Ancient Greek Language Research Articles

Social upbringing and an example of Antiquity in the writings of J.J. Rousseau

The article analyses the influence of Antiquity on J.-J. Rousseau’s ideas of social education. It is noted that Rousseau's interest in Antiquity emerged in childhood and was stimulated by Plutarch's works. In later years, he studied Latin and elements of the ancient Greek language, and translated the works of Tacitus and Seneca into French. Modern scholars place an emphasis on Rousseau's direct acquaintance with the works of ancient authors, in particular, under the influence of the home education that he received from his father, a Geneva watchmaker. At the same time, the article draws attention to the fact that Rousseau's interest in Antiquity coincided with his life choice: he decided to make a career as a writer and composer, and therefore focused on popular examples of creative writing. Montesquieu, Fenelon, Marquis d'Argens introduced ancient themes into the context of literary and academic polemics. Their example was followed by Rousseau, which is convincingly illustrated by the comparative analysis of Fenelon’s Dialogues of the Dead and Prosopopoeia of Fabricius in Rousseau's first Discourse. While retaining the main intention of the great moralist, namely the moral education of society by the writer on the examples of Antiquity, Rousseau rethinks it in the context of his own social anthropology. Antiquity is not an example to follow, but a starting point for a person of his time to think about their own social and cultural identity that is different from the past. Being a writer-moralist and political thinker, Rousseau essentially solved the problem of moral education regarding the perception and assessment of the ancient culture by his contemporaries and society.

Persian theme in Plutarch’s works based on the episode from the treatise “On Isis and Osiris”

The object of this research is the cultural ties between Greeks and Persians, while the subject is the image of Persia and Persian in Plutarch's treatise “On Isis and Osiris”. The author carefully examines such aspects of the topic as the problem of barbarism, Zoroastrianism as the foundation of Persian worldview, Persians from the perspective of Plutarch, description of Persian religious rites and traditions. Special attention is turned to the problems of borrowing Persian words into the Ancient Greek language (Avestan lexemes are being modified in the Ancient Persian language, and then adapted in the Ancient Greek language). It is noted that Greek language has been influenced by the barbarian languages due to deepening ties of the Greeks with other peoples. The conclusion is made that Plutarch was sincerely fascinated with Persians and certain aspects of their worldview; he compares the sayings of the Greek philosophers and poets with Persian ontology — contrary to the stereotypical perception of the Persians as barbarians, standing below the Greeks in their development. The author’s special contribution consists in juxtaposition of the Zoroastrian doctrinal provisions with the rites and practices of the Persians described by Plutarch. The novelty of this research consists in the advanced hypothesis that explains the rich spirit in the lexeme Ὡρομάζης. The relevance this work lies in examination of interaction between the Greek and Persian worlds, which has not received due attention in the Russian philological science.

Adaptation of Iranian and Semitic loanwords in the Ancient Greek language: 'garden' / ' garden of Eden’ (on the example of the lexemes παράδεισος and a number of γάνος-γανναθ — (αλ)γοναιναθ)

The object of this research is the problems of functionality of Iranian and Semitic loanwords in the Ancient Greek language, while the subject is the lexemes παράδεισος, γάνος, γανναθ, (αλ)γοναιναθ. The authors meticulously examine such aspects of the topic as the morphological and phonetic assimilation of foreign language lexicon, nonobservance of phonotactics of the Greek language, impact of folk etymology upon the word form , absence of diacritics in conveying Semitic borrowings in the Greek language. Special attention is given  to the problems of etymologization, nuances of dictionary definitions throughout different periods: classical, Hellenistic, Hellenistic-Roman, Late Antique, and Byzantine. It is noted that over time, close ties with barbarian peoples affected the Greek language itself. The main conclusion consists in determination of the gradation of lexemes under review in accordance with the degree of their adaptation to the Greek phonetics and phonotactics, as well as morphology. The author's special contribution to this research consists in proving the results and conclusions of a range of previous studies, as well as in critical coverage of the controversial concepts. The novelty lies in the proposed etymology of the lexeme παράδεισος, and the new interpretation of its vocalism. The relevance of this work lies in involving rare lexicon, which previously has not received due attention within the existing scientific tradition.

A Glimpse at the Melody of Ibycus? Accent Distribution in fr. 286 Page

AbstractThis paper presents what seems to be a peculiar melodic design in Ibycus, fr. 286 PMG and shows how it contributes to our understanding of his poetry, in particular regarding how the tone of the words emphasizes the division between the sections of the poem. After a general introduction to the problem and the question of the relation between the tonal contours of ancient Greek music and language, the author introduces a “melodic chart” with the reconstructed tonal movements of the fragment. Finally, he attempts to show how this distribution of accents relates to the thematic division and responds to objections.

Found in Translation: Engendering Inclusive and Conscientious Pronoun Pedagogy in Ancient Greek and Latin Language Classrooms

At a time of evolving pronoun usage in the English language and increased recognition of diverse gender identities, this article calls for a reexamination of pedagogies surrounding pronouns in ancient Greek and Latin language classrooms. It presents specific pedagogical considerations, practices and resources that can demonstrate sensitivity to emerging pronouns and related aspects of inclusivity. While fostering inclusive and affirming learning environments, such attentiveness can also stimulate conscientious, informed and impactful discussions of grammar, linguistics, translation theory, and ancient literature, myth and history.

ГРЕЦЬКИЙ СЛОВОТВІР: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРЕФІКСАЦІЇ

The article analyzes the features of Greek prefixation as one of the ways of affix word formation. In order to reveal the complete picture concerning the origin of specific prefixes, their morphological and semantic changes in comparison with the ancient Greek language, and to reveal the emergence of new affixes, besides the synchronic the diachronic approach was used in the work. On the basis of the main theoretical concepts of word-forming paradigmatics several word-forming types and paradigms, possible structural models of derivatives in Greek are considered. Greek prefixes are divided into two types: inseparable and autonomous in origin (homonymous prepositions or adverbs that function independently in Greek). Among the autonomous units prefixes of prepositional origin are the most numerous. The process of prefixization is divided into pure prefixation and prefixation-suffixational / inflectional method. Greek pure prefixation is identified with compounding due to the same formal and functional features. Derivatives formed by the other method usually transmit the forming base into another grammatical category with the appropriate lexical meaning. The process of prefixization depends on both prefixes and the forming stem. Greek forming stems of prefixational derivatives are classified into free and bound. Prefixes can be combined with different classes of words. The greatest variety of prefixes of prepositional origin, as noted in the paper, is combined with verbs, and inseparable particles – mostly with noun bases. Due to the secondary derivation a double prefixation of the forming stem can take place. Besides the systematization of the main features of Greek prefixes, the article analyzes the evolution of prefixization on the basis of five types of prefixes. In the result of reconsideration, as noted in the paper, prefixes or prefixoids were formed on the basis of both grammatical and lexical elements.

Riemann Hypothesis, Catholic Information and Potential of Events with New Techniques for Financial and Other Applications

In this research we are going to define two new concepts: a) “The Potential of Events” (EP) and b) “The Catholic Information” (CI). The term CI derives from the ancient Greek language and declares all the Catholic (general) Logical Propositions () which will true for every element of a set A. We will study the Riemann Hypothesis in two stages: a) By using the EP we will prove that the distribution of events e (even) and o (odd) of Square Free Numbers (SFN) on the axis Ax(N) of naturals is Heads-Tails (H-T) type. b) By using the CI we will explain the way that the distribution of prime numbers can be correlated with the non-trivial zeros of the function ζ(s) of Riemann. The Introduction and the Chapter 2 are necessary for understanding the solution. In the Chapter 3 we will present a simple method of forecasting in many very useful applications (e.g. financial, technological, medical, social, etc) developing a generalization of this new, proven here, theory which we finally apply to the solution of RH. The following Introduction as well the Results with the Discussion at the end shed light about the possibility of the proof of all the above. The article consists of 9 chapters that are numbered by 1, 2, …, 9.

УКРАЇНСЬКІ ПЕРЕКЛАДИ ДАВНЬОГРЕЦЬКОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ:ЗДОБУТКИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The article presents the history of Ukrainian translations of ancient Greek literature and describes the translation work of Ukrainian classical philologists, poets and prose writers. The reception of literary works of antiquity is represented by texts of different styles, poetic schools and Ukrainian language of different periods, which demonstrate the glorious tradition of domestic translation studies. It is noted that Ukrainian translations have a long history (from the first translation in 1788 and the first textbook in 1809); they were published in separate periodicals, collections, almanacs, as well as complete books and in textbooks and anthologies. Ukrainian translations of literature in the ancient Greek language of the аrchaic, сlassical and Hellenistic periods are analyzed. Translations of poetry (epic, elegy, iambic, monodic and choral lyrics, tragedy, comedy, folk lyrics, mimiyamb, epilium, bucolic, idyll, epigram) and prose (fable, historiography, philosophy, rhetoric, fiction, ancient novel, New Testament and Septuagint, early Christian patristic) are described. Significant in the history of translations are the achievements of the brilliant connoisseur of antiquity I. Franko. The high level of linguistic and stylistic assimilation of ancient Greek prose and poetic texts is demonstrated by the creative style of such outstanding translators as Borys Ten, V.Svidzinsky, M. Bilyk, G. Kochur, A. Smotrych, V. Derzhavуn, V. Samonenko, P. Striltsiv, A. Tsisyk, Y.Mushak, A. Biletsky, V. Maslyuk, J. Kobiv, Y. Tsymbalyuk, L. Pavlenko.The glorious traditions are continued by well-known antiquaries, writers and poets, among whom A. Sodomora has a prominent place. At the level of world biblical studies there are four translations of the Holy Scripture in Ukrainian (P. Kulish, I. Pulyuy, I. Nechuy-Levytsky, I. Ogienko, I. Khomenko, R. Turkonyuk). Іt is summarized that despite numerous Ukrainian translations of various genres of ancient Greek literature there is a need to create a corpus of translations of ancient Greek historiography, rhetoric, philosophy, natural science texts, Greek patristic.

ПРО ІСТОРІЮ ТА СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ЕРАЗМОВОЇ ВИМОВИ ДАВНЬОГРЕЦЬКОЇ МОВИ

The article presents the results of a study of some aspects of the formation and use of Erasmian pronunciation of the Ancient Greek language (in particular, the vagueness of the concept, lack of standardization and certain linguistic inconsistencies), based on analysis of the original work of Erasmus of Rotterdam "Dē rēctā latīnī graecīque sermōnis prōnūntiātiōne dialogus" and works devoted to the analysis of Ancient Greek pronunciation and the history of the Greek language in general. Attention is paid to the non grata status that Erasmian pronunciation has in Greece, as well as to alternative views on the origins of the mentioned work of Erasmus, to which, from the 16th century to the present day, opponents of both the Erasmian pronunciation and the reconstructed systems in general refer. Some important facts from the history of Erasmian pronunciation are outlined, in particular that Erasmus was not the pioneer in the search for the "true" pronunciation of Classical Greek (a Spanish humanist Antonio de Nebrija researched this issue at least a quarter of a century before the publication of Erasmus's work); in writing the Dialogue, Erasmus relied on the work of his predecessors, with whom he was maintaining friendly communication; Erasmus's work was not a clear enough proposal for a new reformed system, and the scholar himself continued to use the Byzantine pronunciation and recognized its status. The article gives examples of some differences between variants of Erasmian pronunciation. It is concluded that the Erasmian pronunciation from its inception was not a clearly defined system, and, despite the revolutionary and impressive breakthrough of this linguistic initiative, had some errors, which were compensated by later attempts in the Ancient Greek pronunciation reconstruction in the 19th–21st centuries. It is suggested that, given the significant non-uniformity of present-day Erasmian pronunciation variants (which sometimes leads to complications in international communication between specialists), it is advisable to use, or at least be familiar with modern, more clearly defined and scientifically sound reconstructions, and / or Modern Greek pronunciation which is especially important for rapport with Greek colleagues in classical studies.

МЕТАФОРИЧНА РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦІЯ КОНЦЕПТУ КОХАННЯ У ДАВНЬОГРЕЦЬКИХ ІДИЛІЯХ

The study presents the results of the peculiarities’ analysis of the metaphorical verbalization of the concept LOVE based on the texts of Ancient Greek Theocritus, Moschus and Bion’s idylls. The study of the peculiarities of the representation of the concept LOVE on the material of Ancient Greek texts is of a particular interest to researchers, as it allows to to model the linguoconceptosphere of the Ancient Greek language speakers. The metaphor in the works of bucolic poets reflects both the general cognition of the feeling of love and the authors’ own cognition. The paper presents a brief overview of the phenomenon of love in Ancient Greece through the prism of Ancient Greek literature, which doubtlessly influenced the works of the idylls’ authors. As a result, the main models of metaphorical transference, which were used to represent the concept LOVE, were singled out and analysed by the source domain. The analysis showed that the most productive of them are: “love is disease”, “love is fire”, “love is deity” and “love is gustatory / physical perception”. Features of the metaphorical representation of the concept LOVE are caused by Greeks’ mythological ideas, the philosophical tradition and established in Ancient Greek culture customs. The concept LOVE in the three studied authors is presented in the same way, which gives us the reason to believe that Moschus and Bion creatively imitated Theocritus.

ОБРАЗ ВАРВАРА У "ЖИТТЄПИСАХ ФІЛОСОФІВ" ДІОГЕНА ЛАЕРЦІЯ

The paper considers two worlds – “ours” and “theirs” in the work of Diogenes Laërtius (3rd century AD). He was a biographer of Greek philosophers. The main objective of article is an analysis of the image “the Other” in “Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers”. Much attention is given to the historiography of problems of formation of the image of the Barbarian in the ancient literature. There were several semantic traditions of usage of the term “barbarian” in ancient culture. The Greeks used the term for those who did not speak Greek and who is perceived as primitive. The results show that Diogenes Laërtius used these two semantic traditions to determine “the barbarian”. The researcher analyzed the biographies of philosophers in “Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers”. Eight of them had barbaric roots, namely Thales of Miletus, Anacharsis, Pittacus, Clitomachus, Herillus, Menippus, Arcesilaus and Antisthenes. It has been found that knowledge of the ancient Greek language was a symbol of civilization for Diogenes Laërtius. All these philosophers were a part of the antique culture and civilization. They were not an example of the idealization of barbarians. Diogenes Laërtius used the image of “the Other” as an example of wildness because he considered that the Greek people and culture were superior to all others. However, this author expressed the idea of equality of different peoples This paper has clearly shown that studying the image of the barbarian has perspectives. We will analyze the work of contemporaries of Diogenes Laërtius in further articles.

Secondary Teachers and Creativity in Teaching: Conceptions and Practices

In recent years, there seems to be a sharp shift towards the concept of creativity in education. Given that many theorists and researchers find it difficult to define the concept of creativity itself, this paper will attempt to investigate a) the conceptions about creativity in teaching of 5 teachers of humanistic subjects (Modern Greek Language, Ancient Greek Language, History, Greek Literature) in Greek secondary education b) how these specific conceptions are reflected in their teaching practices and c) the degree to which certain teaching strategies that seem to better facilitate creativity in teaching. The research data were collected from five (5) interviews, transcripts and worksheets of ten (10) teachings including field notes. Data were analyzed by the method of grounded theory. Data analysis showed that the emphasis is placed on "creative teaching" rather than on "teaching in order to develop student‟s creativity", as distinguished by Jeffrey and Craft. The most important finding of the research is that despite their good intentions or stated open perceptions, the research subjects do not systematically promote students' creativity unless they abandon their regulatory role and leave a genuine space of self-efficacy to their students. The authors conclude that further research is needed to answer the following questions: why is the model of creative teacher dominant and not that of the teaching that promotes students' creativity and in what extent and in which ways is creativity defined by specific cognitive subjects.

De impact van Oudgriekse studie op kansarme leerlingen

Summary In the spring of 2019, a pilot project of the university of Ghent named Oude Grieken – Jonge Helden (‘Ancient Greeks – Young Heroes’) brought the study of the Ancient Greek language and culture to primary school pupils of years 5 and 6 in the East Flanders area (Belgium). This project brings Greek to pupils from a socio-economically deprived background with the purpose of raising participants’ intellectual aspirations and increasing access to and visibility of Ancient Greek study. This article describes the ideological context and practical organization of the project, and explores its impact on participants. Results from a mixed-method questionnaire demonstrate its potential to have an impact on the self-confidence of young children who live in poverty. Moreover, since results correspond with those of a project the coordinator ran in the United Kingdom in previous years, they validate the concept of the project across cultural and linguistic boundaries. This article argues that the concept of widening participation as exemplified by this particular project can successfully reach non-traditional target groups of ancient Greek study, to the benefit not only of the participants but also of the future of our subject area. Intellectuals are typically privileged; privilege yields opportunity, and opportunity confers responsibilities. An individual then has choices. Noam Chomsky (2017: 21)

Truth of assertions in the ancient theory of action (Aristotle and early Stoics)

The subject of this research is the ancient theory of action in its Aristotelian and early-Stoic versions. The author examines the role of the truth of assertions of an actor in these theories, as well as draws parallel with the modern approaches to the philosophy of action. It is demonstrated that Aristotelian theory leans on the prerequisite that aspirations of a person originate in the irrational parts of soul, and thus reason carries out only a regulatory function in managing human actions. Stoic theory, in turn, suggests that reason exercises an initiating function. The research methodology contains historical method of reconstruction with reference to primary sources in the Ancient Greek language. The main conclusion of the conducted research lies in determination of the two paradigmatic traditions in description of the structure of action that is of high degree of rationalization, and as a result, difference in assessment of the meaning of truth of assertions of an actor for his successful activity. The novelty consists in drawing connection between the ancient theories of action and modern approaches in this field of knowledge.

Diagnostic clues, pitfalls, and imaging characteristics of '-celes' that arise in abdominal and pelvic structures.

'-Celes' is an ancient Greek language suffix that means 'tumor,' 'hernia,' 'swelling,' or 'cavity.' There are many '-celes' in the abdomen and pelvis that may be encountered during routine imaging interpretation, including santorinicele, choledochocele, ureterocele, lymphocele, mucocele, rectocele, cystocele, peritoneocele, varicocele, spermatocele, hydrocele, hematocele, pyocele and syringocele. Most '-celes' are detected incidentally at imaging for other clinical indications, but some deserve more attention due to a range of clinical symptoms or functional disorder that can adversely affect patient quality of life. The objective of this article was to address all of the '-celes' that a general radiologist and abdominal radiologist should know and be able to recognize. Imaging characteristics, diagnostic clues, and pitfalls have been provided to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.

Secondary Teachers and Creativity in Teaching: Conceptions and Practices

In recent years, there seems to be a sharp shift towards the concept of creativity in education. Given that many theorists and researchers find it difficult to define the concept of creativity itself, this paper will attempt to investigate a) the conceptions about creativity in teaching of 5 teachers of humanistic subjects (Modern Greek Language, Ancient Greek Language, History, Greek Literature) in Greek secondary education b) how these specific conceptions are reflected in their teaching practices and c) the degree to which certain teaching strategies that seem to better facilitate creativity in teaching. The research data were collected from five (5) interviews, transcripts and worksheets of ten (10) teachings and including field notes. Data were analyzed by the method of grounded theory. Data analysis showed that the emphasis is placed on "creative teaching" rather than on "teaching in order to develop student’s creativity", as distinguished by Jeffrey and Craft. The most important finding of the research is that despite their good intentions or stated open perceptions, the research subjects do not systematically promote students’ creativity unless they abandon their regulatory role and leave a genuine space of self-efficacy to their students. The authors conclude that further research is needed to answer the following questions: why is the model of creative teacher dominant and not that of the teaching that promotes students’ creativity and in what extent and in which ways is creativity defined by specific cognitive subjects.

The stigma of mental illness: Α historical overview and conceptual approaches

The present article explores the concept of stigma from a historical and theoretical perspective. At first, the conceptual origin of the term "stigma" is presented as well as its subsequent course and incorporation in the scientific field. The term stigma originates from ancient Greek language and in particular from the verb «στίζω», which means "to carve, to mark as a sign of shame, punishment or disgrace". In contemporary thinking about stigma, the work of Erving Goffman is seminal. According to him, stigmatization is elicited by the presence of a socially undesirable characteristic, which signals otherness. When this characteristic becomes conspicuous during a social interaction, it may act in a disqualifying manner for the identity of the person who bears it. One of the first theories on social stigma which attracted increased scientific attention is labeling theory by Thomas Scheff. Later on, the conceptual model of Corrigan and Watson underscored the main constituents of stigma, namely stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination; whereas the theoretical framework of Link and Phelan stressed labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss and discrimination as interconnected components in a power situation. During the last half of the previous century, the concept of stigma came to the fore and gained growing research attention, especially due to shedding light on the ways whereby people with mental disorders were treated socially. Most of the literature has focused on recording the general population's level of knowledge and lay beliefs about mental illness as well as on exploring social attitudes and desired social distance from people with mental disorders. Converging evidence indicates that stereotypical beliefs and discriminatory attitudes against people with mental illness prevail worldwide; while illness severity, poor therapeutic outcome, disturbances in patients' emotional expression during a social interaction, incidents of violent or dangerous behaviours and labeling have all been shown to influence public stigma. Regarding lay respondents' correlates of public stigma; male gender, older age, lower socio-economic status, lower educational attainment and residence in semi-urban or rural areas have been linked to unfavourable attitudes towards people with mental disorders; while of outmost importance is personal experience/ familiarity with mental illness.

ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE IN PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION THROUGH AESOP’S FABLES WITH THE CONTRIBUTION OF ICTS - AN INTERVENTION PROGRAM

In this paper we present an educational intervention that took place in kindergartens of Athens during 2016-2017. It was intended to bring children in touch with the Ancient Greek language and art in a playful way, which included Aesop's fables set to music and the contribution of ICTs. Children had the educational experience through specific visual and perceptive exercises in which they participated, came in touch and understand Aesop’s fables in Ancient Greek language, which they sang and played with the help of specific educational software. Article visualizations:

Found in Translation: Engendering Inclusive and Conscientious Pronoun Pedagogy in Ancient Greek and Latin Language Classrooms

At a time of evolving pronoun usage in the English language and increased recognition of diverse gender identities, this article calls for a reexamination of pedagogies surrounding pronouns in ancient Greek and Latin language classrooms. It presents specific pedagogical considerations, practices and resources that can demonstrate sensitivity to emerging pronouns and related aspects of inclusivity. While fostering inclusive and affirming learning environments, such attentiveness can also stimulate conscientious, informed and impactful discussions of grammar, linguistics, translation theory, and ancient literature, myth and history.

ВХОЖДЕНИЕ Н.И. КАРЕЕВА В НАУЧНО-ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНУЮ СРЕДУ: РЕЦЕНЗИЯ НА ПЕРВУЮ ПУБЛИКАЦИЮ

The review paper on N.I. Kareev’s first work published in the September issue of the Journal of the Ministry of National Education in 1869 was analyzed. N.I. Kareev’s publication was focused on the pronunciation of sounds and the graphic system of the ancient Greek language. R.A. Fogt, the qualified expert in classical philology, reviewed it. R.A. Fogt emphasized N.I. Kareev’s good skills in ancient languages studies that he trained at the Moscow gymnasium and used as the background for his reflections about the ancient Greek language. The critical comments of the reviewer were discussed. These remarks concerned the following aspects of N.I. Kareev’s work: historiographical sources, conceptual apparatus, argumentation, logical inconsistencies in the text, and vision of the specifics of the ancient Greek phonetics. In particular, R.A. Fogt pointed out that N.I. Kareev showed little interest in G. Kurtius’ work, expressed his disagreement with the proposal to use the methods of I. Reuchlin in philological research when transcribing Greek letters with Latin, disputed the claim that θ retained its ancient sound in the modern Greek language, etc. As an experienced educator, R.A. Fogt gave advice not only concerning the research procedures, but also about writing methodological manuals for the educational process. The balanced nature of the review paper, its friendly tone, and a generally positive assessment of N.I.’s Kareev work were revealed. It was concluded that this review meant recognition of the young N.I. Kareev in the scientific and educational environment and turned out to be an incentive for his further work as a scientist and author of textbooks.