Ancient Country Research Articles

조선조 계란의 문화적 의미와 조리법 분석

Egg is a food that has been loved from ancient times by people all around the world. It has been called a present from god because its rounded shape was believed to refer to the earth. We found the oldest and most perfectly preserved egg fossil at Chunmachong (天馬) in Kyungju (慶州). We believe that it was used during the period of the Three States or the unified Silla (新羅), and, accordingly, it was a noble food that has been found at the king's grave of the age. Egg, which is called egg of chicken in Korean, was written as egg of chicken (鷄卵), son of chicken (鷄子), bird's egg of chicken (鷄蛋), and round thing of chicken (鷄丸) in the Korean alphabet and Chinese characters. The ancient countries had the following myths about eggs In myths about offspring by egg, they were born as heaven's will to make them god. There were 19 proverbs: 'Hitting a rock with an egg', 'It's like the yellow part of an egg' and 'Even an egg stops when it rolls', etc. According to a theory of divination based on topography, people use eggs when they find a good place. There are 10 proverbs (四字 成語): Dongjiipran (冬至立卵), Nanyeoseoktu (卵與石投) etc. Studies for analysis of egg recipes found in the old literature (cooking, agriculture and fishing, and medical books) in the Chosun Dynasty recorded 36 times where cuisine with egg was mentioned as the main ingredient, 154 times as a sub-ingredient, 79 times as a garnish, and 20 times etc. As a garnish, they were 'finely sliced', 'thin rectangular and the rhombus form', and 'rounded shape'; after grilling they were divided into yellow and white parts. When cooked, they were used in comparison of the size or shape of an object with that of other objects.

Research about the Evaluation and Measurement Methods of Vibrations Caused by Railway and Urban Traffic System

Due to frequent construction of rail traffic system of urbanization, the influence of vibrations caused by urban traffic system on surrounding environment has been increased. China is an ancient country with civilization, which had many unique historical relic resources. Meanwhile, the influence of vibrations by rail transportation system on historical relics had received increasing interest in recent years. This paper proposed a field test method, did a hammer testing in field that we gained vibrations level attenuation quotient with distance variation by the regression method, got velocity attenuation curve with distance variation under the industrial vibrations source which more easier than empirical formula in the standard.

가야시대 고분 및 부장품 내에 존재하는 미생물의 다양성 조사

Microbial diversity of soil samples from ancient stone-lined tombs was investigated. The tombs, discovered at Eoryung Ocheon-Ri site, Korea, were estimated to be belonged to middle class people from an ancient country, Gaya, which existed till AD 559 at the southern part of Korea. Nine fungal stains and 70 bacterial strains were isolated from the twelve soil samples, which were collected from the tomb Nos. 5 and 6. Ribosomal DNA sequence analysis discovered 5 fungal and 22 bacterial strains belonged to 10 genus groups from the tomb No. 5 while 1 fungal and 28 bacterial strains belonged to 6 genus from the tomb No. 6. The higher microbial diversity suggests that the tomb No. 5 was constructed warmer season than the tomb No. 6. Moreover, the discovery of Staphylococcus warneri, which is found as part of the skin flora on human and animals, and Bacillus aquimaris, which is a marine bacterium and can be discovered from tidal flat, from the surface of large dagger suggests that the ancient people may use meat and seafood at the burial ceremony.

Study on the documents of Java in Siku Quanshu Historical knowledge and historians’ point of view

The dissertation discusses various documents on Java collected in Siku Quanshu (Complete Library of Four Treasures). The documents used as the sources of this study are the ones with complete pictures and strong narration on Javanese recorded from Han Dynasty (206 bc–220 ad) to Ming Dynasty (1364–1644) in order to reveal what kind of historical knowledge or historical information is delivered by Chinese historians in general and what kind of point of view is used by historians to deliver the notes about Java. Through analytical reading, the readers will find that historians paid attention to three issues: the relationship between China and Java, the condition of Javanese kingdoms and their culture, and the Java land natural resources. People of China regard their country as an ancient country with long history of remarkable civilization which located in the centre of the world. The awareness of how important is their country, indirectly influences the historians’ points of views. The texts analyzed indirectly prove that some areas on Java are culturally left behind and the countries beyond China, including Java, are the barbaric ones obliging their people to submit or pay tributes to the Kingdoms of China.

Special Education History, Current Status and Future: India

Education of all children in public schools, including those with disabilities, continues to be an unresolved issue in many countries around the globe. While education of all children is mandated by law and considered a basic human right in many countries, the current status of implementation varies. India, for example, is an ancient country that adopted several laws and policies for its citizens with disabilities after gaining independence from British rule. Today, India legally requires the education of all children in schools; however, despite this, millions of children with disabilities continue to remain out of school or receive little or no education. This paper discusses the special education history, legal system, current status and future for people with disabilities in India.

CINNAMON EXTRACT REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION OF LIPID AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR RATS

Cinnamon is a herbal medication plant used widely f or many diseases in the Middle East and ancient countries. Cinnamon Extract (CE) contains many active substances that modulate insulin sensitivity and acts as anti-diabetic medication. Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by disturbance in carbo hydrate and lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Cinnamon Extract (CE, 200 mg kg -1 body weight) on genes expression of lipid and carb ohydrate metabolism in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Administration of CE to STZ diabetic rats for 2 months normalized TG, cholesterol, VLDL, HDL and glucose levels. CE administration increased FAS and STREB-1c gene expressions that were inhibited in diabetic rats. M oreover, CE inhibited significantly the increase in LPL, HSL and resistin expression. In parallel, CE increa sed the expression of PPECK and GLUT2 and inhibited the decrement in IGF and PK expression. In conclusi on, CE regulates the expression of genes related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in a way to contr ol the metabolic disorders occur during diabetes.

TRADITIONAL LATVIAN COUNTRY HOUSE. COURLAND REGION EXAMPLE

The traditional way of life concerns not only treatment of things, but important is also the environment of traditional management. Development plans have to define the context of the cultural landscape protection and management of premises and areas around the old rural homesteads, having regard to land rights, and should be targeted for biodiversity conservation process. Such areas are not only of local but also of global importance. A highly measurable art is the skill to use and involve the ancient country estate in the landscape and ancient heritage of the most valuable items in the modern landscape, synthesis of the modern landscape of cultural value. As a result, visual character of poor quality is reduced, by giving new modernist trends to Courland traditional country yard landscape areas. Traditional country house landscape for contemporary original, harmonious environment, which is malleable in balance with man and nature, under the umbrella of cultural landscape values. Scientific research results provide an important contribution to the future of rural municipal administrative territorial development to enhance, restore or create new sustainable landscapes, based on balanced and harmonious relationships between economic activities, social needs and cultural environment.

Analysis of the Landscape Space Evolution Characteristics in Sichuan Qijiang Historical Town

The Qijiang historical town is a typical town of the settlement in central Sichuan, It's also the capital site of the ancient Qi country during the Spring and Autumn period. After thousands of years of evolution, it's still maintained a complete ancient space environment pattern now. The spatial form of historical town is simple and obvious, but the street space organization is in an orderly manner, yard surrounded close is flexible and ingenious, carrying an extremely rich intangible traditional culture and the historical heritage. Through to the summarizing and analyzing of the pace evolution characteristics of Qijiang historical towns, we can explore the historical landscape characteristics of the town and help to further study of the dependency relationship between material culture and intangible cultural in space environment. Especially to studying the formation and development of space of historical town and Qi Kingdom country. It's also can provide reference in protection and restoration of the historic, ecological and sustainable spatial forms of historical town .

Current Situations and Challenges of Occupational Disease Prevention and Control in China

China is one of ancient countries with nearly 5,000 yr history of civilization, with land area of 9,600,000 km², including 4 municipalities, 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 2 special administrative regions. There are 56 nations and 1.37 billion peoples (2010, November). In 2010, GDP was 40120.2 billion Yuan, and per capita GDP was 3,600 dollars. Employment population nearly reached 780 million peoples, including a total of 226 million migrant workers. At present, China is in the rapid development period of industrialization, urbanization and globalization, and workers face the traditional and novel dual occupational hazards. Also, prevention and control of occupational disease faces severe situations and challenges.

The Continuity of Go-josean Culture and Symbiotic Multi-culturalism in its Development Process

The founders of all the ancient countries symbolize the sun from Shinsi Gogook to Go-josean, Buyeo, Goguryeo, Silla, and Gaya. The sun is the Embodied object of the belief based on the gods of heaven as God. The humanitarian ideal of Hwanwoong and Bulgnae ideal of Park Hyekgesea are not only the two but also the one. What was appeared after the humanitarian ideal had lasted up to the Silla Dynasty is the Hyekgesea ideal. Two ideals have the historical continuity as the political ideal shared by ethnic group who makes what widely advantages or largely lighten the human world as an ideal. The humanitarian ideal Hyekgesea ideal originated form the sacred function of the sun which shines the whole world brightly and saves all lives.<BR> The belief base on the gods of heaven deeply rooted since the ancient heavenly event has lasted up to the present. It is because the culture of the Hwanwoong tribe who had established Shinsi Gogook has been the mainstream of the national culture. However, the culture of the Bear tribe who had established Go-joseon by making an alliance with the Hanwoong tribe with a marriage had disappeared in the history and it is now hard to find it's traces behind. On the other hand, the Tiger tribe who had walked its own way after straying away from the culture of the Hwanwoong tribe has played a role of handing down the Tiger god worship and folk tales about the tiger plentifully from ancient to modern times. The Tiger culture has become powerful and prosperous, while the Bear culture, the leading character of establishing a nation-state, has comparatively died out. How can this happen? No one has ever brought up this question yet, even if it is a really important matter.<BR> The Bear and tiger tribe took different stance in accepting the culture of the Hwanwoong tribe even if they longed for the advanced culture of the Hwanwoong tribe. The Tiger tribe kept its own identity without assimilating, while the Bear tribe assimilated into the culture of the Hwanwoong tribe. The Bear tribe's own culture has no choice but to become automatically extinct because it gave up its own culture and assimilated into the Hwanwoong tribe. However, the Tiger tribe can maintain its own cultural identity because it kept its own culture firmly instead of throwing away even if it longed for the culture of the Hwanwoong tribe. Therefore, the Tiger god worship has formed the main stream of the national culture along with the mountain spirit worship<BR> If it can be said that the Bear tribe established Go-joseon by seeking the assimilation, it appears that the Tiger tribe created the national culture by pursuing the multi-culturalism. The Bear tribe looks to succeed from the political view, but the Tiger tribe achieved more success from the cultural perspective. The Hwanwoong and Bear tribe ended up becoming one from the two, but The Hwanwoong the Tiger tribe advanced to make the three from the two. In other words, the belief on the gods of heaven of the Hwanwoong tribe, the Tiger god worship of the tiger tribe, and the third mountain spirit worship were created. the new mountain spirit worship was developmentally created because the belief on the gods of heaven and tiger god worship were linked together by the symbiosis.<BR> If the assimilationism led to the culture of the extinction, the multi-culturalism led to the culture of the production. It is a important problem how to accept the foreign advanced culture in an age of the culture. If the globalism which guides people into the assimilation into the advanced culture along with the abandonment of its own culture it the way of the self-destruction, the globalism which forms the cultural diversity by making cultural exchanges equally with other cultures while keeping its own cultural identity is the productive and creative way. It is the symbiotic multi-culturalism to enjoy a wave of prosperity without losing either of the two like the Hwanwoong and Tiger tribe. the

The national finance and distribution economy of Japan’s ancient country

The national finance and distribution economy of Japan’s ancient country

The contemporary significance of Confucianism

I have delivered speeches on the topic “The Contemporary Significance of Confucianism” several times, including in the 1980s and 1990s of the last century. Now, I will continue to address it in the twenty-first century. In addition to me, more and more scholars have started to address this topic. Why? I think there are two important reasons: One is that we are on the eve of the great revival of the Chinese nation. So now, we must review our historical and cultural tradition. Karl Jaspers presented the notion of “the Axial Age.” He thought that great thinkers emerged in ancient Greece, Israel, India, China, and other countries almost simultaneously around 500 B.C., and they all presented unique ideas on problems which concern all human beings. Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece, Prophets of Judaism in Israel, Sakyamuni in India, and Laozi and Confucius in China independently initiated and formed distinctive cultural traditions. Through 2,000 years of development, these cultural traditions have become central to human intellectual wealth, but these different cultures in different regions developed independently at the beginning and did not originally influence each other. He says, until today mankind has lived all by what was thought and created during the Axial Age. In each new upward leap, it returns in recollection to this period and is fired anew by it. Even since then, it has been the case that recollections and reawakening of the potentialities of the Axial Period—renaissances—always afford a spiritual impetus. The return to the root is the continuous thing in China, India, and West (see Jaspers 1989, p. 14). For instance, the Europeans in the renaissance looked back at the origin of their culture, ancient Greece, which revived European civilization and left its mark on global culture. Similarly, Song and MingNeo-Confucianism in China was stimulated by Indian Buddhism; the Confucian thinkers, by “recalling” Confucius and Mencius in the pre-Qin period, had promoted the ingenious Chinese philosophy to a new height. When we enter into the new millennium, the world’s intellectual circle has started to appeal for the arrival of “a New Axial Age.” Thus, it has become important to review and research ancient thoughts and wisdom and recall the origin of our own culture in order to respond to the new, diverse world culture. Secondly, in the new century, our country has brought forward a great project to build a “harmonious society.” Fei Xiaotong has raised the issue of “cultural self-consciousness.” In order to build a “harmonious society,” we have to know our own “culture.” What is “cultural self-consciousness”?

International Perspectives

Humanitarian efforts by a large number of groups have provided care in many developing countries around the world, including southeast Asia. Beginning around 2000, Project Vietnam, a humanitarian organization supported, in part, by California Chapter 4 of the American Academy of Pediatrics, expanded its already established presence within Vietnam to include a focus that specifically addressed efforts to improve neonatal care and reduce mortality in that country. I became a part of this effort and joined the expanding team devoted to this mission. Part of the impetus for this change by the organization was the establishment of goals by the Vietnamese Ministry of Health (MoH) and the leaders of pediatrics within the country. These goals, stimulated by the millennium goals of the World Health Organization, were aimed at improving the care of newborns and developing systems of care to accomplish sustainable results in this important area of health care. Over the past 9 years, much progress has been made and many lessons have been learned in Vietnam. The improvements have led to reductions in mortality and to the expanded availability of higher-quality modern care for increasing numbers of patients. Such advances have come about through the hard work and dedication of individuals and several organizations such as Project Vietnam as well as the partnership with key leaders within the country. Perhaps as important as these tangible improvements is the information learned from successes and failures that may serve as the foundation of an organizational structure or paradigm that can be used to guide similar efforts elsewhere in the world. The following discussion is a compilation of experiences and descriptions of some of the centrally important events in which we have been involved. The models that have grown out of this include important generalizations with utility elsewhere. Although related by a …

「国生み神話」の地理構造:「筑紫」と「竺紫」地名から

「国生み神話」の地理構造:「筑紫」と「竺紫」地名から

Mulatu Astatke, Ethio-jazz maestro

The aim of this article is to explore the music of Mulatu Astatke as an instance of ‘the black Atlantic culture’ (Gilroy 1993). The characteristics of such a musical culture are that it is hybrid in outlook and composition, contaminated by influences from other cultures and that it eschews notions of cultural absolutism. A musician and the music he makes, perhaps more so than any other artist, is a product of his country, his culture and his times. Ethiopia is an ancient African country with a documented history going back almost two millennia and it enjoys a unique position in the history of the continent. The Ethiopian monarchy survived the late nineteenth century inroads of European imperialism with its traditional political, social and other institutions virtually intact. This rich cultural legacy was to become a defining factor for Mulatu Astatke, Ethiopia's musician extraordinaire.

Interview with Haifa Zangana

Interview with Haifa Zangana Wen-Chin Ouyang (bio) Haifa Zangana (1950– ) is an Iraqi Kurdish writer, political activist, and artist currently based in London. Between 1977 and 1986, she was active mainly in art, taking part in nine group exhibits and two individual exhibits (in Iceland in 1982 and London in 1988). She has published three novels: the autobiographical novel Fi arwiqat al-dhakira was initially serialized in the journal al-Ightirab al-Adabi (Literary Exile) and then translated into English by Paul Hammond as In the Vast Halls of Memory (Paris: Hourglass, 1991); Mafatih madina (Keys to a City) (London: Dar al-Hikma, 2000), English translation under review by Syracuse University Press; and Nisa' 'ala safar (London: Dar al-Hikma, 2001), translated into English by Judy Cumberbatch as Women on a Journey: Between Baghdad and London (Austin, Texas: The University of Texas Press, 2007). She has also published three collections of short stories: Bayt al-Naml (Ant's Nest) (London: Dar al-Hikma, 1996); Thammata akhar (In the Presence of Others) (London: Dar al-Hikma, 1999); and Ab'ad mimma nara (Beyond What The Eye Can See) (London: Dar al-Hikma, 1997). More recently, she has written extensively on the impact of the American-led occupation on the life of ordinary Iraqis for the media, including The Guardian, and has spoken at political rallies and events in the UK, Continental Europe, North America, and the Arab world. She has recently completed a non-fiction book entitled Interrupted Struggle: A Short History of Women in Iraq. W. Ouyang: You were born in Baghdad in 1950 and left it in 1976. You have been living in London since. What brought you from Iraq to Britain? Haifa Zangana: I had to leave after my imprisonment. After I was released from prison I was watched closely every day. I had to report to the authorities every month. I was frequently taken for interrogation without any prior warning. It was becoming very dangerous for my family and it was also becoming impossible for me to have a life in Iraq. [End Page 447] W. Ouyang: Why were you imprisoned? Haifa Zangana: I was a member of a faction of the Communist Party, but not the pro-Soviet main branch. We were demanding self-rule for Iraqi Kurds within a democratic Iraq and joining the armed struggle to overthrow the Ba'ath regime within a movement stretching from Kurdistan to the southern Arab marshes. I was one of many Iraqis who joined the Palestinian struggle following the 1967 war, believing that the occupation of Palestine and forcing Palestinians to leave their homes to live in refugee camps was simply a gross injustice that had to end. W. Ouyang: Were you fighting for the independence of Kurdistan because you're Kurdish? Haifa Zangana: We fought to establish self-rule for Iraqi Kurds within a democratic Iraq, not independence; we did not think an independent Kurdistan is feasible. I believe that the best solution for the Kurdish Question within Iraq is a federal, independent Iraq, where all Iraqis enjoy peace built on justice regardless of their ethnic and religious background. The Iraqi resistance is fighting the occupation in all Iraq except the three Kurdish provinces, mainly because they are controlled by two corrupt political parties. In 1988, after the use of chemical weapons against the people of Halabja I'd never felt more Kurdish than then. Witnessing the plight of the majority of Iraqi people and their tremendous suffering under occupation, I've never felt more Arab than now. W. Ouyang: Because you believe in Iraq as country or nation-state? Haifa Zangana: As a country. Iraq is an ancient country and Iraqi people have been living in this country for thousands of years. When Iraqis speak of Iraq they think in terms of the two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates, and of historical continuity. We see Iraq as a country where ancient history blends with Islamic culture, archeology with architecture, storytelling with history, song and music with art and science. Contrary to the neo-liberal view of Iraq, it is not an invented country, but has existed from time immemorial. Prior to the occupation and especially in...

Constraints and Adjustments in Portugal's Policy toward Israel

Throughout most of its existence the State of Israel had only a handful of friends and allies. However, even during the era of pan-Arabism, when Arab nationalism held sway over the Middle East, eng...

From the ancient descriptions of steel as a purified iron to the chemical classification of iron-carbon alloys

From the 5 th century BC to the first quarter of the 19 th century, iron products were classified into two distinct families: iron (wrought and/or cast) and steel. During more than 2000 years, the classification was founded on the concept of purification by fire. In the 18 th century, it appeared the qualification of iron products by “pure iron plus something”: phlogiston and/or plumbago and/or matter of fire. It is only at the beginning of the 19 th century that the chemical characterisation of iron products by their carbon content was clearly established. Written documents from ancient Greece and Middle East countries, and from more recent Western Europe are analysed. The transition between the 18 th and 19 th centuries is described, at the moment of the introduction of chemical language and scientific experimentation in iron and steel industry.

Writing and its Uses in the Ancient Tamil Country

Writing and its Uses in the Ancient Tamil Country

A Graeco-Sogdian mint of Euthydemus

Summary. - Our task is to ascertain whether there is sufficient evidence to include the ancient country of Sogdiana within the sphere of the Hellenistic world. This will involve an examination of a series of early Sogdian issues: silver coins with a bridled « horned » horse reverse type and their counterparts in bronze. I shall propose that these coins were minted under a certain Euthydemus (before с 221 - after 196/1 (?) ВСЕ) when he governed Sogdiana prior to his usurpation of the Bactrian throne. It will also be seen that this former Seleucid type was chosen to curry the favor of the Sogdians themselves, as it associated Euthydemus with Antiochus I for reasons of propaganda. Therefore, I shall attempt to prove that these coins support the argument that a Graeco- Sogdian kingdom existed and flourished under Euthydemus.