Ancient Nations Research Articles

ДАВНЯ, КУЛЬТУРНО БАГАТА І БЕЗТАЛАННА НАЦІЯ – КУРДИ

ДАВНЯ, КУЛЬТУРНО БАГАТА І БЕЗТАЛАННА НАЦІЯ – КУРДИ

TINJAUAN KRITIS ATAS TARIKH AL-UMAM WA AL-MULUK KARYA IBN JARIR AL-TABARI

Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk (history of nations and kings) by Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabiiri, is by common consent the most important universal history produced in the world of Islam. This monumental work explores the history of the ancient nations, the prophets, the rise of Islam and the history of the Islamic World down to the year 302 A.H./915 AD. His work, chronicled the History of Islam year by year; an attempt to categorize history from creation till the year 302 A.H/915 A.D. By the time he had finished his work, he had gathered all the historical traditions of the Arabs in his voluminous work. The Muslim world was not slow in showing its appreciation, and this work became famous as Islamic Traditional Historiography. However, much to criticize by western scholars (orientalist or lslamicist) sphere in writting style of Thabari work not systematically and interp retatively. In fact, no discovered logical argumen and rational parallel with historical ideas manifesting. The impact of uncommon muslim scholars to become a reference for Islamic historical Studies. A central theme of this paper will be invate of Muslim intellectuals/scholars to be Tarikh Thabari as prominent reference in the Islamic historical studies. Moreover, I will argue that Tarikh al-Umam wa al-muluk by al-Tabari is the most
 important reference on Islamic history than the other references.

TRAVEL TO THE HEALING CENTERS IN THE EGYPTIAN TEMPLES: THE PROTOTYPE OF THE MODERN MEDICAL TOURISM

A travel for treatment was one of the oldest motivations for travel in ancient world. Among thesites that attracted such travelers were the supposed healing centers in Egyptian temples. As theancient Egyptian physicians were very clever in their profession, they had a very remarkablefame not only in Egypt but among the patients of other ancient nations as well. The ancientEgyptian and foreigner patients traveled to those medical centers to spend a night or moreseeking for cure by medical treatment or through dreams and messages from gods. Thearchitectural evidences prove the existence of such healing centers in the temples. The onlypreserved example is the sanatorium within the precinct of the Hathor temple at Dendera, inUpper Egypt. According to the modern concept of tourism, such travels were more or less a typeof tourism. In this context, this paper, through the textual, pictorial, and architectural evidences,tries to originate the earlier examples of medical tourism, as well as it applies the concept andcomponents of present tourism on the travels of ancient Egyptian and foreigner patients.

(Re)Imagining Ireland Through India in the Mid-nineteenth Century: History, Empire, and Nationality in the Early Work of Thomas Davis

This essay explores a hitherto neglected text on the history of India by leading nineteenth-century Irish nationalist Thomas Davis. India Her Own – And Another’s marks an outright rejection of imperial fantasies of a civilizing mission motivating British involvement in India through an innovative reading of imperial texts. In India Her Own, Davis posits the “spirit of conquest” in direct opposition to the “spirit of nationality,” which in turn is identified as kindred to freedom. It will be seen that Davis set up a dichotomy between conquest/empire and nationality/freedom which allows him to oppose imperial expansion without succumbing to notions of universalism or philanthropy. He sees in India’s pre-imperial past a potential model for Ireland’s future – one that could overcome ethnic tensions within the harmony of an ancient yet emergent nation. This marks an important contribution to how we understand the ambivalent discursive structures underpinning nascent anti-imperial ideological formations in the nineteenth century.

The Acrossing of Ancient Rites and National Institutions in the late Chosun Dynasty — Focused on The Discussion about Family Funeral during the National Funeral

The Acrossing of Ancient Rites and National Institutions in the late Chosun Dynasty — Focused on The Discussion about Family Funeral during the National Funeral

Rimsko pravo u doktorskim tezama Nikole Krstića iz 1854. godine

The author analyses a dozen of claims ('theses') from Roman law in the doctoral work of Nikola Krstic 'Theses ex scientis juridicis et politicis', who defended it at the Royal University of Pest in 1854. This Latin text has not been published so far, so comprehensive translation with expert commentary is a task that is awaiting our legal science. However, on the basis of this partial analysis, which includes only a small piece of a total of seventy theses, the author concludes that this candidate had an enviable legal education and a boldness to engage in an under-investigated area of legal science. Krstic showed a good knowledge of the basic institutions of Roman law and desire to introduce in its 'theses' the issues that are innovative, insufficiently tested. He was comparing different Roman institutions mutually, comparing them also with the law of other ancient nations, searching for their influences in medieval Serbia and modern Civil Codes (Serbian and Austrian). Krstic's work represents the first step in the area of legal history in Serbia and he is justified as the founder of this legal discipline at the University of Belgrade. The author concludes that the questions that Krstic raised still remain the subject of studying of numerous civilians and Romanists, up to the most recent times.

Montesquieu e la storia del commercio nel mondo antico

In the XXI book of the Esprit des lois, Montesquieu proposed an articulated reconstruction of the main events that marked the history of commerce in the ancient world, making conclusions in explicit contrast to those of his compatriot Pierre-Daniel Huet, who in 1716 had published a treatise titled Histoire du commerce et de la navigation. In particular, Montesquieu tried to argue, in clear disagreement with Huet, that the total incompetence of the Romans in the art of commerce, which lasted from the Republican period to the Imperial epoch, led them to the establishment of extremely negative monetary and customs policies. He opined that this damaged the prosperity of the ancient world irreparably, and thus, aggravated the ruinous decline of the population that was caused by the destructive wars of conquest and by the subsequent “despotism” to which the enslaved peoples were subjected. Then, in the following centuries, the spread of Christianity led to the radication of the primacy of spiritual values, thereby bringing about the growth of a large clergy which contributed in a decisive manner to hindering the realisation of an effective and consistent demographic recovery. Instead, David Hume firmly refused the idea that the ancient world, even before Roman dominion, could be considered more populated than the modern world, dedicating to this matter the essay Of the Populousness of Ancient Nations (1752).

Ethnogenetic Concepts of Ukrainian Soviet Researchers (1950s—1991)

This article analyzes ethnogenetic concepts of Ukrainian Soviet researchers. It is observed that according to the official version of Soviet historical sciences, Ukrainian people originated not earlier than in the 14th–15th centuries. Until that time, there existed an ancient nation – a common ancestor of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples.

Kurdish Nation and the use of mother tounge as a cosmical right

This research is an attempt to revelate the rule of language in developing and sustenate nation’s culture, especially the nations who have a national ancient culture like Kurd. The above little considers the Kurdish Language for sustenate an unstate Kurdish nation in order to remains as a national different custom among the neighborhood nations, and these will be ensured in the all scopes with the using of mother tongue. The right of using mother tongue was proved directly or indirectly in all religions, world agreements, human rights and democratic state constitutions. In other word there is no justification to prohibit the right of using mother tongue in the different scopes of society. Language is a basic factor for remaining and the perishing the nations, it is also a main dimension of constructing the ken of the nation. Looking at the history will show us that there were many languages disappeared due to political reasons or neglecting. Kurd as an ancient nation has its own language which consists of some different dialects, but the dominant tried to perish it, by some means or other a kind of language assimilation was tried, but the reaction was there to defend and protect the language. Now Kurdish language is spoken only in a part of Kurdistan “South Kurdistan”, beside Arabic Language Kurdish was also confessed in Iraqi constitution. This research which is fallen in with apply linguistics, prescriptive explanations will be performed. The research consists of an introduction and two chapters. n the first chapter language and Kurdish language, the connection between language and nations and the characteristics of a national language will be talked about. The second chapter is dedicated to talk about mother language and using mother language as a sustained right, and proving this cosmical in the international agreements and democratic state constitutions. Meanwhile exposition of the importance of using Kurdish national language in all stages especially in the education in both governmental and nongovernmental sectors. At the end the most important gained results and the list of bibliography will be showed.

Dunnigan and Gilbert (eds), The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Traditional Literatures McAulay, Our Ancient National Airs: Scottish Song Collecting from the Enlightenment to the Romantic Era

Dunnigan and Gilbert (eds), <i>The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Traditional Literatures</i> McAulay, <i>Our Ancient National Airs: Scottish Song Collecting from the Enlightenment to the Romantic Era</i>

Politics of the Ptolemaic dynasty

Hellenistic studies and Egyptology have concentrated on the spread and influence of Hellenism, on the one hand, and the value of ancient Egypt’s monument and artifacts, on the other hand. This study focuses on the politics that directed and helped sustain the successors of Alexander the Great on the throne of Egypt. Ptolemy 1 Soter, the instigator of the Ptolemaic dynasty, fought vehemently, gallantly and decisively to consolidate his authority and control over Egypt and her consequent spread. However, his successors played several politics; majorly that of assassination, for the enviable position of Pharaoh, unfortunately, to the detriment of the state. This study contends that besides the earliest Ptolemies, the other successors, having ignored the legacy of Ptolemy 1 Soter and the expansion of Egypt’s frontiers, fostered and nurtured this politics of assassination among others. It concludes with the argument that the contenders encouraged political retrogression to the nadir and therefore were not fit for the throne, for this politics of assassination among others reduced Egypt and hindered her from attaining the status of a much more formidable world power that would have been reckoned with during that period. The study is historical in nature but adopts the expository method. Studies that may interpret Egypt’s strong diplomatic relations with other ancient nations are recommended.Keywords: Politics, Egypt, Ptolemaic dynasty, successors, assassination

Politics of the Ptolemaic dynasty

Hellenistic studies and Egyptology have concentrated on the spread and influence of Hellenism, on the one hand, and the value of ancient Egypt’s monument and artifacts, on the other hand. This study focuses on the politics that directed and helped sustain the successors of Alexander the Great on the throne of Egypt. Ptolemy 1 Soter, the instigator of the Ptolemaic dynasty, fought vehemently, gallantly and decisively to consolidate his authority and control over Egypt and her consequent spread. However, his successors played several politics; majorly that of assassination, for the enviable position of Pharaoh, unfortunately, to the detriment of the state. This study contends that besides the earliest Ptolemies, the other successors, having ignored the legacy of Ptolemy 1 Soter and the expansion of Egypt’s frontiers, fostered and nurtured this politics of assassination among others. It concludes with the argument that the contenders encouraged political retrogression to the nadir and therefore were not fit for the throne, for this politics of assassination among others reduced Egypt and hindered her from attaining the status of a much more formidable world power that would have been reckoned with during that period. The study is historical in nature but adopts the expository method. Studies that may interpret Egypt’s strong diplomatic relations with other ancient nations are recommended. Keywords: Politics, Egypt, Ptolemaic dynasty, successors, assassination

Karen McAulay, Our Ancient National Airs: Scottish Song Collecting from the Enlightenment to the Romantic Era

Karen McAulay, <i>Our Ancient National Airs: Scottish Song Collecting from the Enlightenment to the Romantic Era</i>

Austria, the Writing of History, and the Search for European Identity

In his address to the International Author's Congress held in Paris in 1935, Robert Musil—who claimed to have always held himself back from politics because, in his words, like hygiene, he had no talent for it—attempted to describe the problem of being an Austrian writer. A German author, he suggested, is unproblematically German in his writings. But an Austrian writer, he said, was in a more problematic situation. “My Austrian homeland expects from its poets that they be more or less poets of the Austrian homeland, and there are the creators of cultural history who make of show of demonstrating that an Austrian poet has always been something other as a German one.” It is perhaps the fate of Austria to have a surfeit of Kulturgeschichtskonstrukteure, of intellectuals who feel a need to build a cultural history of Austria and to project it into a distant past, and this largely in the face of the overwhelming reality that a unified cultural history of Austria is impossible, unlike, some might think, that of ancient nations such as Germany, France, or Italy.

Karen McAulay, Our Ancient National Airs: Scottish Song Collecting from the Enlightenment to the Romantic Era (Farnham, Surrey and Burlington, Virginia: Ashgate, 2013), pp. xiii + 279. £60.00 hardback. 978140945019. £60.00 ebook. 9781409450207.

<scp>Karen McAulay</scp>, <i>Our Ancient National Airs: Scottish Song Collecting from the Enlightenment to the Romantic Era</i> (Farnham, Surrey and Burlington, Virginia: Ashgate, 2013), pp. xiii + 279. £60.00 hardback. 978140945019. £60.00 ebook. 9781409450207.

Study on Formative Characteristic of Person Image in The ancient Kokean nation

Study on Formative Characteristic of Person Image in The ancient Kokean nation

Biblical beliefs in the shaping of modern nations

The ideology and culture of modern nations and nationalism have been profoundly influenced by two traditions that reach back into the ancient world, the biblical and the classical. Here, the focus is on the particular contribution of the Hebrew Bible to the political ideals of modern nationhood. Modern Western nations, unlike non-Western and ancient nations, are distinguished by their quest for territorial integrity and sovereignty, citizenship, legal standardisation, cultural homogeneity and secular education, while modern nationalism is a pro-active, ideological movement that seeks to ‘build’ autonomous, unified, distinctive and ‘authentic’ nations out of ethnic populations deemed by some members to constitute actual or potential ‘nations’. While modern European nations emerged out of the matrix of Christianity, as Adrian Hastings argued, it was the political model and ideals of community found in the Hebrew Bible, which Christianity adopted (while rejecting the Jews) and which the New Testament lacked, that so often provided the dynamic of modern nationalism and the values of modern Western nations. Chief among these were the Pentateuchal and prophetic narratives of Exodus, Covenant, Community of Law (Torah), the holiness of a ‘chosen people’, the messianic role of sacred kingship and the dream of fulfilment in the Promised Land. These ideals did not fully come into their own until the Reformation. In this period, state elites expressed growing national sentiments and biblical texts were being rendered into the vernacular, while a more rigorous biblical form of ‘covenantal nationalism’ emerged in early modern Netherlands, Scotland and England, taking the narrative of the deliverance of the Israelites as its starting point. In the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, the novel cults of ‘Nature’, ‘Authenticity’ and ‘Human Perfectibility’ secured an opening for neo-classical political ideas in the formation of nations. But it was the biblical ideals of liberation, Covenant, election and promised land that provided the basic model of the modern nation and nationalism in Europe, from the French Revolution, and German and East European nationalisms to the Hebraic Protestant nationalism of Victorian Britain. To a large extent, the modern age owes to the Jewish Bible its fundamental vision of a world divided into distinctive and sovereign territorial nations.

Our Ancient National Airs: Scottish Song Collecting from the Enlightenment to the Romantic Era by Karen McAulay (review)

Our Ancient National Airs: Scottish Song Collecting from the Enlightenment to the Romantic Era. By Karen McAulay. (Music in Nineteenth-Century Britain.) Farnham, Surrey, Eng.: Ashgate, 2013. [xiii, 279 p. ISBN 9781409450191 (hardcover); ISBN 9781409450207, 9781472400345 (e-book), $119.95.] Illustrations, tables, appendices, bibliography, index. Published under the umbrella of Ashgate's Music in Nineteenth-Century Britain series, Karen McAulay's Our Ancient National Airs is a truly impressive, definitive study of the activities relating to those who were collecting and publishing song and melody combinations of Scots songs ca. 1760-1888. There is little you will find here about the contents of the collections themselves, but a wealth of information on the collectors, their ideologies, and the contexts within which the music was gathered and presented. Most importantly, the motivations for collectors are explored, as is the influence that their attitudes and ideologies have had on their published material. As a chronological account of the different eras within Scots song collecting, each chapter runs into the next seamlessly, framed clearly within the context of the previous chapter. Useful tables are presented at certain intervals throughout the book to help contextualize the collections and place them together chronologically, and it is of great interest to see how the different collections relate to each other. The mention of David Harker's concept of fakesong resonates in the introduction, and serves as a reminder of the problems associated with authenticity in folk song publications. In the first chapter, 'Never hitherto published': Preserving the Highland Heritage, McAulay takes a close look at the earliest song collectors in Scotland, most notably Joseph and Patrick MacDonald and James MacPherson, in the late eighteenth century. These collectors were primarily concerned with the pursuits of their hereditary Gaelic culture, a distinct oral tradition and identity, which was perhaps the starting point for their song collections. Joseph MacDonald and his brother, Patrick MacDonald, were die first known field collectors in Scotland; their tune-collecting expeditions amongst the first field-trips for which records survive today (p. 26). Their works complemented each other, and while Joseph MacDonald collected airs in Ross and Sutherland (as well as compiling the Compleat Theory of the Scots Highland Bagpipe, ca. 1760), his brother collected in Argyllshire and Perthshire. This material was published in 1784 as 4 Collection of Highland Vocal Airs ... To which are added a few ... Country Dances or Reels, of the North Highlands and Western Isles. James MacPherson (1736-1796) is also discussed in some detail, both here and in subsequent chapters, because of his controversial publication, The Works of Ossian in 1765. He published the works, in polished English rather than their original Gaelic, following a collecting trip to the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Skye. This disregard for the Gaelic or Scots language in the publication served the idea that traditional music was becoming corrupted over time, one which weighed on the minds of subsequent collectors. When discussing these collectors, McAulay writes about the clear distinction between those who were traditionalists, striving for simplicity and preservation, such as the MacDonald brothers, and those who were professional musicians who wanted creative input in their collections. The latter, according to McAulay, must have recognized that offering the buying public 'authentic' versions of ancient works, in a form that was not usable for home music-making occasions, was not a healthy career choice (p. 30). Whereas chapter 1 is concerned with Highland collectors motivated by a desire to preserve their heritage, chapter 2 examines the varied motivations of Lowland song collectors: the antiquarian zeal of collectors including Joseph Ritson, intent on publishing the material before it disappeared; the assertion of Scots identity through national song collections; and the creative input of artists such as Robert Burns. …

GROSS NATIONAL HAPPINESS IN BHUTAN: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION

This policy essay examines the historical and policy evolution in Bhutan from the creation of Bhutan in the 1600s to 2014. An examination of the overarching policy intent of Gross National Happiness is reviewed as well as how modern political institutions in Bhutan implement Gross National Happiness. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the new Bhutanese state founded by the Shabrung Ngawang Namgyal established its political and institutional right and legitimacy to rule based on Mahayana Buddhism canonical tenets, including ensuring that Bhutanese citizens could obtain Enlightenment and happiness. A modern manifestation of this historical precedent for state and political institutional intervention to promote collective happiness is embodied in the policy of Gross National Happiness. This essay concludes by noting that modern Gross National Happiness is a holistic development approach based on a trend emanating from more ancient Mahayana Buddhist traditions Gross National Happiness balanced with modern economic, governmental, and social conditions with Mahayana Buddhist spiritual requirements embodied in Gross National Happiness.

Ancient Japanese war and Nation of ritsuryo codes

Ancient Japanese war and Nation of ritsuryo codes