Mesopotamia Research Articles

Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism in Decision Making of Meghalayan Age in East India

Penultimate Epoch is the Holocene had three-way broad subdivisions (late 11.7KYBP (Year before Present), middle 8.325KYBP, and early 4.6KYBP) based on numerous imprints of geomorphologic, meteorological, ice-core, speleothem, and vegetation proxies in nature. Micro-scale ratification of the Holocene epoch, was Greenlandian (11.7KYBP-8.2KYBP), Northgrippian (8.2 to 4.2KYBP), and Meghalayan stage from (4.2KYBP to 50YBP), considering year 2000AD as threshold (b2k) based on DYE-3, GRIP, NGRIP1, NGRIP2 and GICC05, the Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 records. The Meghalayan age started with 200years mega drought that shattered primeval agriculture based civilization globally. The stalagmite from various rocks, archeological findings, pollens, δO18 isotopic studies and anomalies in Indian summer Monsoon imprints emphasize collapse of well-set Northgrippian Human civilizations in Mesopotamia, Indus and Ganga river plain (Indian subcontinent), the Akkadian Empire (NE Syria). The stratigraphic records offer evidences of climate changes, RSLR, geomorphologic, vegetative cover, Hydrologic processes. The stalagmite proxies, shift of ISM, erratic ITCZ annual drive, left proxies in Stalagmites, in the Mawmluh cave could end to the Holocene epoch classification. The Meghalayan age left exhibits of the upper Holocene that sprinted with severe prolonged droughts due to unstable erratic climate, multiple apocalyptic hazards, and extreme events due to sun-earth geometry, like shifts in Indian summer monsoon, Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), westerly disturbances, and El Nino Southerly Oscillation (ENSO) activities along eastern part of Himalayas. The ratification and retrofitting of the geological time scale during Holocene well structured and biostratigraphy of eastern India tailor-made.

Exploring Ancient Networks

A small archive of texts from ancient Iraq is used to demonstrate an approach to network analysis in which traditional close reading and computational text analysis go hand-in-hand. The computational methods produce tables and graphs that link back to online editions of the primary material, enabling the user to check the results.

Phytolith evidence for the pastoral origins of multi-cropping in Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq)

Multi-cropping was vital for provisioning large population centers across ancient Eurasia. In Southwest Asia, multi-cropping, in which grain, fodder, or forage could be reliably cultivated during dry summer months, only became possible with the translocation of summer grains, like millet, from Africa and East Asia. Despite some textual sources suggesting millet cultivation as early as the third millennium BCE, the absence of robust archaeobotanical evidence for millet in semi-arid Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) has led most archaeologists to conclude that millet was only grown in the region after the mid-first millennium BCE introduction of massive, state-sponsored irrigation systems. Here, we present the earliest micro-botanical evidence of the summer grain broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) in Mesopotamia, identified using phytoliths in dung-rich sediments from Khani Masi, a mid-second millennium BCE site located in northern Iraq. Taphonomic factors associated with the region’s agro-pastoral systems have likely made millet challenging to recognize using conventional macrobotanical analyses, and millet may therefore have been more widespread and cultivated much earlier in Mesopotamia than is currently recognized. The evidence for pastoral-related multi-cropping in Bronze Age Mesopotamia provides an antecedent to first millennium BCE agricultural intensification and ties Mesopotamia into our rapidly evolving understanding of early Eurasian food globalization.

Mesopotamian Dome – Bakhdeda dome as a Model

The dome is one of the most important architectural elements throughout the ages. Its discovery is an architectural revolution, being the most important among the architectural and construction techniques. Although there are several archaeological evidences of the contribution of the Mesopotamian civilization to this important innovation, so far the Mesopotamian dome theory has not been clarified and studied in detail; since there are no domes existing from antiquity, and because of the lack of enough accurate information about it. The researcher tries to investigate archaeological evidence about the contribution of Mesopotamia to the creation of the dome with a special technology using brick rows, which was the main building material. The researcher also answers fundamental questions, including, what is the Mesopotamian dome theory? Did the dome continue to be used somewhere? In which site of Mesopotamia was did it continue to be used? Where is this site?

Not far from the limits of the Northern Uruk Culture in the Middle/Upper Euphrates: the later Chalcolithic levels of Surtepe (Birecik, Southeastern Turkey)

The Uruk Expansion, which took place during various phases throughout the 4th millennium BC, also developed in Northern Mesopotamia. In the area of Birecik, in eastern Turkey, on the edge of the Euphrates, various archaeological sites have been discovered, showing different phases of expansion of the Uruk culture. We focus this study on the Surtepe site, a 8 ha settlement, where we have distinguished a possible Late Calcolithic 5 ritual building, in a phase that we consider Terminal Uruk within the chronology of this Mesopotamian culture

Bio-metaphor in Iraqi architecture (Date Palm as model(

The Bio metaphor concept plays a significant role in architectural design process, by employing diverse a specifics organism sources like a plants or animals. As the metaphor was an essential source for many architects in their achievements throughout the ages. So Plants have represented one of the inspiration sources metaphoric in architecture. From that point, the general goal of this research is to study the bio metaphor from date palm tree in Iraqi architecture, and the effect of the morphological of this tree on Iraqi architects, and thus its effect on production. This research deals specifically and practically with Employing the concept of metaphor in Iraqi architecture throughout the ages, by studying models of various buildings from different stages of the Mesopotamian civilization, starting from the Sumerian to contemporary of Iraqi architecture. From all that above the main problem that this research deals with is “The unclear approach to employing bio metaphor "date palm tree" in specific”. in Iraqi architecture.Accomplishing the methodology of this research lies in two points: First: Studying the rules which govern employed of metaphor in architecture in general. Second: Extracting the indicators of the theoretical framework and then applying them to various buildings for different periods of Mesopotamia civilization, as for the most prominent results that research reached was "bio metaphor used palm tree in different ways and methods including structural and decorative aspect” so, the metaphor that relates to the structural aspect is stronger than the metaphor that relates to the ornamental aspect. Because the first be within the morphological of the building, while the second It just final addition to the façade of the building.

The Sickle Industry Developed In Ancient Iraq During The Mesolithic To The End Of Chalcolithic

During the Prehistoric period, Human is used tools that helped him in the process of cutting plants or hunting animals, and then he developed his tools in a manner suitable for their use and became a variety, and among those tools is the sickle that he used even after emergence of agriculture. It continued to be used despite the different available raw materials throughout the chronology ages. Sickles began to be used since the stone ages before the emergence of agriculture until now. As for the industry materials for the blade, it was made according to the availability of raw materials, including bones and types of stones during the stone ages, and then the clay was used during the Ubaid period, and this is according to what the excavations revealed in the archaeological sites.

The Adverbial Suffix (-iš ) In Ancient Iraqi Languages and its Impacts On Modern Iraqi Dialects

This search deals with Ancient Iraqi Languages : ( Sumerian and Akkadian ) , especially in the phonetic grammar. We have tried in accordance to the information accessible to us to follow the origins of the adverbial suffix -iš in the ancient Iraqi languages including Sumerian, which is the oldest written in the world, that we found an origin to this adverbial suffix in the Sumerian language, so we aimed to identify the semantic of the suffix and its origin in order to get understand the interpretation in the Akkadian language and its dialects : ( Babylonian, Assyrian ) . On the other side we found the impact of the adverbial suffix -iš in the modern Arabic Iraqi dialects with ancient Iraqi languages, especially in some words which ends in this suffix in which we found co-authenticز

A Study of The Sumerian Term NIG2-KAS7.. AK (Balanced Account)In The Texts of The Third Millennium B.C

The ancient Iraqis left us, through cuneiform tablets, important archives of records of economic activity, which are a fertile and open field for research and study. Among the most important of these are the accounting records in which the Sumerian term (nig2-kas7..ak) is mentioned and translated by researchers as "balanced account" or "budget accounts". This term has great importance in the context of the interpretation of the economy of ancient Iraq, especially in the texts of the end of the third millennium BC. Therefore, this study came to show its linguistic, administrative and cultural importance.

Demons and Evil Spirits in Ancient Iraq in Light of Cuneiform Texts

The civilization of ancient Iraq was distinguished by its religious beliefs from its inception until late periods. This was reflected in different aspects of life, including belief in the influence of spiritual forces, which are divided into the forces of good and evil. These forces were known since ancient times and developed over time with the development of ancient Iraqi beliefs, until they acquire in the first millennium BC. It takes an advanced position in the ancient Iraqi thought and belief, so that this was reflected in the mention of these powers in cuneiform texts such as texts of incantations, incantations and exorcisms, or in myths and other texts, or in the inscription of their forms on carvings and seals, inscriptions, statues and various monuments, or in finding ways to expel these Evil forces, as in the forms of sentinel compound at the entrances to palaces or temples to expel their harmful effects. This study deals with the spiritual forces of evil such as demons and evil spirits, based on cuneiform texts and some of their effects that were reflected in the behavior of society as a whole.

الحزن فی حضارة بلاد الرافدین

يتناول هذا البحث موضوعا من موضوعات الحضارة العراقية القديمة، ويلقي الضوء علي أحد المشاعر التي تجيش بها النفس البشرية، وهو الحزن، من خلال دراسة العوامل التي ساهمت في التکوين النفسي والوجداني للشخصية العراقية القديمة کالعوامل البيئية، والدينية، والسياسية، وغيرها، بالإضافة إلى مسبباته، ومظاهر التعبير عنه، وطرق التخفيف من وطأته، وعلاجه. ينقسم البحث إلى أربعة عناصر رئيسية، تناول العنصر الأول تعريف الحزن والمصطلحات الدالة عليه في اللغة العربية واللغة المسمارية. وناقش العنصر الثاني مسببات الحزن المتعددة والتي تضمنت المسببات البيئية، والدينية، والسياسية، وغيرها. وفي العنصر الثالث تمت دراسة مظاهر التعبير عن الحزن کالبکاء والعويل والنحيب والصراخ، ولطم وجرح بعض أعضاء الجسد کالوجه والصدر والأنف والأذن، وتلطيخ الجسد بالطين وتعفيره بالتراب، وشعث الشعر وتطويله وتجعيده، وتمزيق الثياب، وغيرها. وکشف العنصر الأخير عن طرق التغلب على الحزن أو العلاج الذي يخفف من وطأته مثل المناحي والمراثي، واللجوء إلى الآلهة وتقديم القرابين وتلاوة الأدعية والتراتيل الدينية. ثم يختتم البحث بالنتائج الذي توصل الباحث إليها من خلال دراسة هذا الموضوع. This research deals with one of the topics of the ancient Iraqi civilization, and sheds light on one of the feelings that stirs the human soul, which is sadness, by studying the factors that contributed to the psychological and emotional formation of the ancient Iraqi personality such as environmental, religious, political factors, and others, in addition to its causes, And manifestations of its expression, and ways to mitigate its impact, and treatment. The research is divided into four main elements. The first element deals with the definition of sadness and the terms denoting it in the Arabic language and the cuneiform language. The second element discussed the various causes of grief, which included environmental, religious, political, and other causes. In the third element, manifestations of sadness were studied, such as crying, wailing, wailing and screaming, slapping and wounding some parts of the body such as the face, chest, nose, and ears, smearing the body with mud and dusting it with dust, disheveled, lengthening and curling hair, tearing clothes, and others. The last element revealed the ways to overcome grief or alleviate it, such as walks and lamentations, resorting to the gods, offering offerings, and reciting religious supplications and hymns. Then the research concludes with the results reached by the researcher through the study of this topic.

Reconstructing agro-pastoral practice in the Mesopotamian-Zagros borderlands: Insights from phytolith and FTIR analysis of a dung-rich deposit

Understanding everyday agro-pastoral practice is critical for reconstructing the formation and maintenance of ancient societies. The ancient Near East (Southwest Asia) has one of the longest histories of agro-pastoral practice and one of the richest textual datasets anywhere on the globe. Yet, our knowledge of local, day-to-day agro-pastoral management strategies remains conjectural in many regions of Southwest Asia during the Bronze Age (late 4th–2nd millennium BCE). In this study we used phytoliths, dung spherulites, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to identify and examine dung-rich sediments from Khani Masi, a mid-second millennium BCE Kassite site located in the Kurdish Region of Iraq. While micro-remain and geochemical approaches have not yet been widely applied in Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq), they have the potential to shed light on the production systems supporting its Bronze Age cities, states, and empires. Our aim was to investigate (1) the range of local pastoral management strategies, (2) the degree of integration between agricultural and pastoral practice, and (3) the presence of signals related to the local ecology, seasonality, and environmental change and continuity.Phytolith results indicate that sheep-goat herds were primarily free grazed on wild grasses. The dominance of wild grass inflorescences, a potentially strong seasonality indicator, may suggest transhumant pastoralism. However, further evidence, including occasional foddering with cereal chaff, a diverse range of crop types, and significant accumulation of burnt dung within the site, collectively suggests a closely linked local agro-pastoral subsistence economy. This study provides much-needed empirical botanical data as well as productive insights for future application of phytolith studies in the Mesopotamian region, and sheds new light on agro-pastoral practice in the Zagros foothills during the second millennium BCE Kassite period.

The shape of the building and its aesthetic elements in the Abbasid era and its reflections on international architecture (the minaret of the Caliph Al-Mu'tasim Billah Mosque in the city of Samarra)

Aquest estudi té com a objectiu aportar llum sobre els elements estètics inherents a la forma constructiva In the Abbasid era, the Islamic caliphate and its historical roots go back to the Mesopotamian civilization located on the same land and ocean. The effect of its architectural forms on the modern architectural installations found in these unique architectural forms has a historical dimension. A topic for starting in order to create new influenced forms Characteristics, shapes and elements of Islamic architecture. It also aims to know the extent of interest and keenness to visit and study the effects of Islamic civilization in the city of Samarra by researchers and architects in the world, and to publish studies and research on it as an element of art and civilization in the world. And the aesthetic and constructional meanings it carries, and the scientific dimensions related to land, climate, construction materials, the environment, and the way people live and settle in a civilized environment that has sources of stable living. The sources were selected on the basis of books, studies related to the city of Samarra and its religious character, which is famous for the antiquities of Islamic civilization, in addition to some websites and field visits. With the study of all the elements available on this part of the land, which prompted the Caliph Al-Mu'tasim Billah to choose it, many factors, including the military, because he wanted this city to be a camp for his soldiers, where the climate is moderate and its lands located on the Tigris River. Together, these elements may have driven the building in the siting and construction of cities by architects and experts. The most important goal of the Caliph in building this city was to build the largest mosque and the highest minaret at that time, the minaret with its style taken from the shape of temples (ziggurats) or the Tower of Babel that appeared in the Mesopotamian civilization, where the minaret took the spiral shape that rotates counter-clockwise. This research deals with the aesthetic meanings in the form of the building and the study of shadow and light, which is one of the reasons for the distinction and uniqueness of the form, and in the end its inheritance. Because the beauty of the form is combined with its use and thus leads to an aesthetic utilitarian function. Art is the mirror of society. This effect reflects the well-being and progress of society in that historical era. Whereas, history has a historical orientalism and the aesthetic has orientalism This city included all the elements and building codes in choosing the site that came from a continuous study and inspection by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tasim Billah who built an integrated city that contained markets, schools, housing houses, military barracks, walls and places of worship. The most important of them was the Great Mosque and its long minaret, which was distinguished by an architectural and aesthetic innovation and recorded the birth of a decorative art, the tawariq (arabesco), which is inherited to this day.

Rhetorical connections to the head-covers of Mesopotamian gods

The Rafidian artist discussed the headdresses of his idols with a varied scholarly momentum, so each idol had its own cover as this door of diversity contributed to the enrichment of Rafidian thought and full knowledge of their ideas and beliefs consistent with their multiple symbolic connections such as architecture, for example. The previous one, if not its entirety.A research such as this (the discursive connections to the head-covers of the deities of the Mesopotamian civilization) aims to clarify the confusion that occurs through four chapters: The first chapter included: the research problem, the importance of research and the need for it, the objectives of the research, the temporal, spatial and objective limits of research, and the definition of terms. As for the second chapter, where the theoretical framework was depicted in three topics, the first section included (the religious method of the Mesopotamian civilization), the second study was concerned with the study of (the rhetorical links to the deities of the Mesopotamian civilization) and the third on (the structural structure of the head covers of the Mesopotamian gods) and included the third chapter where the research procedures The application side according to the descriptive and analytical approach, and the fourth chapter included the following axes: results, conclusion, recommendations, and suggestions.

دفن الاعداء في بلاد النهرين

ان دفن الاعداء احد العادات التي لم تتکرر کثيرا بين شعوب منطقة الشرق الادنى القديم وتکاد تقتصر فقط على بلاد النهرين لأسباب عقائدية او سياسية , ويحتوى البحث على معنى مصطلح دفن الاعداء لغة واصطلاحا کذلک الاسباب التي جعلت العراقي القديم يقوم بدفن اعدائه سواء الاجانب منهم او المتمردين الداخليين او حتى بعض الخارجين عن القانون خلال بعض العصور التاريخية المعينة , کذلک وضع الروح التي لم تتلقى مراسم الدفن المناسبة في العالم الاخر وخطورة الارواح غير المدفونة على المجتمع من الناحية العقائدية في فکر الانسان العراقي. کما يتضمن البحث المعاقبون بعدم الدفن نتيجة ارتکابهم لبعض الجرائم وقد کثرت هذه العقوبات خلال العصر البابلي القديم , وقد کان خوف العراقي الشديد من خروج روح الشخص غير المدفون ومطاردته للأحياء سببا رئيسيا لدفن اعدائه خاصة اذا ما کانت المسافة الفاصلة بين موقع المعرکة وبين مدن المنتصر قريبة, وقد ادرک الملوک أهمية الدفن للعدو فجعلوا من عدم الدفن عقابا اضافيا له , ولکن في حال ما استطاع اهل الميت غير المدفون الحصول على جثته وتمکنوا من دفنها يمکن بذلک ان تهدأ الروح وتستقر في العالم الاخر , وقد اتبع العراقى القديم لاعادة دفن الجسد مرة اخرى بعض الطقوس التي يستعين فيها ببعض الاعمال السحرية حيث تهدف الى دفن الروح الهائمة بشکل رمزى فالروح التى لا تدفن تنقلب الى جن الاطيمو (eţemmu) الذى يجلب الامراض المتعددة وتحديدا الامراض الجلدية , کذلک يهدد بتفکيک الاسرة. Burial of Dead Enemies’ Bodies in Ancient Mesopotamia Burial of dead enemies’ bodies is one of the habits that didn’t frequently take place among peoples of the ancient Near East. Such a habit is almost limited to Ancient Mesopotamia for ideological or political reasons. This research paper scrutinizes the meaning of the idiom of burial of dead enemies as well as tackling reasons that made ancient Mesopotamian people bury their enemies whether such bodies are of foreigners or rebels or even some outlaws through some historical ages. Moreover, this paper discusses situation of the spirits which did not receive funeral occasion in the other world as well as indicating danger of such spirits on the society from the religious perspective of the Ancient Iraqian people. Additionally, this research paper discusses situation of those who were punished by not being buried because of committing some crimes. Such penalties increased in number during the Old Babylonian Period. contains. People in ancient Iraq are afraid of the emergence of unburied spirit so they buried the enemies; especially if the distance between battle site and victorious cities was very near. Therefore, kings realized importance of burial for the enemies’ dead bodies, so they made non-burial an additional punishment for those enemies. However, if the families of the un-buried deceased were able to obtain his body and bury it, the spirit would calm down and settle down in the other world. In ancient Iraq, people followed some rituals to bury the body again in which some magical works were performed. A spirit that was not buried turned into a demon (eţemmu) which caused multiple diseases, especially skin diseases. Such unburied spirits could also threaten to break up the family.

ماهية بازوزو معبود أم شيطان؟ في المصادر الأثرية والنصية خلال العصرين الآشوري الحديث والبابلي الحديث / الکلداني

تاريخ العراق القديم (بلاد الرافدين) ملئ بعديد من المعبودات التي لا تعد ولا تحصى وفي الأغلب قد تصل إلى الآلاف من المعبودات وأعداد قليلة من الشياطين والأرواح غير الصالحة أو التي لم تدفن بالطريقة التي تليق وتقدم القرابين لها أو ممن قاموا بمخالفة أوامر الألهة أثناء حياتهم، وکذلک الأرواح الصالحة التي ربما کانت وظيفتها حماية المعبودات، وعلى کلا فإن عالم الشياطين في العراق القديم (بلاد الرافدين) قليل أو محدود الفهم، ربما يکون أحد أسباب ذلک يعود إلى أن الباحثين سواء القدماء أو المحدثين لم يقومون بدراسته أو تنظيمه مثل ما حدث مع معبودات العراق. وربما يکون بسبب أن الشياطين ليس محدد لهم جنس، أو عوالم غيبية أو ليس لهم أسماء مدرجة في قوائم الآلهة، وهناک العديد من الأسباب والتخمينات. ومايلفت النظر إليه وهو الکيان بازوزو وزوجته کما يقال الکيان لاميشتو، وهما الشيطانين الوحيدين کما يدعي کثير مثل Culican W وغيرة في العراق القديم (بلاد الرافدين) لهما عديد من الأيقونات والتمائم، وهذا إستثناء ليس لغيرهما من الکيانات الأخرى التي يطلق عليهم شياطين. ومن أسباب الغموض أيضا حول بازوزو هو ظهوره المفاجئ في العصر الحديدي، ووجود فجوة بين ظهوره ووجود بعض الکيانات الآخرى قبله والتي ربما کانت تقوم بنفس الوظيفة، مما يلفت نظر الباحثة بالنسبة لظهوره المفاجئ ربما يکون لغرض معين أو للتحکم في شئ بعينه وليس هباء، ومن هنا يثبت هذا البحث إلوهية بازوزو وأنه ليس بشيطان. What is the nature of Pazuzu God or demon? In archaeological and textual sources During the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian period ABstract: The long history of the Mesopotamian Civilization has produced over three thousand gods, and a far lesser number of monsters, sages, spirits, and demons, which together with the protective deities of the individual, the countless souls of the dead, and the demonized witch defined supernatural agency in Mesopotamian thought. However, Mesopotamian demonology is less varied than Mesopotamian theology, and at the same time less defined. One of the reasons is that the ancient scholars did not collect, organize, and explain their demonic material in demon-lists, like they did their theological material in god-lists. This may be attributed to the fact that demons were considered beyond monstrosity. That is, they were neither male nor female, they were incorporeal non-beings, they were concealed, their names did not exist in Heaven and Earth, and that they were not counted in the universal census. An exception to this are the two best known Mesopotamian demons, Lamashtu and Pazuzu. The two most deviant ones, they have the most stable and explicit iconographies. First millennium texts prescribe the manufacture of Pazuzu heads that were to be worn on the body during an exorcism. Representations of Pazuzu, made of terracotta, stone or metal, remained in use for an extended period of time. Pazuzu then, though a king of the demons, functioned not like a demon to be exorcized, but like an apotropaic monster guarding a house or a person against aggressive demons. It is this research proves the deity of Pazuzu.

Sediment of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers: an early modern perspective

Sediment deposition by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers created the physical landscape on which the civilizations of ancient Iraq evolved. Scholars in the past century have combined material with textual evidence to capture the complexity of this sedimentary context and assess its role in human history over the long term. This essay uses untapped archival sources generated by the Ottoman Empire to shine a new light on the subject, emphasizing the impact of sedimentation on irrigation agriculture and channel movement during the early modern period. Ottoman documents, moreover, improve our understanding of how states and societies adapted to the opportunities and challenges provided by sediment transport. In their capacity as giant conduits for sedimentary movement, the Tigris and Euphrates formed selective pressures on the Ottoman state in Iraq that shaped and was reshaped by it. For the study of river systems worldwide, the early modern history of the Tigris and Euphrates reveals the utility of taking fluvial sediment into account when analyzing other hydrological processes such as avulsion.

Medicinal and Nutraceutical Benefits of Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica)

Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) are small seeds that develop on an annual herbaceous plant. Recently, there has been tremendous growth in the use of chia seeds because of their associated medicinal as well as high nutritional values. Initially, chia cultivation took place in Mesopotamian cultures, eventually disappearing for some centuries before being rediscovered in the mid-20th Century. In this paper, the main aim has been to provide an overview of chia seed in relation to its perceived medicinal properties. From the majority of scholarly affirmations, it has been established that some of the compounds that chia seeds contain, explain its associated healthful effects include minerals, vitamins, proteins, dietary fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and ω-3 fatty acids. Also, the literature contends that chia seeds are excellent sources of antioxidants and polyphenols, which include quercetin, myricetin, rosmarinic acid, and caffeic acid. Around the world, therefore, more and more scholarly investigations have focused on some of the beneficial effects of chia seeds, including the food, pharmaceutical, and medicinal industries. In this paper, it has been established that chia seeds have their medicinal properties gained in terms of pharmacological activities that include steatohepatitis and acute dyslipidemia improvement, sensory attributes, bioactive peptide and protein source, metabolic profile, and antioxidant and appetite suppressing properties. Important to note is that while most studies concur regarding these medicinal properties, in a few investigations, findings suggest that chia seeds do not pose significant beneficial effects, especially concerning health improvements in human subjects. As such, there is a need for future research to examine some of the parameters that could explain this variation, upon which more valid and informed conclusions and inferences might be made.

HİTİT LİBRARY AND ARCHİVES

Yazının ve yazılı bilginin toplumsal, siyasi ve kültürel anlamda bir güç unsuru olarak görülmeye başlamasıyla birlikte kütüphane ve arşivlerin oluşturulmaya başladığı bilinmektedir. Anadolu topraklarında yazının keşfi ile birlikte ilk yazılı belgelerin üretildiği, elde edilen bilgi kaynaklarının ise saklanması korunması ve düzenlenmesi için kütüphane ve arşivlerde depolandığı ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Hitit kütüphane ve arşivleri yazının keşfinde olduğu gibi Mezopotamya uygarlıkları örnek alınarak oluşturulmuştur. Hititler tarafından kurulan bu kütüphaneler kütüphanecilik tarihi açısından oldukça değerli bir yere sahiptir. Araştırmada Hitit kütüphane ve arşivlerinin oluşum serüveni literatüre dayanılarak sunulmuştur. Kütüphane ve arşivlerde bulunan tabletlerin taşımış olduğu özellikler, kütüphanecilik açısından uygulanan teknikler belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca Hitit kütüphane ve arşivlerinin insanlık tarihi üzerindeki etkileri vurgulanmıştır.

고등학교 세계사(2015년 개정 교육과정) 교과서의 메소포타미아 문명의 서술과 자료

This paper verifies the descriptions and sources of the Mesopotamian Civilization in High School Textbooks, and proposes solutions to avoid mispresentations.<BR> Four High School World History Textbooks, written according to the 2015 revised curriculum, were found to be remarkably similar including the manner in which important facts were presented, without error. However, some inaccurate descriptions were found in the detailed explanations. These history textbooks present the law of Hammurabi, and some of its clauses; however, these selected clauses were different in each textbook. Some of these clauses were translated incorrectly, and need revision. The textbooks also present the epic of Gilgamesh, with no serious errors, in order to show the temporal aspect of this civilization. They also introduce various maps and numerous pictures of artifacts. Many of them were correct but some of were not.<BR> These errors cannot be easily detected other than by historians who specialize in this period. The textbooks under study cover a large period; hence, one or some historians cannot master all historical periods and all first-source ancient languages. Therefore, we can understand the difficulties textbook authors face. Nonetheless, it is very important for history textbooks to convey the most accurate information possible. One solution may be to further subdivide world history periods and ask that each period be reviewed by a specialist historian of that time.