Ancient Javanese Research Articles

PU SAPI DAN LEMBU AGRA: KAJIAN ANTROPONIMI BERDASARKAN ISI PRASASTI JAWA KUNO (ABAD KE-9–16 M)

<p>Javanese literary works, especially the Panji tales, often feature human characters with animal names, such as Kuda Narawangsa, Kebo Kanigara, and Kidangwalangka. This naming phenomenon can also be found in old Javanese inscriptions. Recent studies generally concluded that such naming tradition occurred during the Kadiri-Majapahit era, and this was closely related to the banner of the army and the identity of <em>makasirkasir</em>. This study aims to reveal the motivation behind the naming tradition and the relationship between personal name, social status, and occupation of the person so named throughout the ancient Javanese era. This study uses Nyström’s onomastical approach, especially the concept of anthroponomics, namely the presuppositional meanings of proper names consisting of categorial, associative, and emotive meanings. This research utilized archaeological methods which involved data collection, data processing, and interpretation. Results show that this naming phenomenon was generally motivated by people’s appreciation of certain animals that had a special place and played an important role in the ancient Javanese society and culture. The correlation between the names and the characters’ social status and occupation has been found to be influenced by the sociocultural development during the Ancient Mataram and Kadiri-Majapahit periods.</p>

Reflecting on Kejawen: Javanese Esoteric Teachings in Indonesian National Development

Kejawen as a concept of spirituality arose out of ancient Javanese society. Many Western scholars have used the term ‘Javanese mysticism’ to refer to Kejawen teachings, which focus on inward rather than outward religious expression and feeling. Kejawen teaching offers an esoteric understanding of religion and spirituality, one that seems to circulate mainly outside formal religious traditions. This paper demonstrates the significance of Kejawen teaching in spiritual, psychological, and social development in Indonesia, suggesting it has especial relevance to issues of peace and violence. Placing Kejawen in its context, this study shows that the national development in Indonesia after independence was influenced by the esoteric ideas of Kejawen, as portrayed in the national motto “unity in diversity”. This expression resembles the post-independence state ideology of Pancasila. Through analysis of key nationalist texts, themes linked to elements of Kejawen teachings are identified and analysed in this study. This is done by analysing key texts, including Soekarno’s independence speech, Pancasila, and other relevant materials from various available sources. The reader will find out more about the need for comprehensive symbolic and resource-based recognition of Kejawen teachings in Indonesian society.

Kearifan Ekosistem Budaya pada Tata Ruang Lanskap Budaya Jawa Kuno di DAS Kali Brantas

The protections for culture, natural environment and aesthetic are widely recognised as a part of sustainability. The cultural landscape were characterised by the traditional norms of the society and physical civilisation manifested in local wisdoms creating the traditional landscape and architecture. This study aimed to reconstruct the use of landscape as part of local culture representing the ancient Javanese civilization (9th to 15th century) in the Brantas River Basin. This study found how the Javanese cosmology was applied on a regional scale of space. According to the character of spatial use as well as its physical and social materials, the space of the ancient Javanese region consisted of three zones, namely: the Lower, Central and the Upper Zones. This findings was a model of local wisdom in the regional scale, as a counterpart of the contemporary notion of urban development that conceives the lanscape as a capital asset.

UPAYA PEMBERIAN MAKNA PADA PRASASTI BERBENTUK STAMBHA DARI JAWA TENGAH (ABAD IX–X MASEHI)

<p>The Stone stele is made in a particular form based on a particular concept. The concept behind the making of the inscription is called meaning. Archaeologists need to interpret this in uncovering the meaning behind the inscription form by studying semiotics in the overall form and contents of the inscription. This paper studies the meaning of the stambha inscriptions from the 9th-10th century AD. The study is aimed at reconstructing the concept behind the making of the stambha inscriptions in ancient Java. The method used in this study consists of data collection, data analysis, and interpretation. Based on this series of studies, it can be seen that the stambha inscription has a hierarchical sacred meaning.</p>

Interpretation of Symbols, Veneration and Divine Attributes in Dieng Temple Complex, Central Java

This study aims to discuss the divine symbols and attributes used as a medium of worship in the Dieng Plateau. The research was phased in according to Wallace's empirical cycle and was conducted in the Dieng Plateau, Central Java, Indonesia, a spiritual centre in ancient Java. The discovery of the Śiva Triśirah statue in the Dieng Temple Complex reveals new things in the past Hindu Nusantara Theology construction. Several divine symbols and attributes are served as a medium of worship at the Temple Complex in the Dieng Plateau. The concept of Deity in the Dieng Plateau is Śivaistic in character with the worship of Lord Śiva Triśirah, that is, Śiva with three faces and four hands, as the Supreme Deity. However, some divine symbols and attributes also serve as a medium of worship and connected to divinity. In Hinduism, the sacred symbols and attributes of God are inseparable. Divine attributes generally define God. In the discussion of theology, God is described with various excellent attributes. The central divine attributes found are as follows: Omnipotence, Creatorship, Omniscience, Eternity and Omnipresence, Personhood, Goodness⁄ Perfection, Non-Physicality, Necessary, Existence, Simplicity, Immutability, and Impassibility. These divine attributes are depicted in various forms of sacred symbols found in the Dieng Plateau.

Art Experiments and Cultural Preservation during a Pandemic: A Case Study Lembah Gana Festival in 2020

This study aims to reveal artistic expressions and forms of cultural preservation at the Lembah Gana Festival in Semarang Regency. This research is interesting to do because no research has been found on the Lembah Gana Festival. The urgency of this research lies in the introduction of cultural heritage, especially ancient Java. The problem is that most people forget about historical remains, both physically (tangible) and non-physically (intagible). The object and location of this research is the Lembah Gana Festival in Semarang Regency. This research is in the realm of ethnographic research. The research method used is document extraction, observation, and in-depth interviews to related parties. The research data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The novelty of the findings lies in the ability of the Lembah Gana Festival to bring back ancient Javanese culture. In addition, the research results show that the Lembah Gana Festival is increasingly existing and efforts to preserve culture have received enthusiasm from the people of Semarang Regency during the pandemic. The Festival Model which is conducted online, makes it easier for the audience to access.

СЕРГЕЙ ВСЕВОЛОДОВИЧ КУЛЛАНДА (23.08.1954 - 30.11.2020)

The paper examines the major milestones of Sergei V. Kullanda’s scientific activity and summarizes his heritage. During the first half of his career, Sergei Kullanda focused on Austronesian studies: the history of ancient Java and pre-Austronesian societies as well as Austronesian linguistics. Later Kullanda turned to Indo-European and Iranian studies: reconstruction of the Indo-European system of age and gender groups based on kinship terms, the problem of male unions in the Indo-European society, Scythian linguistics, and Proto-East-Caucasian loanwords in Proto-Indo-Iranian. The development of deep semantic reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European kinship terms was the central topic for Sergei Kullanda. In his Austronesian and Indo-European studies he combined data of language, history and ethnography. Kullanda’s minor works covered such topics as the origin of Indian varṇas, reconstruction of the original character of the Vedic god Indra, and etymologies for Austronesian, Indo-Iranian and Caucasian languages.

Animals as Symbols of Human Positive and Negative Traits on Javanese Expressions

The research aimed to analyze the metaphor of animals’ names in Javanese expressions as representing power and authority in its positive and negative sides. The ancient land of Java was ruled by kings. This situation indicated that ancient Javanese were closely related to kingdoms and regulations that were strict rules of politeness rules or authoritarian. It created a situation where direct criticisms, suggestions, and warnings were conveyed to those who had power, which might cause the problem to the conveyor. Thus, people preferred to express their opinion in the metaphorical form to preserve the Javanese manners. Since Javanese people also lived as farmers and hunters, they could identify the nature of various animals’ characters. They began to compare some animals’ nature characters to describe human characters or behaviors in the forms of metaphor known as Javanese expressions. The methods applied were a descriptive qualitative by choosing the data that contained animal names, classifying them, analyzing the meanings of the expressions, and providing results of the analysis. These metaphorical forms are hitherto known as proverbs and are make used them as philosophy of life. They also used proverbs. The data were taken from “Seri Kajian Sastra Klasik 100 Paribasan Jawa Simpul-Simpul Kearifan Lokal Budaya Jawa” by Bambang Husen Al Marie in 2018. There are 26 expressions using animal names found in this dictionary. Macan, gajah, and asu are the three animals that are mostly used as a metaphor to describe human characters within a sovereignty. Heuristic and hermeneutic approaches are applied to analyze the data and to find out the real meaning of the classified data.

Diaspora, Cultural Heritage and Tourism

A new perspective on the importance of preserving cultural heritage across the world has recently been emphasized both culturally and economically to benefit human civilization going forward. One of the arms of the United Nation, UNESCO has ratified its significance through its member nations. While the benefits can be foreseen, it is certainly a challenging undertaking that requires high levels of creativity mostly out the box approaches. One obvious reason is that cultural conservation and promotion will only make sense if it is economically sound and sustains. Surakarta City, better known as Solo, is one of the centers of Javanese culture that is rich in history dated back to the ancient Javanese kingdoms. It is an attractive tourist’s destination. It has seventy historic buildings, monuments, and urban sites of cultural significance. They are arranged into six category areas or districts that are composed of traditional, colonial, and religious buildings, gates, memorials, bridges, parks, and open public spaces as listed in the Provincial Decree and are protected under Cultural Property Law. Its cultural heritage also includes important urban areas. Surakarta's physical appearance is well defined and is its tangible cultural heritage. While it is important, the wealth of knowledge and skills that are transmitted from one generation to the next play very crucial roles. Intangible cultural heritage includes oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge, and skills needed to create traditional arts and crafts. This intangible cultural heritage must be nurtured in the social and daily life of its people and interwoven into the mainstream of social groups and will determine the survival and success of cultural heritage succession.
 This paper will discuss potential roles of diaspora in cultural heritage preservation, promotion, and tourism in Surakarta based on the unique characteristics of diaspora, their needs, interests, views, and economic capabilities. By understanding the nature of diaspora, their potentials can be channeled to promote and safeguard cultural heritage and empower citizens to be actively engage in sustainable economic activities. Interlocking between economic and intangible cultural heritage of Surakarta is a step forward to economic and cultural prosperity.

Islamisasi Jawa : Sayyid Ja’far Shadiq dan Menara Kudus Sebagai Media Dakwahnya

The success of Muslims in spreading their teachings in the archipelago is very clearly seen by the evidence of the domination of Muslims in the archipelago today. This success is inseparable from the services of traders, preachers, kyai and teachers of the Koran. Including walisongo who has succeeded in introducing Islamic teachings to remote areas of Java. They use many approaches so that Islam can be well accepted by the surrounding community without war. One of them is by inserting Islamic values and teachings into the traditions and culture of Javanese society. Like Sunan Kudus, which is very tolerant of the culture that has been formed and rooted in the Kudus community. He adopted a lot of Hindu-Buddhist art and culture that has long been attached to the life of the Javanese people. Building the al-Aqsa Mosque that combines ancient Javanese mosque architecture with Indian Mughal architecture, the Kudus Tower is very similar to the Hindu Majapahit temple, places Buddhist teachings that do not conflict with Islamic teachings on the architecture of ablution and prohibits the slaughter of cows which are considered sacred by Hindus. All of this was done by Sunan Kudus to create Cultural Islam, Islam that interacts with culture so that it can be well received by the community without having to eliminate existing traditions and culture.

Komparasi Algoritma Denoising Dan Binarization Dengan Adaptive Thresholding Dan Morfologi Untuk Menigkatkan Kualitas Keterbacaan Citra Naskah Lontar (Takepan) Sasak

One of the cultural heritages in West Nusa Tenggara, especially Lombok, is takepan (ancient lontar manuscripts). Takepan written on Lontar leaf sheets (Duntan leaf in Sasak language) is known as the jejawan script (derived from ancient Javanese language). According to [1] in his research on image segmentation of Javanese script, the adaptive thresholding value was obtained based on the variation in the sensitivity of each local windows. The process of determining the thresholding value works on blocks in the image. Images that have high contrast and high lighting variations are very difficult to classify as background or foreground because there are a lot of pixels, you should use Local Adaptive Thresholding. From the research that has been done, it can be concluded that adaptive thresholding and morphology with dilation approach really help maximize image readability with the highest Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) value reaching 34,107 dB DOI : 10.29408/jit.v3i2.2304

Bahasa Matematis Masyarakat Yogyakarta: Suatu Kajian Etnografi

Yogyakarta has a nickname as the City of Culture. Yogyakarta has several cultures that are closely related to the context of learning mathematics. However, not many educators in Yogyakarta see this culture as a context that can be a starting point in learning mathematics. Thus, this study aims to explore the culture of Yogyakarta's people that can be used as a context in learning mathematics. This study uses ethnographic studies sourced from literature studies, field observations, and interviews with informants who understand the ancient Javanese language well to clarify and / or provide more understanding of the results of the literature review collected. The results showed some mathematical languages used by the Yogyakarta people in Javanese that could be used as starting points in learning mathematics. This mathematical language includes the mention of numbers, area, angle, volume, indefinite units, and determination of time units.

Adaptive Thresholding Algorithms and Morphological to Improve the Quality of Takepan Sasak Image Readability

One of the cultural heritages in West Nusa Tenggara, especially Lombok, is takepan (lontar ancient manuscripts). Takepan written on leaf sheets of Lontar is known as the jejawan script (derived from ancient Javanese). local adaptive[1] adaptively setting thresholds for each pixel can behave better than the global method in degraded and damaged document images. Adaptive binarasi can also reduce noise when segmenting text from the background. The process of determining the threshold value works on blocks in the image. Images that have contrast and lighting variations that are very difficult to solve as background or background because there are a lot of pixels, this recommends using Local Adaptive Thresholding. From the research that has been done, it can be concluded that adaptive thresholding and morphology with dilation approach help maximize image readability with the highest PSNR value reaching 34,107 dB. In further research can be developed using feature extraction so that it can recognize the character of the letter in takepan.

Ubudiyah NU Guna Mencegah Ideologi Yang Gemar Menvonis Bid’ah

This study aims to describe the NU Ubudiyah applied at Al-Ishlah Islamic boarding school and how to prevent students from ideologies who are fond of convicting heresy. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study research design. The results stated that NU's strong ideology was tight in Indonesian society at the grassroots level. This ideology is rooted in the traditions of society. Starting from reading Yasin, Tahlil, and others that are difficult to disappear. The tradition is acculturated with the beliefs of Ancient Javanese inherited by Hindu Buddhism.

The identification of plant reliefs in the Lalitavistara story of Borobudur temple, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Metusala D, Fauziah, Lestari DA, Damaiyani J, Mas’udah S, Setyawan H. 2020. The identification of plant reliefs in the Lalitavistara story of Borobudur temple, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2206-2215. The Lalitavistara sutra is one of the central texts in the Mahayana tradition and it describes the life of the Buddha. This sutra has been carved in a good detail into 120 relief panels. These reliefs showed many plant figures that have often been carved in proper shape, so that made it possible for identification. The identification results showed that there were at least 63 species of plants in the Lalitavistara relief at Borobudur and these more various than species mentioned in the Lalitavistara sutra. Some species even only be found on reliefs but not in the text. These findings have indicated several important points; (i). the ancient Javanese community at that time already had a high awareness of the plant diversity, (ii). the plant figures as component in building atmosphere/background have been used by the carver as an opportunity for improvisation, (iii). the plant reliefs in Borobudur can be seen to reflect the surrounding plant diversity at the time, and (iv). the identification of plant reliefs in Borobudur can be used as an approach to understand the perspective of an ancient Javanese community on the importance of plant diversity.

Mapping the Variation of Visual Character Styles in the Pawukon Illustration

The heritage of old Indonesian manuscript artefacts is evidence of the development of literary and written culture. However, accessing these manuscripts is no longer comfortable because there are more storage and documentation abroad than at home. At present, expanding access to further study, there have been efforts to digitize several manuscripts. One of the manuscripts contained the cultural values ​​of ancient Javanese people is the pawukon script that equipped with illustrations. The purpose of writing this article is to exam the character style of pawukon visualization. This article intends to elaborate illustrations and visual elements that visualize the contents of the text in the manuscript. The conclusion shows that the illustrations in the ancient pawukon manuscript present several types of character styles. Each character and style is the result of the influence of cultural changes that developed during this period.

Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Tradisi Mayangi di Desa Puger Wetan Kecamatan Puger Kabupaten Jember

The Mayangi tradition in Puger Wetan Village is a tradition passed down from generation to generation from ancient Javanese society, until now it is still widely found in Javanese life, especially in Puger Wetan Village, Puger District, Jember Regency. The focus of the problems examined in these theses are; (1) How is The Mayangi Tradition Implementation Mechanism in Puger Wetan Village, Puger District, Jember Regency? (2) How to Review Islamic Law Against MayangiTradition? This research uses qualitative research by conducting field research supported by library researchers. The results showed that: (1) The implementation ofThe Mayangi tradition in Puger Wetan Village, Puger Subdistrict, Jember Regency, is usually carried out before the wedding and when the Sukerta child has grown up. (2)The Mayangi tradition is motivated by the existence of special born children or Sukerta children, Sukerta children if they are not treated, bad luck will always suffer in their life. (3) The implementation of The Mayangi tradition includes Urf Sahih if it is done as a form of gratitude to Allah SWT.

Norms and Teachings in the Art of Lovemaking of Kings in Ancient Javanese Manuscripts

Norms and Teachings in the Art of Lovemaking of Kings in Ancient Javanese Manuscripts

Sultan Sumbawa Political Communication Pattern in Managing the Government (Study of Sultan Kaharuddin III's Government)

The role of political communication in running a government is a way to achieve a goal. Political communication in Indonesia has existed since the time of the ancient Javanese kingdom. The study of political communication in Asia, especially in Indonesia, is still not too famous as in Western countries, the study of political correspondence that develops in Indonesia has more to do with modern governance based on the concept of Western political studies. In this study, researchers will examine what forms of social-political communication exist in Indonesia, especially in the former Sultanate. The government of Sultan Kaharuddin III, who led the Sultanate of Sumbawa, was chosen as the object of study this time. This research was conducted because during the reign of Sultan Sumbawa, when it used a government system that adopted Islamic values ​​and at that time also was a transition period for the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, then the Sultanate of Sumbawa only joined the Republic of Indonesia in 1950. This research will be examined using qualitative research methods. Researchers will look for how the form of political communication by Sultan Sumbawa using data collection techniques by observation, interviews with informants, and other supporting data collection. Researchers will interpret the phenomena that occur by using phenomenology. The results of this study describe the form of Sultan Sumbawa's political communication that uses the noble values ​​of social philosophy and is based on Islamic values ​​in running the government. The use of local arts and traditions has also become one of the political communication media used to achieve goals in the government system. So this is a distinguishing factor between the Sumbawa Sultanate and other Sultanates in Indonesia.

Perkembangan Penelitian Sejarah Akuntansi di Indonesia dalam Bingkai Perspektif NAH

This study aims to capture the development of new accounting history research in order to understand the extent to which accounting history has been carried out and the possible direction of research in the future. This study use literature review to collect the data. The result shows that the NAH research in Indonesia has been carried out such as accounting research during the colonioal period, the early era of Indonesia’s independence, the ancient java and bali period. However, the opportunity to do the New accounting history research in Indonesia is still widely open considering that Indonesia is a country with many cultures and dynamics. Some opportunities in this field are accounting research during the Islamic Kingdom and contemporary accounting research which can describe various current accounting dynamics that impact the development of accounting.