Ancient Languages Research Articles

A Dictionary of Gaulish Nominal Stems. Review of the book: Delamarre X. Dictionnaire des thèmes nominaux du gaulois. I : Ab- / Iχs(o)-. Paris : Les Cent Chemins, 2019. 398 p.

This new book by Xavier Delamarre is the first volume of the dictionary of Gaulish nominal bases. Since onomastics is the source for most of its data, this book is of interest for the readers of this journal. Apart from Gaulish, the author considers data of other ancient Celtic languages such as Lepontic, Celtiberian, or British (Brittonic). The review surveys methodological aspects underlying this research, and particularly a number of questions related to suffixation in relation to the most recent research on Celtic morphology and word-formation. Undoubtedly, the book is the most complete collection of Gaulish onomastics up to date, although a number of missing forms can be brought forward, which is to be expected due to the amount of data at our disposal, and selection of several examples as Celtic should be questioned. The text contains etymological comments, and some of them appear in the book for the first time which deserves special attention. The dictionary is a very important contribution to Celtic studies in general, and to Gaulish onomastics in particular.

Ontological-dynamic Concepts of the I Ching Tradition and the Model of their Linguocultural Analysis

The accumulated historical experience and rich cultural heritage of the pre-axial Chinese civilization are concentrated and reflected in the ancient Chinese language. Therefore, linguistic methods of studying traditional Chinese philosophy and its conceptual apparatus are becoming relevant in modern Sinology. By focusing on the material of ancient Chinese philosophical works, it is possible to reconstruct the conceptual apparatus of traditional Chinese philosophy and culture in general, and some of the classics in particular. Among the sets of fundamental terms, it is worth highlighting the compendiums by Chan Wing-tsit, Joseph Needham, A. I. Kobzev, Wu Yi and A. M. Karapetyants, which formed the basis of this study. The object of the study is the ontological-dynamic concepts, and its purpose is to develop a model of their linguocultural analysis demonstrated on the example of certain terms, first of all, 人 ren, 德 de and 道 dao. The statistical analysis of conceptions of the I Ching tradition, namely “The Appended Commentaries”, helps to construct a monocentric semantic field of ontological terms with a heterogeneous core. This model of linguocultural analysis proves to be universal for many philosophical concepts.

СУТНІСТЬ ПОНЯТТЯ «ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКИЙ РИЗИК» ТА ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ЙОГО ВИНИКНЕННЯ

Recent events in the world have exposed the magnitude and variety of risks that may accompany business and the need to manage them to reduce or mitigate the negative consequences. Given the growing degree of uncertainty in the external environment, the unstable political and economic situation in Ukraine and the world, management methods and understanding of the concept of "entrepreneurial risk" need constant review and refinement. The aim of the article was to study the essence of the concept of "entrepreneurial risk" and the preconditions for its emergence based on the analysis of its components. The etymology of the concept of "risk" is investigated on the basis of its translation from various ancient and modern languages. Based on the different opinions of scientists on the understanding of the category of "risk", it was determined that the existence of risk in management is often associated with such concepts as uncertainty, likelihood of event occurrence, danger and loss. The main preconditions for the occurrence of risk are uncertainty and likelihood of occurrence of a certain event on the one hand and the consequences of a risk situation - danger and loss, or threat of loss of certain resources - on the other hand. The author's vision of the interpretation of the category "risk" as a concept characterized by the uncertainty of processes occurring in society, due to the likelihood of certain events with adverse consequences in the form of danger and possible loss or failure to achieve the desired result. There are two key distinctive aspects of entrepreneurial risk compared to its general concept, due to the definition and meaning of entrepreneurship as such: 1) economic activity (when are about business risk, the area of occurrence of a risky event moves from the sphere of public relations to the sphere of economic activity related to the production, sale of products, performance of works or provision of services of a cost nature); 2) profit (based on the fact that the purpose of entrepreneurial activity is to make a profit, the main negative consequence of the risk situation is the threat of loss or loss of profit).

Көне ұйғыр әліпбиінің жазба ескерткіштерде қолданылу ерекшеліктері

Ancient Uyghur writing occupies a special place in the culture of steppe nomads. It is believed that the ancient Uyghur writing arose based on the Sogdian writing (more precisely: it was adapted to it), nevertheless, this writing was used by the steppe nomads for a long time and played an important role in the formation of the ancient Uyghur literary language. Ancient Uyghur inscriptions found in East Turkestan became the object of close attention of scientists after the discovery of the ancient Turkic runic writing.It should also be noted that the ancient Uyghur inscriptions are very diverse in genres, differ in the variety of content and forms of grapheme writing, the classification and analysis of which is the subject of this article. Moreover, we have systematized by content all the main texts of the era of the Uyghur Kaganate, revealed the features of their functioning. Thus, we are trying to reveal the significance and importance of the ancient Uyghur culture in the common Turkic culture and make our contribution to its research.

Lexis features of relevant to ancient turkic language words in alisher navoi works

In this article the thematic groups of ancient Türkic lexemes used in the language of the works of Alisher Navoi have been analyzed, and also the features of their meaning are explored. A similar comment can be made about the paternity // paternity construct used in the last byte. This word was first used in Qutadgu Bilig to mean “fatherhood” in the form of paternity [ATD, 66]. In order to shed some light on these issues, it is necessary to make a detailed analysis of the spiritual processes that took place in the ancient Turkic lexicon used in the language of Alisher Navoi's works. Such lexemes are likely to include not only terms that express specific concepts in the field of science and technology, but also mono-semantic words belonging to other subject groups, as well as poly-semous lexemes.

Riemann Hypothesis, Catholic Information and Potential of Events with New Techniques for Financial and Other Applications

In this research we are going to define two new concepts: a) “The Potential of Events” (EP) and b) “The Catholic Information” (CI). The term CI derives from the ancient Greek language and declares all the Catholic (general) Logical Propositions () which will true for every element of a set A. We will study the Riemann Hypothesis in two stages: a) By using the EP we will prove that the distribution of events e (even) and o (odd) of Square Free Numbers (SFN) on the axis Ax(N) of naturals is Heads-Tails (H-T) type. b) By using the CI we will explain the way that the distribution of prime numbers can be correlated with the non-trivial zeros of the function ζ(s) of Riemann. The Introduction and the Chapter 2 are necessary for understanding the solution. In the Chapter 3 we will present a simple method of forecasting in many very useful applications (e.g. financial, technological, medical, social, etc) developing a generalization of this new, proven here, theory which we finally apply to the solution of RH. The following Introduction as well the Results with the Discussion at the end shed light about the possibility of the proof of all the above. The article consists of 9 chapters that are numbered by 1, 2, …, 9.

Samuel N. Rosenberg (1936–2020)

Samuel N. Rosenberg (1936–2020) Christopher Callahan Samuel Nathan Rosenberg was born January 19, 1936 in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Israel and Etta Friedland Rosenberg, and the brother of Alex Rosenberg and Sylvia Rosenberg Fogelman. He died on June 30, 2020 at his home in Bloomington, Indiana, at the age of 84. Sam seems to have been destined for the Academy from his earliest years. He was an avid reader even before primary school and began learning French in the first grade, later taking first prize in a city-wide competition for excellence in French. Multilingualism came naturally to him: exposed to Yiddish from infancy, pressed into learning Hebrew for his bar mitzvah, and constantly pursuing French, his command of the most refined stylistic registers in French received plaudits in mid-life from no less erudite a scholar than Michel Zink of the Collège de France (and now of the Académie française). He pursued French Studies, along with Italian and Latin, at Columbia College, receiving his A.B. in 1957 with "Highest Honors, Distinction in French"—noted in English, despite the Latin text of the rest of the diploma! While at Columbia, he worked at WKCR, the campus radio station, and his "mellifluous FM dj voice" made a lasting impression on everyone who met him. Click for larger view View full resolution Sam in 1962. Courtesy estate of Samuel N. Rosenberg. His insatiable curiosity was matched by a strong sense of ethics. Colleagues have since described him as "a champion of human rights and empathetic to a fault," qualities for which he was well-known by everyone he worked with. Indeed, he is described by his collaborators as "the ultimate gentleman—affable, courteous, distinguished—and an unstinting mentor." Equally erudite and [End Page 355] humble, he was gifted with "an incomparable sense of generosity and camaraderie." Click for larger view View full resolution Sam in 2016. Photo by Chris Callahan. Sam's decision to pursue his doctoral work at Johns Hopkins was doubtless influenced by the migration to Hopkins of his mentor Dr. Nathan Edelman, who had become chair of Romance Languages there the previous year. Once enrolled, he met his most formative—and formidable—mentor in Dr. Anna Granville Hatcher, who directed his dissertation. Sam later recalled her course in Old Provençal, taken in his first semester at Hopkins, as a baptism by fire, which nonetheless gave him a methodology for dissecting ancient languages in the minutest detail and a holistic grasp of both the source literary text and its cultural context. Sam went on to impart this approach to philology to his own students and to live it in the collaborative, interdisciplinary scholarship which marked his career. As Sam was drawn to both historical and modern grammar and stylistics, his dissertation focused on modern French syntax because, in Sam's words, "Miss Hatcher explained that Miss Pope [From Latin to Old French] had said it all"; with time he realized that wasn't the case, but more on that below. His dissertation research was facilitated by a Fulbright to study in Paris in 1960–1961. He described his great fortune at being able to stay in the apartment, situated Place de Furstemberg in the St. Germain-des-Prés neighborhood, of the celebrated composer/pianist Alexander Tcherepnin and his wife, Ming, also a concert pianist. Sam's arrival and the Tcherepnins' departure overlapped by one week, during which evenings filled with music, wine, and scintillating conversation stretched into the wee hours. In 1962, Sam took a lectureship at Indiana University, earning the rank of Assistant Professor in 1965 upon receipt of his Ph.D. [End Page 356] in Romance Philology. His dissertation, Modern French 'ce': The Neuter Pronoun in Adjectival Predication, published in 1970, was in fact not his first book-length work. Two years earlier, he had offered the English-speaking world a translation of Antoine Meillet's groundbreaking The Indo-European Dialects, a publication which both signaled his ongoing interest in historical linguistics and opened for him a scholarly path in translation; he remained active in both of these fields for the rest of his life. Sam's training and...

ПРОБЛЕМИ ЕТНІЧНОЇ ІСТОРІЇ В РАДЯНСЬКІЙ АРХЕОЛОГІЇ 1940-Х – 1960-Х РР.: ПРОГРАМНІ ЗАСАДИ ТА ФОРМИ ПРАКТИЧНОЇ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ

The background of institualization of the Soviet theoretical archaeology, which was a subdiscipline and phenomenon existing from the early 1970s till the early 1990s, is one of important topics. A study of ethnogeny and ethnic history problems on the base of archaeological data was one of the main features of the Soviet archaeology in the second half of 1940s – 1960s. That’s why it is actual to recognize which main principles were declared in this field, how they were changed and practically realized. There are no books dedicated to the history of the Soviet archaeology in the 1940s – 1960s or to the mentioned above topic but certain aspects have been studied by scholars. Sources of this research are publications from the journal “Soviet archaeology” including leading articles and documents from scientific archives of the IA NAS of Ukraine and the IHMC RAS. The Soviet archaeologists started to work under ethnogeny and ethnic history problems in the middle of the 1930s and researches were going on after the WW2. In the Soviet republics complex archaeological and ethnographic expeditions began their activity and joint sessions with ethnographers and linguists were held for the purpose of complex examination of certain ethnic nationalities Since the beginning of the 1950s an identification of archaeological cultures, determination of their interrelationship and correlation with ancient language communities were defined as the main way to study ethnic history. This approach was used in researches on almost all periods and was actual at the beginning of the 1970s. Paleoethnologic problematique was important in activity of central archaeological establishments of the USSR and the UkSSR. Archaeologists were authors of fundamental books on the history of certain folks of the USSR. But during the 1960s these problems were scarcely discussing on methodological workshops of the IA AS USSR and its Leningrad branch and there papers on this topic were almost not presented on meetings of the academic council and departments in Leningrad. That time an ethnical interpretation of archaeological cultures became an obligatory part of fundamental archaeological research that’s why there were discussions only on certain problems. But a difference in approaches of scholars and insufficient elaboration of methodological principles for ethnic history studies aroused interest to theoretical issues which was one of causes of the Soviet theoretical archaeology appearance in the early 1970s.

고등학교 세계사(2015년 개정 교육과정) 교과서의 메소포타미아 문명의 서술과 자료

This paper verifies the descriptions and sources of the Mesopotamian Civilization in High School Textbooks, and proposes solutions to avoid mispresentations.<BR> Four High School World History Textbooks, written according to the 2015 revised curriculum, were found to be remarkably similar including the manner in which important facts were presented, without error. However, some inaccurate descriptions were found in the detailed explanations. These history textbooks present the law of Hammurabi, and some of its clauses; however, these selected clauses were different in each textbook. Some of these clauses were translated incorrectly, and need revision. The textbooks also present the epic of Gilgamesh, with no serious errors, in order to show the temporal aspect of this civilization. They also introduce various maps and numerous pictures of artifacts. Many of them were correct but some of were not.<BR> These errors cannot be easily detected other than by historians who specialize in this period. The textbooks under study cover a large period; hence, one or some historians cannot master all historical periods and all first-source ancient languages. Therefore, we can understand the difficulties textbook authors face. Nonetheless, it is very important for history textbooks to convey the most accurate information possible. One solution may be to further subdivide world history periods and ask that each period be reviewed by a specialist historian of that time.

پیر محمد پیرل نا کتاب : پھل و پت: نا جاچ اس

Brahui is considered one of the ancient Language of South Asia. There were several prominent poets in Brahui Language. One of them was Peer Muhammad Peeral Zuberani (Lehri), who was given the Title of Shair-e-Hatam. He introduced modern technics of poetry and brought new thoughts in the field of Brahui literature. The book “Pull o Pit” published by Brahui Academy and compiled by Dr. Ali Ahmed Shad in 2005. The book has 98 Poetries on which Peer Muhammad Zuberani wrote poetry. This piece of research analyze the book “Pull o Pit”. The researcher Examined the poetry of this book where Peer Muhammad Peeral highlighted in his poetry entitled mother land, nation language, love, nomadic life, unity peace.

To the question of specifics for sound image in European modern popular musical art

The purpose of this article is to study the means, by which the sound image is created as a way to reflect nationally-specific and general, archaic and modern simultaneously on the example of Swiss folk-metal band „Eluveitie”. The article uses such methods of research as historical, systematic, analytical, functional, wholistic ones. The scientific novelty of the article is caused by a fact that this is a first time in domestic musicology that the creativity of the band „Eluveitie” is treated as an object of research with traditional analytical instruments and relying on methodology, introduced in the field of academic musicology (theory of sound image, proposed by N. Riabukha). Conclusions. In this day and age, the development of popular musical art is marked by simultaneous interaction and counterforce of two tendencies, globalization and glocalization. They define content and imagery, set of means of expression, type of sound image used in given music work. Basing on methodology, derived from the works of N. Riabukha, we may interpret sound image as „multidimensional integrity”, that is a result of „reflection of a worldview”. Research of creativity of the band „Eluveitie” has shown that the sound image, created by the musicians, intertwines archaic and modern, nationally-specific and general (that embodies tendencies to globalization and glocalization) by the following means: 1) usage of acoustic signs of different eras in multi-layered composition („hard” instrumental sonority juxtaposed with the sound of acoustic academic and traditional instruments); 2) usage of Ancient Gallic language, reconstructed by the members of the band with fidelity to the details of a spelling as a special chroma; 3) arrangement of Celtic tunes, that are organically integrated in the context of a modern composition.

A Research into the Dental Sounds of the Ancient Chinese Language Consonants : Comparison of the Dental Sounds found within Donggukjeongun(東國正韻) and Hunmongjahwae(訓蒙字會)

A Research into the Dental Sounds of the Ancient Chinese Language Consonants : Comparison of the Dental Sounds found within Donggukjeongun(東國正韻) and Hunmongjahwae(訓蒙字會)

"النار العاتية التي ذاقت من طعم وهج اللهيب:"

This article offers the first Arabic translation of a praise hymn dedicated to Ramsess II (d. 1213 B.C.E.), with philological and poetic commentaries. The text was carved on the facade of Abū Simbel temple twice because of its exceptional literary nature, as this study demonstrates. I discuss why Euro- American scholars were unable to separate the literary dimensions of the praise hymns from its political framework, and also tackle the pictorial nature of ancient Egyptian writing, providing the Arabic reader with the necessary instruments for understanding the several visual features that were creatively deployed by the writer to enhance the reading process of this particular praise hymn. I then trace the early foundations of premodern Arabic khiṭāba and its close relation to constructing oral/aural arguments in comparison with balāgha that deals with the literary devices of the Qur’ānic text. This study breaks new ground in the discipline of comparative literature by establishing a collation between the two praise hymns of Ramsess II (d. 1213 B.C.E.) and Senwosret III (d. 1839 B.C.E.). This collation makes it possible to rediscover the way each eulogist built unique or similar images to describe the praised king. The article discusses several problematic questions of loanwords to pave the way for further research on ancient Egyptian words that were incorporated inside the classical Arabic dictionary, and the analysis ends with an ancient Egyptian-Arabic lexicon of the hymn under study. It is hoped that this may encourage the new generation of Egyptian Egyptologists to generate a comprehensive dictionary of the ancient Egyptian language based on direct engagement with ancient Egyptian literary texts.

Accounting Fraud with Reference of Satyam Company

Accounting Fraud means misrepresentation or alteration of accounting record regarding sales, revenue, expenses and other factors for a profit motive such as inflating company stock values, obtaining more favorable financing or avoiding debt obligations. In this research paper we analyzed the accounting fraud with case study of Satyam Company is classic example, Satyam means “truth” in the ancient Indian language “Sanskrit”. Satyam won the “Golden Peacock Award” for the best governed company in 2007 and in 2009. From being India’s IT “crown jewel” and the country’s “fourth largest” company with high-profile customers. Mr. Ramalinga Raju (Chairman and Founder of Satyam), who has been arrested and has confessed to a $1.47 billion (or Rs. 7800 crore) fraud, admitted that he had made up profits for years. The Auditors Role and Factors Contributing to Fraud Global auditing firm, Price water house Coopers (PwC), who had audited Satyam’s books from June 2000 until the discovery of the fraud in 2009. Several commentators criticized PwC harshly for failing to detect the fraud. Indeed, PwC signed Satyam’s financial statements and was responsible for the numbers under the Indian law. Satyam’s shares fell to 11.50 rupees on January 10, 2009, their lowest level since March 1998, compared to a high of 544 rupees in 2008. Thus, investors lost $2.82 billion in Satyam. Unfortunately, Satyam significantly inflated its earnings and assets for years and rolling down Indian stock markets and throwing the industry into turmoil. Criminal charges were brought against Mr. Raju, including: criminal conspiracy, breach of trust, and forgery.

BUDAPESTI PHILOLÓGIAI TÁRSASÁG VEZETŐSÉGE (1874-1948)

A németországi mintára szervezett, 1874-1948 között létező Budapesti Philológiai Társaság hét évtizedes fennállása alatt összefogta a klasszika-filológiával és a modern filológiával foglalkozó szakembereket Magyarországon. Tagjai között voltak az összes ókori tudományokat vagy modern nyelveket és irodalmakat oktató professzorok és a középiskolai tanárok közül azok, akik komolyabban érdeklődtek ezen tudományok iránt. Folyóiratában, az Egyetemes Philológiai Közlönyben szinte az összes ilyen szakember publikált. A tanulmány a társaság vezetőségét mutatja be napra pontos adatokkal, nagyrészt a folyóiratban közölt közgyűlési jegyzőkönyvek alapján. A társaságnak voltak magyar és külföldi tudósokból tiszteleti tagjai is, legismertebb közülük Achille Ratti, a későbbi XI. Pius pápa.

TURKIC-UDMURT LEXICAL METAMORPHOSES II: ON THE ORIGIN OF THE WORDS ITALMAS ‘TROLLIUS EUROPAEUS’, KOŃ‘SQUIRREL’, ATTA ‘ALL THE TIME, CONSTANTLY’

Foreign and domestic scientists have been studying the mutual influences of the Udmurt and Turkic languages. For more than a century, this issue has been covered in a sufficient number of publications. However, the problem of Udmurt-Turkic contacts had not yet been fully resolved. This work is devoted to verification of the origin of lexemes dating back to the Turkic source. The Udmurt words italmas ‘Trollius europaeus’, końi̮ ‘squirrel’, the dialect word atta ‘all the time, constantly’, as well as the Russian word belka ‘squirrel’ are considered. The etymologies of these words have been repeatedly studied, however, the problem of their origin remains unresolved. The study found a satisfactory explanation of the origin of the considered lexemes. We have presented additional arguments in favor of the existing etymologies for phytonym italmas ‘Trollius europaeus’, which derived from the Kipchak *it almas ‘like a diamond’ (&lt; ‘dog diamond’). We propose to denote the Turkic dialects of the Kipchak type with which the ancestors of the Udmurts contacted from the 10th to the 14th - 15th centuries by the term “ancient Tatar language”. In addition to the above phytonym, the zoononym końi̮ ‘squirrel’ goes back to the same source, but the ancient Tatar word *kӧn did not name the animal, but designated the skin of the animal. Along the way, the etymology of the Russian word belka ‘squirrel’ is considered. It may be a calque from the Tatar akcha (акча) ‘money’. For the word atta ‘all the time, constantly’, which was considered a continuation of the Tat. khatta (хәтта) ‘until, even’, we proposed another Tatar source - harwakytta (һәрвакытта) ‘always, all the time’, which experienced lexical-morphological and phonetic transformations on the basis of Udmurt language.

Историческое и лексико-семантическое развитие цветообозначения al ‘алый, розовый’ в тюркских языках

Introduction. The article examines the color term al ‘pink; scarlet’ in Turkic languages. Goals. The study aims at considering the lexeme in comparative historical and lexical-semantic perspectives. This involves a number of objectives, such as to review and analyze hypotheses on etymology of the word, identify the functioning of the lexeme in ancient and modern languages, determine characteristics of use of the word’s meanings in certain Turkic languages, delineate common Turkic and specific (belonging to a separate subgroup) development trends of the lexeme al. Materials and Methods. To facilitate the latter, an extensive theoretical and source base on Turkic languages is employed: when it comes to origins of the word, special attention is paid to fundamental scientific works on Turkic and Altai etymologies; ancient Turkic, medieval written monuments, lexicographic works on particular Turkic languages are examined to reveal semantic features of the word in ancient and modern languages. In general, the work proves topical due to the absence of any comprehensive study dealing with etymology, development and functioning of the token in Turkic languages. Results. The study reveals that the al lexeme is essentially ancient: scholars have restored its Pre-Turkic (*Āl) and Pre-Altaic (*ŋiōle) forms, with its Nostratic origin identified. The word is frequently traced in written sources of the Turks from earliest monuments. The token al is integral to most Turkic languages, except for the Chuvash, Altai, Tuva, Karachay-Balkar, and Karakalpak ones. In Yakut and Khakass, the lexeme ālaj is perceived as a loanword. Thus, the gloss al was widely used mainly in Western Turkic languages. In ancient and modern Turkic languages, the word al has meanings as follows: ‘scarlet, pink, ruddy’, ‘orange’, ‘brown’, ‘red, bay (horse coat color)’, ‘young’, ‘yellow’, ‘noble’, ‘magical’, ‘bright, motley’, and some substantives ― ‘seal, credential issued by Khans’, ‘rouge’, ‘woman’s headwear’. Conclusions. The ancient Turkic colour term al is (was) not universally distributed in all Turkic languages. The wide (though uneven) use of the word and further development of its semantics occurs in the Kipchak and Oghuz languages where the gloss al has a number of additional connotative and metaphorical meanings.

The Representation of Modern Greek in Ancient Greek Textbooks

Focusing on Agnello and Orlando (1998), Elliger and Fink (1986), Weileder and Mayerhöfer (2013), Mihevc-Gabrovec (1978) and Keller and Russell (2012), I discuss attempts at introducing elements of Modern Greek into teaching its ancient predecessor. My analysis, which is based on the etymologies of LKN (Λεξικό της Κοινής Νεοελληνικής), shows that approximately half of the words in the textbooks investigated in this study retain the same written forms and meanings in Modern Greek as in Ancient Greek; the term word in this analysis subsumes headwords introducing lexical entries. On the other hand, words with the same written forms and different meanings in Ancient and Modern Greek are significantly less frequent, accounting for 5 to 11% of all words in the textbooks. Furthermore, these textbooks contain between 12 and 16% of words that retain the same meaning in Ancient and Modern Greek, and also show significant formal change. As a result, their written forms are different in Ancient than in Modern Greek. It is also found, however, that at least some inflected forms of the words belonging to the latter class retain in the modern language the same written forms and meanings as in Ancient Greek. These data suggest that it is possible to introduce elements of Modern Greek into teaching its ancient predecessor without drawing attention to grammatical and semantic differences between Ancient and Modern Greek. Based on these data I also evaluate at the end of the article existing attempts at incorporating elements of Modern Greek into teaching the ancient language.

Mistrzowie dawni. Szkic do dziejów dziewiętnastowiecznego pojęcia

Mistrzowie dawni. Szkic do dziejów dziewiętnastowiecznego pojęcia

SEMINAL BREAKTHROUGH IN TACTILE PICTOGRAM DESIGN FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED IN TRAIN STATION

One of the ideal public transportation facilities for the visually impaired in daily activities is trains. To be used at maximum, there is a need for communicative media to support the independence of orientation and mobility for the visually impaired in the train station. The media plays a role in supporting visually impaired individuals to know where they are, where to go, and how to reach the destination. The previous result regarding visually impaired ability to identify pictorial form which is designed with Primadi Tabrani’s ancient visual language semiotic approach shows a great opportunity for a pictogram to be the solution. However, the challenge is how to make the visually impaired person understand the meaning description that has been designed into tactile pictogram by touch. Basic consideration in designing process is the clarity of visual form when being touched, which is influenced by the way the shape is drawn and the tactile height