호로고루이다. 역시 사미천로 연변에 자리하며 남쪽으로 이잔미성을 두고 있지만 대안의 칠중성과 감악산을 거쳐야 만이 양주분지와 한강유역으로 나아갈 수 있기 때문이다. 이때 감악산 서로인 설마천로가 주요 간선도로였다.BR 따라서 임진강유역은 북쪽에서 남류하는 사미천로→육계토성+칠중성+감악산→설마천로→중랑천로를 통해 한강유역으로 나아가는 간선도로가 백제 한성기의 최단거리 노선에 해당한다고 할 수 있다. 이후 고구려는 호로고루를 거점성으로 사용하였지만 백제 한성기의 노선을 그대로 남진시에도 이용하게 된다. 신라와 통일신라도 마찬가지다. 다만 신라는 칠중성을, 통일신라는 호로고루를 다시 거점으로 사용한 흔적들이 발굴 유물을 통해 방증된다. 이것이 임진강ㆍ한탄강유역의 관방체계 속에서 육계토성과 호로고루가 가지는 역사적 가치와 위상이라고 생각된다.

Visual Dissemination of Intangible Cultural Heritage Information Based on 3D Scanning and Virtual Reality Technology.

In order to meet the needs of modern people for the acquisition of intangible cultural heritage information, the authors propose a research method that combines 3D scanning and virtual reality technology. Taking the production process of Xiuyu as an example, using Unity3D virtual reality technology combined with a digital platform, 3D modeling of Xiuyu is carried out, so that people can view the intangible cultural heritage information intuitively. The experimental results show that after using this method, more than 60% of more than 1000 people surveyed in the questionnaire want to experience intangible cultural heritage. In a survey of visualization platforms conducted at the same time, 90% of users are willing to combine jade carving technology with 3D scanning virtual reality technology. Conclusion. 3D scanning and virtual reality technology can further promote the process of inheritance and dissemination of intangible cultural heritage, accelerate the cultivation of intangible cultural heritage talents through the visualization platform, and promote the sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage, in order to better pass down the life memory and cultural genes of our ancient nation.

Application Model Construction of Intangible Cultural Heritage Dissemination in Film and Television Art Creation in Postepidemic Era

Intangible cultural heritage is the inheritance of a national traditional culture and a memory symbol of a national cultural spirit. It tells the timeless cultural journey of an ancient nation with an invisible spiritual force. Strengthening the publicity and promotion of intangible cultural heritage is of great significance to improving the national cultural atmosphere, enhancing the awareness of intangible cultural heritage protection, and increasing the inheritance of my country’s cultural heritage in culture. At present, intangible cultural heritage documentaries are of great significance. The creation of intangible cultural heritage has become the main means of inheritance. It can make intangible cultural heritage known and familiar to more people through multimedia, network, broadcasting, and other media forms and establish an excellent platform for the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage. How to use the media of film and television art to inject the soul of intangible cultural heritage into it, so as to better inherit and develop it among the masses, is the focus of contemporary literature and art creators and art managers to discuss and study. Aiming at the problem that unstructured intangible cultural heritage video resources are difficult to store and manage, this paper proposes an application model of intangible cultural heritage dissemination. Semantic annotation, linked data construction and publishing, etc. make it a structured intangible cultural heritage video semantic unit, which can be better applied to the creation of film and television art.

Civilisation, Its Concept, History, Necessity, And Various Characteristics

The thrust of this paper is civilisation, its concept, history, necessity, and various characteristics. It is divided into twelve parts entitled: first, various definitions of civilisation; second, types of civilisations; third, civilisation and culture; fourth, the inner side of civilisation; fifth, the material and non-material aspects of civilisation; sixth, history of civilisation; seventh, God, human beings and nature; eighth, reasons for studying the history of human civilisations; ninth, the need for civilisation; tenth, characteristics of civilisation; eleventh, positive and negative effects of civilisation on human lives and the environment, twelfth, a glance at ancient nations and the Muslim nation from the Qur’anic perspective. This article is based on desk research and it draws on primary Islamic sources namely, the Qur’an and Hadith, as well as secondary works on the concept of knowledge from the Islamic and Western perspectives. Translation of the meanings of the selected verses from the Qur’an is based on ‘Abdullah Yusuf ‘Ali’s Translation of the Meaning of the Qur’an.

Civilisation, Its Concept, History, Necessity, And Various Characteristics

The thrust of this paper is civilisation, its concept, history, necessity, and various characteristics. It is divided into twelve parts entitled: first, various definitions of civilisation; second, types of civilisations; third, civilisation and culture; fourth, the inner side of civilisation; fifth, the material and non-material aspects of civilisation; sixth, history of civilisation; seventh, God, human beings and nature; eighth, reasons for studying the history of human civilisations; ninth, the need for civilisation; tenth, characteristics of civilisation; eleventh, positive and negative effects of civilisation on human lives and the environment, twelfth, a glance at ancient nations and the Muslim nation from the Qur’anic perspective. This article is based on desk research and it draws on primary Islamic sources namely, the Qur’an and Hadith, as well as secondary works on the concept of knowledge from the Islamic and Western perspectives. Translation of the meanings of the selected verses from the Qur’an is based on ‘Abdullah Yusuf ‘Ali’s Translation of the Meaning of the Qur’an.

2020년 발행 『중학교 역사②』 교과서의 ｢선사 문화와 고대 국가의 형성｣ 단원 서술 검토

This thesis reviewed the textual description of Chapter I ‘Prehistoric Culture and the Formation of an Ancient Nation’ of the 『Middle School History 2』 textbook developed according to the 2015 revised curriculum and used in school fields since 2020. First, by comparing the 2009 revised curriculum with the 2015 revised curriculum, the differences were confirmed, and the system and amount of text descriptions were compared for each textbook. Then, the textbook descriptions were reviewed by dividing the textbook into three categories: in case of errors or misunderstandings, in cases where academic research results are not reflected or in the case of controversy in theories, and other improvements. As a result of the analysis, there were several problems and improvements. The important ones are as follows. In the section ''Prehistoric Culture and Gojoseon'', first, the statement that rice farming started in the Bronze Age is an error because there was a lot of evidence of rice farming in the Neolithic Age. Second, it is wrong to present the pictures of bronze bells, small bronze swords, and agricultural patterns made in the Iron Age while introducing the relics of the Bronze Age. Third, there is a textbook that describes Gojoseon as a society that values human life through the eight laws of Gojoseon. However, this interpretation is wrong because the Gojoseon society was a society in which, when the ruler died, the slaves or maids were buried together in the grave. Fourth, since about 44,000 dolmens have been investigated in the Korean Peninsula alone, it is difficult to interpret them as the tombs of the rulers. In the ''Growth of Many Countries'' unit, first, the period of the countries described in this unit is not described in any textbooks, but the period must be revealed. Buyeo, Okjeo, and Dongye were annexed to Goguryeo, and the relationship between Mahan and Baekje, Jinhan and Silla, and Byeonhan and Gaya federations should be described. Second, ‘tribe’ is a term that refers to an egalitarian society in the Neolithic Age, so it should not be used as a term to refer to a political group in the Bronze Age or Iron Age. Third, it is necessary to describe the historical significance of Buyeo. In the ''Formation and Development of the Three Kingdoms'' section, first, the textbook description needs to be revised because King Seong of Baekje did not lead the army and attacked Silla, but was led by the Crown Prince Yeochang. Second, there is controversy about the time when the capital of Goguryeo was moved to Gukneacastle. However, what is written before King Taejo appears to be true during the reign of King Yuri, so it needs to be corrected. Third, it is correct to correct the statements that ‘the rule of law was promulgated’ or ‘the six jwapyeongs and the sixteen halls were installed’ during the reign of King Goi, as they are not orthodoxy in academia. Fourth, the fact that King Geunchogo of Baekje conquered Mahan and occupied the southern coast of Jeolla-do did not match the recent academic achievements, so it is time to consider a revision. In the section ''Culture of the Three Kingdoms and External Exchanges'', first, the stone tombs (Seokchon-dong tombs) of the early Baekje period are cited as the basis that the royal family of Baekje originated from Goguryeo. However, it was made at a different time, and it is difficult to believe that it was made by a person from Goguryeo. Second, the description of the spread of the culture of the Three Kingdoms and Gaya to Japan is still described as a one-sided spread, despite repeated criticisms from academia. A narrative is needed in terms of interaction.

The United States of America and the Iraqi identity crisis after 2003

Identity has become a major concern in contemporary thought and in many fields of research, especially political and social, and before that in psychological reflection. Therefore, the identity crisis is considered one of the most complex crises facing, in the current era, many modern peoples and societies, including those of ancient civilizational origins. Or even those that lack belonging to the ancient civilization alike. And Iraq, as a well-known historical example of the ancient nations, which maintained its permanence despite the countless groups and sects of various languages, civilizations and religions that settled in it and mixed with its people and civilization so that it became part of it, for example, but not limited to, the Sumerians, the Akkadians, the Babylonians, the Assyrians, the Chaldeans, Arabs, Kurds, Turkmen, Persians, Kushites, Hurrians, Medes, Greeks, Romans, Turks, Mongols, Ottomans, and other groups and groups. Many religions, sects, nationalities, linguistic groups and ethnic groups coexist in Iraq, sometimes close and sometimes discordant, but their convergence or resentment did not reach the point of canceling the other, so everyone maintained their presence under an Iraqi national tent. Our choice is due to the study of the Iraqi identity crisis, after the military intervention of the United States of America in Iraq in 2003, when national, religious and sectarian conflicts began to erupt in Iraq in a violent manner that was not familiar before. The deterioration, because the US administration did not prepare well for the post-Saddam Hussein era, and this administration, through its military intervention in Iraq and taking ill-considered decisions, committed many mistakes, practices and lapses that contributed to the exacerbation of the conditions of the Iraqi national identity, as those who came Raising slogans of liberating Iraq, ridding the Iraqi people of the oppressive practices of Saddam Hussein's regime, and building a prosperous democracy in this country, they have contributed and engaged in practices that contradict the content of the slogans they raised, which in turn deepened the Iraqi identity crisis.