Ancient Foundations Research Articles

The ancient foundation of the theory of national journalism

The ancient foundation of the theory of national journalism

Sacred Circle: Symbol of Wholeness in Traditional Persian Art and Architecture.

Jung wrote extensively about the archetypal mandala symbol as an expression in many cultures of the centrality and nature of the interplay between human consciousness and divine consciousness. This article investigates-how in Persia, for millennia-the archetypal symbol of the mandala has been widespread in many expressions of the sacred arts. My research outlines the importance of the archetypal mandala symbol in Persian religio-aesthetic history from the first unearthed stone carvings of Persia's ancient foundations until the more recent, breathtakingly marvellous ceilings of traditional Persian architecture today. From the artistic expressions of first religious beliefs of ancient Persia-Mithraism-and through the development of the Zoroastrian faith until the subsequent rise of Christianity and then Islam, Persian sacred art illustrates the Jungian idea that wholeness sought in the journey of individuation is often expressed through archetypal symbols of circles that articulate basic truths about the divine interplay with humanity.

Article 2. Structural position of suites and strata of the “Bug series”

The name “Bug Series” was introduced into the Precambrian stratigraphic scheme of the Ukrainian Shield more than half a century ago. During this period, ideas about the composition and age of the series changed several times, but at the same time, until recently, the opinion of various studies about its stratigenic nature remained unchanged. In recent years, a number of publications have appeared in which other views on the origin of the “Bug series” are expressed. Initially, they concerned only individual petrographic groups, such as carbonate and magnetite-bearing rocks, which were attributed to endogenous (magmatic) origin. Later, an opinion was expressed about the nonstratigenic origin of the entire “Bug Series”, and some authors propose to abandon the dismemberment of the Early Precambrian granulite complexes into suites altogether. These ideas are based only on the materials of the study of local objects obtained by drilling and geophysical methods, and they do not take into account the results of regional geological and stratigraphic studies. Simultaneously with new ideas about the genesis of the “Bug series”, an attempt is being made to link its origin with faults and to revise its age.
 In order to discuss the problem of the “Bug series”, a series of publications has been prepared, presenting the main generalizations of many years of regional geological and thematic studies on the composition, structure, stratigraphic and structural position of the units belonging to the “Bug series”. The cycle consists of three separate articles. The first article characterizes the composition of subdivisions and rock associations included in the “Bug series” in the current Precambrian stratigraphic scheme of the Ukrainian Shield. In this second article of the cycle, ideas about the structural position of the “Bug series” and its subdivisions are considered. For a long time there was an opinion that the “Bug series” performed synclines “superimposed” on the ancient foundation. These ideas we-re convincingly refuted more than half a century ago on the example of the stratotype section of the Bug series in the area of Zavallia [Vinogradov, 1970], but sometimes some researchers still adhere to them. The data presented in this article indicate that all units that now belong to the “Bug series” are suites and strata that are part of a single Bug Area granulite complex and occupy a clearly defined stratigraphic and structural position in its section. Ideas about the connection of the “Bug series” with “superimposed” synclines or faults do not have any reliable justification.

The Date of a Town’s Foundation as an Argument in the Debates on Its Status: the Case of St Albans

The article investigates one possible argument in a dispute about the (burghal) status of a medieval settlement typical for seigneurial towns of medieval England. It is the date of the foundation or appearance of the town in question. Having a burghal status implied that the settlement would have certain right sand privileges, that’s whyt owns people usually tried to proveit by different means, while their lord, especially if it was a monastic one, refused to acknowledge it. The temporal factor appeared to be significant in such discussion, considering that if the appearance of the town preceded the foundation of the monastery (that was its seigneur), then it would allow the former to claim the status of a royal town, even if only it the past. This fact also gave the townspeople opportunity to accuse their monastic lord in usurpation of royal powers. In the article, this issue is analyzed on the example of St Albans, a monastic town, situated in the county of Hertfordshire. This town had a very antagonistic relationship with its seigneur – the local abbey. The fact that this monastery possessed an extensive historiographical tradition allows us to determine how the monastic house constructed the history of the monastery and that of its town within the context of their adversarial relationship. It is remarkable that the references to an ancient foundation appeared at a certain point of the struggle between the town and the monastery, in the 14th century, but had already disappeared by the end of the century from the townspeople’s discourse.

Some Philosophical and Legal Problems of Qualification of Crimes Against Political Rights in Modern Legal States

This article is devoted to the study of problems of the qualification of crimes against the realization of political rights. Based on a comparative analysis, approaches to the concept of “crimes” within the Criminal Codes of the Republic of Armenia, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Artsakh are presented. The ancient foundations of the problems of proportionality of sentencing are considered, on the basis of which the similarities of the institutional punishment of the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Artsakh were studied. Based on a comparative analysis of the post-election situations in the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Artsakh, it turned out that even with the similarity and uniformity of the legislative settlement of problems related to the non-obstructive exercise of political rights, the results in Armenia and Artsakh are different. The presented article notes that crimes related to political rights, first of all, are levelled against the strengthening and development of democratic values and principles, and based on this and on the basis of a multi-faceted analysis of the nature of the problems of resolving issues related to the implementation of political rights, appropriate methodological and legislative proposals are made.

Evolution of drugs VIS-A-VIS socio legal aspect: A historical perspective

It is incredibly difficult to determine who developed the first medication. Perhaps stories have obscured the genesis and early history of medicine and drugs. The use of therapeutic herbs predates both human civilisation and ancient culture. Plants have played a key role in maintaining human health and well-being. The fact that the term Drug is derived from the French word drogue, which meaning dry herb, clearly implies that the first medicines were extracted from plants. Priority was given to plants over animal products and minerals in the treatment of illnesses by the earliest humans, who resorted to a variety of non-conventional techniques including plants, animal products, and minerals. Despite variances in their treatment concepts, the traditional medical systems of the world, such as Chinese Medicine, Ayurveda, and Greek Medicine, all agree that sickness is caused by an imbalance among the body's elements and that the goal of therapy is to restore the balance using herbs. Thus, plants were crucial in the evolution of pharmacology and pharmacy. The magnificent architect of modern-day sophisticated Pharmacology was not constructed overnight, but its basis was established on an ancient foundation.

A meta-analysis on individual differences in primary emotional systems and Big Five personality traits

The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) were constructed as a self-report assessment to measure individual differences in Jaak Panksepp’s cross-species primary emotional systems: SEEKING, PLAY, CARE (positive emotions) and FEAR, SADNESS, ANGER (negative emotions). Beginning with the first published work on the ANPS in 2003, individual differences on the ANPS measures of these six primary emotional systems have been consistently linked to Big Five personality traits. From a theoretical perspective, these primary emotional systems arising from subcortical regions, shed light on the nature of the Big Five personality traits from an evolutionary perspective, because each of these primary emotional systems represent a tool for survival endowing mammalian species with inherited behavioral programs to react appropriately to complex environments. The present work revisited 21 available samples where both ANPS and Big Five measures have been administered. Our meta-analytical analysis provides solid evidence that high SEEKING relates to high Openness to Experience, high PLAY to high Extraversion, high CARE/low ANGER to high Agreeableness and high FEAR/SADNESS/ANGER to high Neuroticism. This seems to be true regardless of the ANPS inventory chosen, although much more work is needed in this area. Associations between primary emotional systems and Conscientiousness were in the lower effect size area across all six primary emotions, thereby supporting the idea that Conscientiousness rather seems to be less directly related with the subcortical primary emotions and likely is the most cognitive/cortical personality construct out of the Big Five. In sum, the present work underlines the idea that individual differences in primary emotional systems represent evolutionarily ancient foundations of human personality, given their a) meaningful links to the prominent Big Five model and b) their origins lying in subcortical areas of the human brain.

«Археология и Крымская война. Эпизоды»: материалы подводных исследований и опыт создания выставки в Государственном музее-заповеднике «Херсонес Таврический»

During excavations on the territory of the Heraclean Peninsula and during underwater research in the bays of Sevastopol, archaeologists are faced with a large number of materials related to one of the most ambitious and, without exaggeration, tragic events of the mid-XIX century – the Eastern (Crimean) War, more precisely, with episodes of its Crimean campaign in 1854–1855. The territory of the State Museum-Reserve «Tauric Chersonese» was the scene of this military confrontation, which directly affected the conduct of archaeological work on the territory of Chersonesos and the fate of its researchers. The ancient ruins, or so called «ancient foundations», marked on military maps next to the positions and locations of the troops, were the scenery for this drama. The enemy ships anchored in the bays of the Heracleian Peninsula – the places of ancient harbors. By sea, following the ancient shipping routes, the supply of troops was carried out, the individual episodes of battles unfolded in the coastal waters. Underwater archaeological finds of this period, which have preserved a lot of interesting and unique information, are rather poorly represented in museum expositions. The study of the Crimean War from the point of archeology view is a very promising direction for further research. How and by whom the excavations were conducted during the war, and what the Crimean War left for researchers in the archaeological sense, are only the main topics of possible research. The study of literature and sources, archaeological finds serve as an additional confirmation of this.

Concerto and Its Transformation in Claudio Monteverdi’s Madrigals

Issues of style, comparisons of approaches of different composers to the genre, and particular atmosphere of Mantua lie in the core of numerous studies of Monteverdi’s madrigals. At the same time, the appearance of concerto in the madrigal and changesin its interpretation during the first half of the seventeenth century are among the less studied aspects. This determines the main aim of the article: to analyze the formation of the modern understanding of a concerto in Monteverdi’s madrigals. Modification of the meaning of a concerto was a prolonged process. It took almost one hundred and fifty years to change the understanding of concert: fromsimple acknowledgement of integration of vocal and instrumental lines are combined with an accent on solo and up to the contrastingof two groups which differ in their technical and emotional complexity. The strengthening of the role of the concerto principle in madrigals and modifications of its meaning are connected both with the desire to most accurately convey the mood of the poems in music, and with the consequent need for the new timbre combinations and depth of contrasts. As the expressiveness of the solo augments, in particular due to the growth of virtuosity and, as a consequence, a brighter setting off against other performers and/or instruments, the modern understanding of a concerto develops. A concerto becomes an innovative way to personify musical material and to bring a touch of rivalry into the madrigal thanks to the contrasts on different levels. The ancient foundation of the madrigal does not impose limitations on the creative imagination of the composer but constitute the basis for a renewed genre that reflects the beginning of a new musical era.

Bemerkungen zum ‚argentinischen‘ Borges

Abstract This essay focusses on two short stories pertaining to that part of the Borgesian œuvre, which has attracted less scholarly attention than his world-famous fantastic stories (La biblioteca de Babel, El inmortal, El Aleph). The ‘Argentinian’ stories – such as El muerto, or Tema del traidor y del héroe – impress readers with their laconic diction and cynicism. Ultimately, however, they may seem to be limited to a sort of nineteenth-century mimeticism. Considering these texts in detail, it turns out that the elements conveyed by the narrator insinuate different versions of the respective story—all of which are compatible with the ‘real’ events they refer to. Consequently, the author’s mimetic tales share a conceptual framework with his fantastic yarns – precisely one that is committed to the basic assumptions of skepticism. In what follows, the essay relates Borges’ twentieth-century version of this noetic edifice to its Ancient foundations, as well as to the first ‘wave’ of Skepticism in European Modernity (Descartes; Calderón). The last section addresses the aesthetic dimension of the Borgesian short stories: how does philosophy (and epistemology especially) relate to literary fiction – that is, to a textual genre, whose primary function appears to be entertainment, based on fantasizing? Resuming the discussion of Borges’ philosophical position, the essay concludes by quoting some remarks by David Hume, which seem to give expression to an attitude towards skepticism that is shared by the Argentinian author.

Application of non-invasive geophysical methods (GPR and ERT) to locate the ancient foundations of the first cathedral of Puebla, Mexico. A case study

This article presents the results of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) investigation carried out in the atrium of the Cathedral of Puebla to shed new light on the location of the original temple known as the “Old Cathedral”. Historians who endeavor to reconstruct the past of this historical monument propose two hypotheses. To verify whether the foundations are located on the north-west or north-east side of the current cathedral, a GPR study was conducted with 200 and 400 MHz antennas. The study was completed with an ERT survey. The remains of the old cathedral were located and identified in the northwestern part of the atrium. Further anomalies related to subsurface structures and consistent with the ephemeral existence of a smaller temple, the “Sagrario”, were detected. The GPR proved to be the most suitable method to investigate without causing damage suspected subsurface remains, thus protecting cultural heritage.

FIRST STEPS IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF ASSYRIA: BOTTA'S LETTERS AND THE “EXCAVATION HOUSE” AT KHORSABAD

Paolo Emilio Botta, who was sent to Mosul as the French Consul in 1842, explored at Kuyunjik and Nebi Yunus and then began investigating ancient stone foundations at Nebi Yunus. Muhammed/Mehmed Pasha and local religious leaders, who were worried that the tomb of prophet Yunus (Jonah) and a local mosque would be destroyed by the excavations, opposed these investigations and the work stopped as a result. After Nebi Yunus, Botta started to work at Kuyunjik in December 1842. While his workers were busy at Kuyunjik, someone from the village of Khorsabad talked about stones with inscriptions and reliefs on them on top of a hill. After three months of exhaustive work at Kuyunjik, on March 20th, 1843 Botta sent a group of workers to Khorsabad for excavation. However, problems arose about Botta's work in Mosul. The Pasha of the province in particular created obstructions. We have done research in the Ottoman Archives of the Prime Ministry of Turkey on Botta's excavation permits and documents, the obstructions created by the Pasha of Mosul, the details of the story of Botta's experiences at Khorsabad and the relevant correspondence. In these archives we have found documents about the problems Botta experienced at Khorsabad, the conditions for excavation permits and the construction of an excavation house, the plan of the excavation house mentioned by Botta, which was drafted like a fortress next to the village houses and sent to Istanbul, as well as petitions of the villagers opposing Botta's work and his excavation house. Here, we attempt to re-read Botta's excavation seasons, permits and the problems he encountered through the documents in the Ottoman Archives in order to understand how this period is to be understood. Through these documents and correspondence, we were able to study the problems that arose between the Ottoman State and France as a result of Botta's excavations at Khorsabad.

일제강점기 한국 고대 건국신화에 대한 이해와 인식 - ‘滿鮮史’와 日鮮同祖論을 중심으로 -

일제강점기 한국 고대 건국신화에 대한 이해와 인식 - ‘滿鮮史’와 日鮮同祖論을 중심으로 -

일제강점기 한국 고대 건국신화에 대한 이해와 인식 - ‘滿鮮史’와 日鮮同祖論을 중심으로 -

일제강점기 한국 고대 건국신화에 대한 이해와 인식 - ‘滿鮮史’와 日鮮同祖論을 중심으로 -

The ‘Greening’ of Christian Monasticism and the Future of Monastic Landscapes in North America

Christian monasticism has an ancient land-based foundation. The desert fathers and later reform movements appealed to the land for sustenance, spiritual metaphor, and as a marker of authentic monastic identity. Contemporary Roman Catholic monastics with this history in mind, have actively engaged environmental discourse in ways that draw from their respective monastic lineages, a process sociologist Stephen Ellingson calls ‘bridging’. Though this study is of limited scope, this bridging between monastic lineages and environmental discourse could cautiously be identified with the broader phenomenon of the ‘greening’ of Christianity. Looking to the future, while the footprint of North American monastic communities is quite small, and their numbers are slowly declining, a variety of conservation-minded management schemes implemented since the 1990s by some communities suggests that the impact will remain for many decades to come.

ЛІТЕРАТУРНО-ПЕРЕКЛАДАЦЬКА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ПАЇСІЯ ВЕЛИЧКОВСЬКОГО


 
 
 Purpose of Article is to research of literary translation activities Paisius Velichkovsky in the context of spiritual culture of Ukraine XVIII century. The research methodology includes historical, epistemological, and method of learning sources. Scientific novelty. The author found that Paisius Velichkovsky was the founder of Ukrainian literature ascetic, bringing it to a Ukrainian source monastic education. Thanks to him, the Ukrainian lands first appeared accurate and complete translations of the Church Fathers, which positively affected the spiritual practice of the monks and spiritual life of contemporary Ukraine as a whole. Conclusions. Paisius Velichkovsky virtually monastic life returned to its ancient foundations, it is a real updater Ukrainian religious life and the first Ukrainian monk mentor and leader in the ascetic reading. Translations Paisius Velichkovsky turned the then decline in spirituality spiritual wealth revived monastic life.
 
 

A New Stone on an Ancient Foundation: Traditional Liturgical Aspects in Taizé Order of Prayer

Abstract During the 20th Century, the Taizé Community created a unique liturgical tradition, combining Byzantine and Latin liturgical elements with Protestant background worship. The combination of these liturgical elements concurred with the rediscovery of the old Tradition of the Church and with the entrance of a considerable number of Catholic brothers into the Taizé community. The high point of this reconsidered Tradition is the introduction of the weekly Sunday Eucharist using the Taizé liturgical order. Nonetheless, the Community maintains a Eucharistic discipline and tries to avoid intercommunion. The combination of different traditional liturgical elements on a traditional Protestant base under the supervision of the community’s founder, Br. Roger, aroused great interest among both theologians and simple believers during the time.

A letter of Abilpeiz Sultanto the military governor of Yili and its Manchu translation

This paper utilizes a historical-philological approach toexamine one by one a letter written byAbilpeiz to the military governor of Yili in 1775 for his father-in-law Bozuk and the Oyirad womanwho fled with her children, and its Manchu translation, including its Latin transcription and modernKazakh translation. Furthermore, these documents elucidate the literary significance and linguisticcharacteristics of Kazakh history, language and culture and Kazakh-Oyirad relations. It was the firstattempt to study letters in diachronous terms, to study the history of the Kazakh literary language of theeighteenth century using archival materials with translations into Manchurian and Kazakh languages. Inthe article of the letter, the Abilpeiz of the Sultan is considered as a folk culture as a whole and isstudied in conjunction with the customs, rites and beliefs of both the distant ancestors of the Kazakhsand the Kazakh ethnos proper. It was this approach that determined the structure and purpose of thearticle, which allowed us to show the genesis and evolution of the genres of epistolary writing from theearliest, syncretic forms to full-fledged art formations, to reveal the ancient foundations of classicalplots and motifs.

The early development of garden making c. 3000–c. 2000 BCE

An understanding of the current practice of garden making may be enhanced by an exploration of the ancient foundations on which they are built and of the early instances in which their principles e...

At the Origins of Modern Geography. The Oecumene: an Anthropogeographical Pattern

ABSTRACTGeography must be conceived in relation to man. It is not merely a description of the Earth, rather it accounts for the history of man’s relationship with it, of man’s movements on its surface, and his transformative impact on the world. From this perspective, Friedrich Ratzel was extraordinarily innovative respect to other nineteenth century scholars. That said, however, his revolutionary approach actually relied on an ancient foundation. To understand the basis of Ratzel’s anthropogeographical project it is vital to return to a Greek concept that, over the centuries, has been variously resemantized: the concept of the oecumene. In his understanding of the oecumene, the entire breadth of humanity is conceived in historical and geographical relation to the world around it. Ratzel’s anthropogeography aspires to an all-encompassing understanding of man. In fact, it allows us to reconstruct the coordinates of time and space through which man has developed as a being capable of culture. The Earth, according to Ratzel, transcends its eminently geophysical connotations and becomes more similar to the ancient oecumene. It is, once more, the abode of man; it is that which he knows and recognizes, that to which he gives a name.