Ancient Javanese Research Articles

LOYALITAS MASYARAKAT JAWA KUNA PADA RAJA MENURUT PRASASTI ABAD XIII–XV

The sima inscription is an edict issued by the king as a gift given to certain parties. One of the reasons for its bestowment is as a reward to those who have shown him loyalty. This paper studies the forms of loyalty shown by the Ancient Javanese People to the king and the factors that influenced it. The study aims to give an understanding of the relationship that existed between the Ancient Javanese people and the king in the XIII–XV Centuries AD. The results of this research provides new insight for the effort to reconstruct the life of the Ancient Javanese people. The method used in this study consists of data collection, data analysis, and interpretation. Based on this series of studies, it can be determined that there are multiple forms of loyalties shown by the Ancient Javanese people to the king and multiple factors that influenced its formation

NARRATING THE ACT OF TRUTH IN THE JATAKA AND AVADANA RELIEFS AT CANDI BOROBUDUR

This paper analyzes the Act of Truth in nine Jataka and Avadana stories depicted in Candi Borobudur, Central Java, aiming to identify its key factors and purpose in the allegories. Through content analysis and comparative analysis, the study finds that merit, right speech, and intention are the primary contributing factors to the Act of Truth. A beneficial Act of Truth involves taking a firm stance on truth, driven by compassion to benefit others and attain one’s highest potential. The findings suggest that the acts in these stories form a part of the bodhisattva’s path to achieving perfect awakening. This study also offers insights into the beneficial acts represented in ancient Javanese reliefs.

VARIED ROLES OF METAPHORIC EXPRESSIONS IN PEPALI BABAD BANYUMASAN

This study aims to examine the various roles of metaphor in the oral literature of Pepali Babad Banyumasan. This study was qualitative and descriptive by its nature, meaning that all data are not in the form of numbers. It instead focused on the quality of verbal forms or utterances All data were retrieved from written excerpts of the prose. All data were retrieved from written excerpts of the prose. These data were further analyzed using a referential identity method and a reflective introspective method. The study found four functions of metaphor in Pepali Babad Banyumasan, such as to mention unique characteristics, to describe the place of origin, to substitute, and to concretize human experience. Oral literature of Banyumasan Javanese, especially the one discussed in the present study, is worth investigating. Pepaliis originated from Raden Baribin, Wira Utama, Yudanegara II, Yudanegara III, and others. Behind the fact that literary work is something inanimate, lies within Pepali is enigma and meaning to look at. The findings in this study are belief in magical and occult things as a way of life for taking attitudes for the ancient Javanese people, particularly the Banyumasan people that was used as a form of expression to concretize the representation of experiences in the past, then make it a message so that people are more vigilant and break bad luck in the present by reflecting on past experiences. In this study, it is clear that the ancient Javanese people believed in magical things as a form of human communication to get blessing in managing government. The ancient Javanese people of Banyumasan also believed that the name was also a sign to represent the image of the community group. In this case the name that appears to represent the aristocratic class of society (people who are destined to become leaders) by giving him a family name taken from the name of an animal, namely goose.

Piry na Drevnej Yave (po dannym epigrafiki)

The paper discusses feasts, food stuffs and food offerings offered to deities during the ceremony of free-hold establishment-sima-in the Mataram Kingdom in Ancient Java according to inscriptions in the Old Javanese language of the 9th 10th centuries. Food stuffs and goods listed in the text may reveal a common cultural tradition of offerings and/or be formulae fixing a certain amount of these offerings. Not only Ancient Javanese words were used to refer to animals, but also Sanskrit borrowings. The term kumol may mean “a lamb dish”. H.B. Sarkar’s and A.V. Zavadskaya's translations of Old Javanese epigraphy wrongly translate the terms v3as pada and bras pada as ‘unpeeled rice’ but the correct meaning is “husked rice”.

Leaving Javanese Shadow Theatre (Wayang Kulit) Religiously Unlabelled

Wayang Kulit, the shadow theatre tradition on the island of Java, combines ancient Javanese and Indian myths in a Muslim context and therefore poses as a wonderful example of how religious traditions intertwine with works of art. This article explores the religious appropriation and acculturation at work in the history of Javanese shadow theatre. It also grants a behind-the-scenes look at the curatorial challenges involved in preparing a Wayang Kulit exhibition at the Museum Rietberg in Zurich, in particular how to convey the complex intermingling of cultures and religions so that audiences can understand it. Finally, we call into question some narratives and concepts traditionally used in Western museums to tell the story of Southeast Asian art.

Ngunduh Wohing Pakarti: The Moral Roots of Business Governance Principles

Purpose—This study aims to explore and interpret the moral values of ngunduh wooing Jakarta, which are the basis for forming business governance principles. Design/methodology/approach — This study uses a qualitative method with an interpretive paradigm emphasising a deep understanding of the meaning of ngunduh wohing pakarti in ancient Javanese society. Findings — The moral teaching of ngunduh wohing pakarti is a code of conduct for the ancient Javanese people to manage business activities. The actualization of the moral values ​​as the building of ngunduh wohing pakarti, consisting of balance, honesty, fairness, sincerity, and compassion, is an inspirational signal in formulating the principles of modern business governance today. Practical implications — Ngunduh wohing pakarti can have practical implications for management in carrying out managerial functions so that they can support wise business decision-making processes without harming other parties. The consistent application of governance principles in the moral corridor can provide added value for stakeholders and maintain a sustainable business growth process. Originality/value — This study explores the historical portrait of the development of business governance in Indonesia, especially in the ancient Javanese period. It interprets the moral meaning of ngunduh wohing pakarti in business governance principles.

The Manifestation of Kuntisraya Story in Ethnic

The purpose of writing this article is to discover the manifestations of the Kuntisraya story in works of arts in Indonesia. In general, Kuntisraya stories can be found in ancient Javanese literary works. In particular, it turns out that there are works of art, design, and ethnic performing arts in Indonesia that are realized based on the Kuntisraya story. The problems are : 1) What is the form of the manifestation of the Kuntisraya story in works of art and design?; 2) What is the form of the manifestation of the Kuntisraya story in ethnic performing arts?. This research was conducted with qualitative methods. Observations and interviews have been used to obtain primary data. The results of the literature study have been used as secondary data. All data has been analyzed qualitatively using aesthetic and reception theories. The results of the study show that : 1) manifestations of the Kuntisraya story exist in works of art and designs in the form of architectural reliefs of temples; and 2) manifestations of the Kuntisraya story exist in performing arts in the form of sacred performing arts and tourism performing arts.

PSIKOLOGI TOKOH BIMO DALAM NOVEL MENGGAPAI MATAHARI KARYA DERMAWAN WIBISONO: Pendekatan Psikologi Sastra

This study aims to describe the building elements in the novel Reaching for the Sun by Dermawan Wibisono and Describe the psychology of the character Bimo in the novel Menggapai Matahari by Dermawan Wibisono. The research method uses qualitative descriptive with a content analysis approach in the form of the novel Menggapai Matahari by Dermawan Wibisono In this study focused on personality structures, namely id, ego and super ego. The data collection technique is carried out by reading and recording important information contained in the novel Menggapai Matahari by Dermawan Wibisono, the results of the study show that (1) the intrinsic elements of the novel Menggapai Matahari consist of (a) themes, namely a child who is trying to break the prediction that he will one day trouble his parents. ( b) plot, using the forward plot (c) characterization, starting from Bimo as the main character and several other additional characters (d) the setting, namely the setting of the place, namely in ungaran, the setting when the author tells more about the story from the past continuing to the present, the social setting about the belief in ancient Javanese prophecies, the setting of the atmosphere, depicting a sad atmosphere and a mixed emotional atmosphere of happiness. (e) a first-person point of view (f) the mandate never precedes almighty destiny. (2) personality structures in the form of id, ego and super ego of the psychoanalyst sigmund freud

The Talan Charter of Jayabhaya: A Kadiri-period Inscription Casting New Light on Airlangga’s Kingdom

The association of Jayabhaya (East Java, 12th century CE) with the prophecies known as Jangka Jayabaya has made this figure one of the most celebrated kings of ancient Java. While these prophecies seem to have no factual relation to the historical Jayabhaya, the epigraphic record of this king’s reign holds considerable potential for the historian of premodern Java. And yet the relevant inscriptions have attracted no sustained scholarly attention. Focusing on the Talan charter, the present study attempts to reveal the wealth of historical data that even a single inscription, if studied thoroughly, may contribute to historiography. It turns out that this charter casts new light not only on the reign and territory of King Jayabhaya but also on those of a king who had ruled a century earlier, here called Bhaṭāra Guru. For the Talan charter is one of the somewhat rare instances of incorporation of an earlier charter into a later one. We first review the relevant history of research which goes back more than 150 years and then present the full edition and translation of the charter. Next, we turn to a historiographical discussion which covers among other things the two dates contained in the charter, namely that of its issue in 1058 Śaka by Jayabhaya, and that of the incorporated charter issued in 941 Śaka by Bhaṭāra Guru. We accept the hypothesis, previously formulated by N.J. Krom, that this is the posthumous designation of King Airlangga who, like Jayabhaya, is remembered in much later traditions, though different ones than the Jangka Jayabaya. We also highlight two key toponyms mentioned in Jayabhaya’s charter as well as in some Airlangga inscriptions, namely Talan and Panumbangan, and reconsider the territorial organization of polities in early Java and the extent to which epigraphic distribution patterns reflect the extent of the issuers’ political control.

Bias Meaning of Symbols and Sings of Indonesian Topeng Malangan Puppet Show

The study is devoted to the discussion of symbols and signs in the Topeng Malangan puppet mask show, which is a traditional heritage of the ancient Javanese society. The Wayang or mask show is described as a depiction of human nature. Its very existence gives rise to many interpretations of the symbolism and meanings contained in it, and these conflicting interpretations seek to convey to their public their own vision of human essence in various historical circumstances. The costumed show of masked characters, like the masks themselves, cannot be separated from historical stories, such as Malangan Topeng Wayang , which tells about the history of the kingdoms of Daha and Jenggala , where the conflicting interpretations contained in the narration of symbols and signs are fully observed. Using a semiotic approach based on the R. Barthes model, the article explores the mythologized mask show, analyzes the symbols rooted in ancient history, which have come down to us in the form of drawings documented on fabric painting, lontars - manuscripts on palm leaves or in ancient books. The results of the study proved that the symbolism of signs and ancient artifacts of Malangan Topeng Wayang is rooted in retold stories that turn into folk fantasy myths that celebrate the heroism and kindness of the people of Indonesia. Nevertheless, these stories also show the presence of shameful pages of the past, hushed up by the community, since they immanently have more negative connotations which contribute to the emergence of some semantic bias, that, if misinterpreted, can distort historical facts.

Study of Large Ruminants Diversity in Java at Eighth Century Based on Borobudur Temple Reliefs

Large ruminants, consisting of cattle and buffalo, have played an important role in human life from the past to the present. Information about the utilization of large ruminants was often found in inscriptions in ancient Java. Unfortunately, the diversity of these large ruminants was not described in detail. The reliefs of the temples can be used as a consideration in understanding the diversity of large ruminants based on the morphological characteristics carved in the reliefs. Borobudur Temple, a historical building from the 8th century AD which was rich in reliefs, can be used as a data source to find information about the diversity of the large ruminants in Java. The aims of this study was to find the diversity of the large ruminants in Java in the 8th century based on the reliefs at Borobudur Temple. The research was conducted by observing various large ruminant images contained in the reliefs of Borobudur Temple. The results of the observations were interpreted and clustered based on their morphological characteristics. The results showed that there were ten relief panels containing images of cattle and nine relief panels containing images of buffalo. Based on the observed morphological characteristics, it could be concluded that there was only one breed of cattle and buffalo, respectively zebu (Bos indicus) and wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee).

THE USE OF THE CONSTRUCTION SIMA VILLAGE AS AN NEW CONTRUCTION OF RULES

This study seeks to understand and construct the concept of financial governance that has been practiced in sîma village by using a hermeneutic approach. Various written sources that have relevance to the research topic are used as a source of data analysis in this study. The results show that the beliefs of the ancient Javanese community through their holistic knowledge of the cosmological reality also influenced the structuring of the sîma village to its core, namely financial management. The concept of cosmology refers to the importance of wisdom in carrying out all life activities by maintaining a balance between worldly and spiritual life. The idea of financial governance in the same village, especially regarding the policy of allocating income to the village, has the same concept as the Village Law. Villages are given autonomous authority by the kingdom to manage the potential of their resources, including revenue and allocation of regional cash expenditures. The allocation of expenditure for the sîma village is prioritized on the maintenance and management of sacred buildings. The development of village infrastructure is specifically directed at development efforts that support people's agricultural businesses, such as the construction of dams as flood control, provision of adequate agricultural technology, irrigation systems, pest control and post-harvest handling. The wisdom of managing the sîma village finances in the past had implications for humans to think with perfect reason and behave according to the heart to create peace, prosperity, and the continuity of life for all the inhabitants of the universe.

Javanese Character Recognition Based on K-Nearest Neighbor and Linear Binary Pattern Features

Javanese script (Hanacaraka) is one of the cultures owned by Indonesia. Javanese script is found in temples, inscriptions, cultural and prehistoric sites, ancient Javanese manuscripts, Gulden series banknotes, street signage, and palace documents. Javanese script has a form with an article, and the use of reading above the script is a factor that affects the character detection process. Punctuation marks, clothing, Swara script, vowels, and consonants are parts of the script that are often found in Javanetest scripts. Preserving Javanese script in the digital era, of course, must use technology that can support the digitization of Javanese script through the script detection process. The concept of script image is the image of Javanese script in ancient manuscripts. The process of character detection using certain techniques can be carried out to extract characters so that they can be read. Detection of Javanese characters can be found by finding a testing image. Here, we had been used 10 words images consisting of 3 to 5 syllables with the vowel aiu. Dataset process by Linear Binary Pattern (LBP) feature extraction, which is used to characterize images and describe image textures locally. LBP has been used in r=4 and preprocessing is also done by thresholding with d=0.3. This process can be done using the K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm. In 10 datasets of Javanese script words, an average accuracy value of 90.5% was obtained. The accuracy value of 100% is the highest and 50% is the lowest.

Analysing the Presence of Enslaved Black People in Ancient Java Society

Since the 7th century, Java has been one of the trading centres of Southeast Asia. It is recorded in an inscription in Java which contains several terms that indicate the presence of foreigners in old Javanese society, including enslaved Black people. The research questions posed include: Who are they? How did they get to Java? What was their role in Javanese society? The data used for this research are inscriptions, Chinese news sources, and contemporary literary texts. Its information was analysed and classified to determine its origin and presence in Java. The results showed that there were several enslaved Black people in Java. Based on the term used to describe them, they came from East Africa and Papua. Implicitly, the brief information shows that the existence of enslaved Black people in Java was linked to the trade conducted by Persians and people from East Indonesia. It shows that work in Java from the 7th century AD to the 15th century AD was performed with various nations. The king used the existence of enslaved Black people in Java as a way to gain spiritual "strength" from their skin colour, which was different from the Javanese society. Its belief continued until the time of the Islamic Mataram Kingdom with the presence of the Palawija courtiers, a group of disabled people who were considered a sign of the king's greatness.

The Remnants of Ancient Java as a Sign System in Bagelen Central Java

This research explored the cultural traces of the Ancient Mataram community in South Kedu, Bagelen region, Central Java. There areabundant archaeological data to study these traces – Hindu and Buddhist statues, lingga-yoni, lingga pathok, rings, lamps, and fiveinscriptions, namely the Watukura (902 AD, Kayu Ara Hiwang (911 AD), Sipater (circa 900 AD), Ayam Têas (901 AD), and Pendem (881 AD). In addition, there are more than 26 archaeological sites in Bagelen region. Statues, lingga-yoni, lamps, and rings are correlated with the contents of the inscriptions, all of which show how the system and social structure of the residents worked and functioned in Bagelen region. These artifacts are a system of sign that describes the religious activities during the Rakai Watukura Dyah Balitung period of the Ancient Mataram. The research was aimed to obtain an overview of how material culture as a sign system is interpreted by the community. The research method used was a structural approach by analyzing signs and meanings of artifact data and inscriptions. The findings showed how the manifested culture in Bagelan region reflected a certain spirituality concept with local and cultural identification.

In The Production of A Language Culture, The Existence of Literature Works; Hindu-Buddhist Education in the Kingdom of Kediri

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the presence of literary works in the kingdom of Kediri, the role of ancient Javanese language in Hindu-Buddhist education, and the relationship between the presence of literary works and the role of ancient Javanese language in Hindu-Buddhist education in order to produce language culture. This study employs the historical method and is based on the findings. Literary works are concrete images that create charm with language tools that communicate the human person's experiences, thoughts, feelings, ideas, passions, and beliefs in the shape of experiences, thoughts, feelings, ideas, passions, and beliefs. The existence of literary works in producing linguistic culture in Hindu-Buddhist education.

"The wandering poet"; Depictions on ancient Javanese relief panels

There are about 60 panels with narrative reliefs from the area of Trowulan in East Java depicting mountains, rivers, bridges, trees, fields, dwellings, pendopo , and palaces. A male figure wearing a cap-like headdress accompanied by a little panakawan -like figure, walks along a cobbled path through a beautiful landscape. The figures are carved in the simple style of East Javanese reliefs on Majapahit temples. The predominance of nature, in amazing detail, is unusual compared to other narrative temple reliefs. The exact provenance is difficult to determine. The artefacts are scattered in museums all over the world: the majority in Trowulan, as well as a large convolute in Jakarta, in Amsterdam, and elsewhere. Fixing the order of the panels is a challenge. This paper discusses two major topics: (A) presenting depictions of landscape and nature in visual art; (B) comparison with Old Javanese texts narrating journeys through landscape and nature. These exercises will provide some conclusions about the function of landscape and nature in the reliefs and their purpose at their original sites. Questions on provenance will also be raised, including the documentation practice of the colonial Dutch and Indonesian Archaeological Services. A number of the panels have been documented by the OD (Dutch Oudheidkundige Dienst), archived in OD photos entitled “Reliefs from Trowulan”, other panels have been documented as being from the site Menak Jinggo in Trowulan. In my paper, I call the reliefs under investigation the “Trowulan reliefs”. N.J. Krom’s (1923) suggestion of doing research on the convolute of these reliefs has never been undertaken, now 100 years later it is time to do so.

Journeys and metaphors; Some preliminary observations about the natural world of seashore and forested mountains in epic "kakawin"

In earlier publications I have argued that ancient Javanese poets imagined the world to be one marked by distinctions between a social world consisting of palace ( kaḍatwan ) and countryside ( thāni-ḍusun ) and a wilderness of seashores and forested mountains ( pasir-wukir ). The social world was characterized by the presence of an effective royal authority; the wilderness by its absence. A distinction was also drawn between this world inhabited by human beings and a world in which gods, ancestral spirits, and other divine beings dwelt ( kedewatan ). Journeys through these landscapes are an enduring interest in the narrative literature in the literary tradition of ancient Java and Bali. Margaret V. Fletcher (1990, 2002, 2021), Tony Day (1994), Helen Creese (1998), Raechelle Rubinstein (2000), and Peter Worsley (2012b, et al. 2013) have argued that the accounts of journeys in epic kakawin and other related works are not just tales of travel between one physical place and another. Rather, they are accounts of other kinds of journeys: the “journeys” which poets seeking inspiration make or which ascetics seeking apotheosis with their iṣṭadewata undertake or those on which young men and women transitioning from childhood to adulthood embark. In this essay, I make some preliminary observations about passages describing journeys in the natural world in a diverse selection of works authored between the twelfth and eighteenth centuries in Java and Bali and discuss aspects of the metaphorical referencing of these descriptions.

Social Value in Serat Babad Amengeti Lalampahan Dalem

This study aims to analyzing the social values contained in Serat Babad Amengeti Lalampahandalem: Sampejandalem Ingkang Sinuhun Kangdjeng Susuhunan Pakoe Boewono Senopati Ing Ngalaga Ngabdurrachman Sajidin Panata Gama Ingkang Kaping: V: Ing Surakarta Hadiningrat. Social values The social values of ancient Javanese society are often reflected in heritage literary works, namely serat. Collection technique in this research used contents analyze of serat. The technique used in analyzing the data is the understanding technique, with the stages of discussion, namely, revealing, explaining and translating the contents of serat. The value of character education that was found is religious, responsibility, discipline, creative, love peace, social care and environmental care. Sociology of literature was chosen to be the approach in this research because social values can emerge from this approach. The source of data in this study was done by reading directly the contents of the serat. The data collection technique in this study used serat content analysis. The data analysis technique used is understanding with the discussion stages of revealing, explaining and translating the contents of the serat. The social values found include social problems, social actions, and Javanese ethics. The social actions contained in this serat are divided into three, namely rational instrumental social actions, value-oriented social actions, and affective social actions. The social problems in the content of the serat are divided into three, namely crime, poverty and violations of community norms. The Javanese ethics contained in the serat are divided into two, namely the principle of respect and the principle of harmony. The principle of respect for serat is divided into four, namely how to speak, wedi (fear), isin (shame), and hesitate. The principle of harmony contained in the serat is self-awareness, avoiding open conflict and ethok-ethok (pretending).

Semiotic analysis in Islamic-Javanese healing texts

The Javanese healing texts are mostly found in Ancient Javanese and New Javanese. The texts depict the social-cultural backgrounds of the society producing the texts. Healing texts are written in particular patterns, completed with spell prayers which form the compound between the signifier and the signified. Hence, the present study is aimed at analyzing healing texts using Pierce theory and the semiotic method to find icons, indexes, and symbols. The study used the descriptive qualitative method of the Pierce approach. The data sources were texts as the transliteration result of the manuscripts Serat Primbon Djawi (Dossier of Javanese Almanac), Boekoe Primbon Djampi Jawi (Book of Javanese Medicine Almanac), Serat Primbon Jawi (Dossier of Javanese Almanac), Serat Primbon Wirid (Dossier of Spell Almanac), Serat Primbon (Dossier of Almanac) and Serat Primbon Jampi (Dossier of Almanac of Javanese Medicine) transliteration by Bratakesawa. The data were analyzed using the descriptive technique in which the data worthiness was appraised by semantic validity and intra-rater validity. Findings show that all texts are constructed of semiotic structures of icons, indexes, and symbols. In the icons, there are similar relations with verses of the Holy Quran and the nine holy clerics, spreaders of the Moslem religion. The indexes show causal relationships between the cause of the ailments and the therapies in the form of medicinal mixtures. The symbols function to show resentment of cultures that brace them and relate between icons and indexes for the unified healing formulations that are integrated and have suggestive powers.