Ancient Bali Research Articles

IDENTIFIKASI AKTIVITAS YOGA PADA MASA BALI KUNO (Kajian Prasasti)

AbstractConsidering the strong concept of the god of kings who believe that a king is the incarnation of god, a king is also obliged to maintain his personal, physical, mental, authority and spiritual qualities, one of which can be achieved through ascetic activities. The type of research used is qualitative research, data collected through observation techniques and literature study, the database used is inscription data. Then data analysis was carried out using symbolic theory and deconstruction, then presented descriptively. The results of the research show that yoga activities are mentioned in inscriptions with the terms tapa, tapa hajj,bangunen partapanan, patapān and katyagan. Based on analysis compared with various literature studies related to yoga, the type of yoga practiced in ancient Bali is thought to lead to Raja Yoga.Keywords: Yoga Activities, Ancient Bali, and Inscription Studies

Built environment from the ancient Bali: The Balinese heritage for sustainable water management

Custom and tradition played essential roles in developing the built environment among the Balinese Hindu society for centuries. The wisdom in managing the environment has passed through generations, as demonstrated by some ancient remnants and Old Balinese inscriptions. We observed that glorifying the mountains in this society has long been a part of protecting the hydrologic cycle. This practice even started in the pre-Hindu era, as shown by sacred megalithic features adjacent to the natural reservoir, water spring, and mountainous forest. At some point, the behavior has successfully passed through times and even developed into a more complex socio-cultural system such as subak. Nevertheless, Balinese society is now facing the threat of hydrological disasters, primarily due to a rapid change in land use. Here, we describe the importance of revealing the value behind the ancient Balinese water-management system to gain people's resilience and sustainability. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) was used to measure the sustainability index and the leverage factors affecting water tradition in Bali. We reveal that the inheritance of the Balinese people's water management tradition is generally weak in each dimension. The socio-cultural dimension score is relatively high, with a sustainability score of 71.11%, which signifies that the society still trusts their culture of water resources management to protect nature. However, the economy and ecology dimensions' score low, with sustainability scores of 56.12 and 63.34%, respectively, indicating the need for improvement in economic matters through the policy strategy. Moreover, our study also suggests that the noble value of the cultural heritage related to the water management system needs to be revitalized and disseminated to the public. Hence, the implication is not limited to conserving the natural environment and cultural heritage. It also provides a reference for the current society regarding a built environment in harmony with sustainability principles.

VANAPRASTHA WELLNESS TOURISM: A CONCEPTUAL SYNTHESIS OF BALINESE TRADITIONAL VALUE

Humans are ancient creatures who live in the modern era; human evolution is closely related to the evolution of the natural surroundings. The concept of human connection to nature tradition of going into the forest is known almost throughout Asia by various names; in Japan, the ancient tradition of forest walks to reduce tension and mental fatigue is called Shinrin-yoku, translated in English as Forest Bathing. In ancient Bali, there was a tradition of spending one of the four stage of live (catur asrama) dealing with the forest, known as Vanaprastha. Bali have a great potential to develop eco-tourism and has no shortage of wellness retreats. This qualitative exploratory study, attempts to synthesize the concepts of forest bathing, ecotourism, wellness, and vanaprastha, as an initial proposal to mini theory development, with a typical qualitative approach adopting the five-phased cycle of data compilation, disassembling, reassembling, interpreting and concluding. Utilizing manual data analysis procedures. This study manages to disassemble concepts of the phenomena, subtract them down into distinctive elements, then reassemble the intersected elements into themes, to be then made into compounds to be interpreted and arranged as a new concept of sustainable nature and forest-based tourism aimed at improving the health of tourists through cultural healing while accelerating the capacity building of the host community on economic sustainability – practices that are geared towardslong-term economic growth, which minimize adverse impacts to social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community. Keywords: vanaprastha wellness tourism; forest bathing; ecotourism; wellness

TOYA CAMPUHAN: AIR DAN PERADABAN MANUSIA DALAM PENCIPTAAN SENI LUKIS

TThe purpose of this research and art creation is to create and present artworks with “Toya Campuhan: Water and Human Civilization” as the source of inspiration. World civilization, especially in ancient Bali, has emerged and developed around water as its source of life. Water sources, such as river confluences, act as a pulse, supporting the joints that contribute significantly to various parts of physical and spiritual life. Due to this, water must be conserved, so that they always provide benefits for the journey of human life far into the future. However, the current condition of rivers in Bali is really worrying, as various pollutants pollute them. Slowly but surely, the water condition will worsen if we continue to let it be. This evokes my empathy, emotion, and hope about a healthy river confluence as a mission that I wanted to convey through the creation of this painting. This creation model becomes a cultural expression as a medium for increasing public appreciation to raise the spirit of ecological resilience over the problem of water pollution. This creation is based on research, where the method consists of two parts, namely the research method and the creation method. The research method uses an anthropological approach, especially related to ethnography. Meanwhile, the creation method passes through three stages: exploration, improvisation, and the embodiment of the work, which is preceded by a study of similar works of art and literature review.

Tax In Nusantara: Historical Analysis of The Fiscal Sociology Dynamics

This study aims to analyze the application of taxes in several civilizations in Nusantara by using fiscal sociology perspective. This study analyzes the background of tax collection and the use of the funds, by identifying the existence of Modernization, Elite, and Militaristic backgrounds as the elements of fiscal sociology view. The literatures of taxation history were analyzed to examine the research purpose. The research comprises the identification of the traditional, colonial, independence, as well as the modern period. The result shows that the tax collection in Nusantara differ time by time, in term of the fiscal sociology perspective. Tax collection with the Elite background occurred in the traditional period, namely during the Majapahit, Ancient Mataram, and Ancient Bali kingdoms. As for the Dutch, British and Japanese colonialism, there was a change in which taxes were collected based on the Elite and Militaristic reason. Furthermore, from the Indonesian independence until now, taxation is levied against the background of Modernization Dimension.

Tax In Nusantara: Historical Analysis of The Fiscal Sociology Dynamics

This study aims to analyze the application of taxes in several civilizations in Nusantara by using fiscal sociology perspective. This study analyzes the background of tax collection and the use of the funds, by identifying the existence of Modernization, Elite, and Militaristic backgrounds as the elements of fiscal sociology view. The literatures of taxation history were analyzed to examine the research purpose. The research comprises the identification of the traditional, colonial, independence, as well as the modern period. The result shows that the tax collection in Nusantara differ time by time, in term of the fiscal sociology perspective. Tax collection with the Elite background occurred in the traditional period, namely during the Majapahit, Ancient Mataram, and Ancient Bali kingdoms. As for the Dutch, British and Japanese colonialism, there was a change in which taxes were collected based on the Elite and Militaristic reason. Furthermore, from the Indonesian independence until now, taxation is levied against the background of Modernization Dimension.

Social-Religious Activities in The Arts of Relief in Pakerisan and Petanu Watershed Gianyar, Bali

Gianyar has abundant archaeological remains from the prehistoric era, especially during the classical era. This can be seen from the cultural remains in the form of artifacts, eco-facts, sites, and others, reflecting the brilliant past of Gianyar civilization. This study aims to determine the socio-religious activities etched into the relief art in the Pakerisan and Petanu watersheds. The data was collected by observing relief artworks in the Pakerisan and Petanu watersheds, supported by relevant literature studies and in-depth interviews with key informants. This relief provides information on socio-religious life in ancient Bali, inspired by beliefs in ancestors, Buddhism and Shivaism accumulated in Shiva Siddhanta. This study resulted in findings in the form of socio-religious activities in the Pakerisan and Petanu watersheds. The socio-religious activities in question are mental development activities, exercising self-control, studying the nature of oneself and the universe, and using various worship media by choosing a location near a water source. This reflects the wisdom of the ancient Balinese era in maintaining harmony between various understandings, oneself, nature, and the Creator.

Keragaman Wujud Bangunan Tinggal Desa-desa Bali Aga dari Zaman Bali Kuno

Some of ancient villages in Bali which to be known as Bali Aga villages, existed since Ancient Balinese era from 8th to 13th century. As a product which created from problem solving effort, Bali Aga's dwelling buildings still being learned today in generalized interpretation, as if it could represent dwelling building from all Bali Aga villages. This article aims to analyze the variation of the Bali Aga’dwelling buildings appearance and the factors behind. Through the synchronous and diachronic approach at several Bali Aga villages which are known from discoveries incription’s name from beginning to the end of Ancient Balinese era, it can be known, although it built from the same concept, there are some variation in its appearance which is determined by local believes, environmental and spirit of the era. At the beginning of the Ancient Balinese era, there was a home and house for residents as a place for all activities. The change from Ancient Bali to the Middle Bali periods showed the transition which brought about variations in the dwelling buildings.

Pekatik in gambuh dramatic show

A dramatic performance that presents a play will be found by several figures according to their social status, which is a reflection of people’s lives that are staged on the stage. Gambuh, for example, as the mother of the Balinese drama that appeared afterward and has developed from the Ancient Bali era, Classical Bali to the present, there are at least several strata of characters that appear, one of which is the Pekatik actor. This servant character only appears according to the needs of the storyline being presented, has the character of being innocent, funny, and antawacana using Balinese. Now, in some Gambuh performances, the Pekatik character is very rare because after the 1990s this role was replaced by the Semar character. This study is very important as a source of written data that will be used as reference material for future researchers. This research uses qualitative methods, as well as data collection using literature review techniques, documentation, and interviews.

Pluralisme Ajaran Agama pada Masa Kerajaan Bali Kuna

<em>During the Ancient Kingdom in Bali, religious teachings flourished well. Some sects had developed during that time before finally assimilated by MPU Kuturan. Some relics indicate the existence of these sects which can be seen in Pusering Jagat Temple and Kebo Edan Temple in Pejeng Gianyar region. At that time, the sects developed well. However, in the course of time, their leaders began to scramble to divide followers. This raises concerns that initiative to unite among them needs to be done. In order to maintain its continuity, the union is considered necessary, but by still taking the main points of each teaching. This is what causes Hinduism in Bali to look different. When it comes to plurality, Hinduism is the container, because in it the fusion of several teachings which initially contradicted, but which can be adapted slowly. This plurality becomes very important because, in essence humans are different from one another. This difference raises a different perspective. By accommodating all the elements, finally everyone feels accommodated. This is the message of pluralism in the era of Ancient Bali.</em>

Wayang Kamasan Painting and Its Development in Bali’s Handicrafts

Abstract: The puppet arts in Bali can be found in the Wayang Kamasan painting at Kamasan Village, Klungkung Regency. This painting inspired the creation and development of new handicraft in Bali. The objectives this research: 1. To find the Wayang Kamasan painting in Klungkung Regency; 2. To find the development of handicraft types in Bali inspired by Wayang Kamasan painting. This research used a qualitative descriptive approach, and data collection by observation, interview, and documentation. The results that Wayang Kamasan painting is estimated to have existed since the reign of the ancient Bali kingdom, which was during the reign of King Dalem Waturenggong in Semarapura Klungkung. The Wayang Kamasan painting character painted on a canvas with a light brown base color, stiff, two-dimensional, and the description follows the applied standards. The figures depicted taken from Ramayana and Mahabharata story. The Balinese handicrafts inspired by Wayang Kamasan painting include ceramics, wovens such as sokasi/keben (basket made of woven bamboo), keris sheath, dulang (trays), bokor (bowls), guitars, beruk (coconut shell containers), and others. The authors expect in the future the Wayang Kamasan painting can survive, and emerges the world's concern for its preservation.

Peran Tokoh Agama dalam Birokrasi Pemerintahan Raja Marakata

In the period of ancient Bali, religious leaders who were generally known to play a role in religious aspects had also an essential role in the government bureaucracy of a king. This was seen in the reign of King Marakata that the inscriptions he issued in 944 ?aka to 962 ?aka. The inscriptions claimed that the existence of royal government positions held by complete religious leaders indicated by their titles and symbols. There were two purposes of this study. The first was to explain the position and role of religious leaders in the bureaucracy of the government of King Marakata. Second, explained about the mutation of positions of religious leaders. The method used in data collection is in the form of observation, interviews, and using library research. The analysis used is a qualitative analysis, comparative analysis, and contextual analysis. The theories used are structural functionalism theory and power relations theory. Based on theanalysis of the contents of King Marakata’s inscriptions, the results obtained that the position and the role of religious leaders are interrelated. Religious leadersdomiciled in the holy place and government bureaucracy. Religious leadersact as clergy and officials both as structural officials and functional officials. The mutation of positions of the religious leaders occurred on his act as an official or clergy. Factors that affect mutations of positions are death, resignation, a dismissal, the appointment, a decline or a promotion, and ability.

SAPATHA DALAM RELASI KUASA DAN PENDISIPLINAN PADA MASYARAKAT BALI KUNO ABAD IX-XIV MASEHI

Inscription is a written record which contains regulation or law and should be obeyed by officers or functionaries and community in general. Sapatha or curse was normally written at the end of the inscription which states the punishment for those who objected the regulations or laws. People punished morally if they objected the regulations or law include seven times to be reincarnated and surfering in all their lives. Sapatha or curse was seen as a discourse in relation of power and knowledge of the kings who reigned in the Old Balinese period. This article explores the sapatha or curse in Old Balinese inscriptions dated from the IX up to XIV century. The aim of this article is to describe the relationship of power and knowledge, as well as discipline and punishment in ancient Bali. Data was gained through documentary studies and interpreted hermeneutically. Theories of ideology, knowledge and power, as well as discipline and punishment will be applied in this article.

STRATEGI PRAJURU HULU APAD DALAM MENGIMPLEMENTASIKAN AJARAN TRI HITA KARANADI DESA PAKRAMAN PENGLIPURAN KABUPATEN BANGLI

<p><em>The village of Pakraman Penglipuran is a Traditional Village that still embraces its governmental system such as Ancient Bali Village, both customs, and awig-awig used guidelines or benchmarks for implementation of the operational base of Penglipuran society, Tri Hita Karana. Part of Tri Hita Karana are: (a) Parahyangan (b) Pawongan, (c) Palemahan</em><em>. </em><em>The issues that will be discussed are 1) how is the strategy of Prajuru Hulu Apad in implementing Tri Hita Karana teaching in Pakraman Village Penglipuran of Bangli Regency 2) What are the constraints faced by Prajuru Hulu Apad in implementing Tri Hita Karana teaching in Pakraman Village Penglipuran of Bangli Regency? How is the impact of the implementation of Tri Hita Karana teaching in Pakraman Penglipuran Village in Bangli Regency? This research uses qualitative research through observation, interview and literature. Informants were determined by snowball sampling.</em><em></em></p><p><em>The results are described as follows: Pengripuran Village Pakraman shows its existence in implementing Tri Hita Karana in sustainable tourism development. The strategy undertaken by Prajuru Hulu Apad in implementing this Tri Hita Karana teaching through the development of Pura, the implementation of religious ceremony (Parahyangan aspect), making coral pawongan (aspect of Pawongan) and arranging environment and preserving bamboo forest (Palemahan aspect)</em><em>. </em><em>The obstacles faced by the Upper Apad Upstream have not been seen. However Prajuru Hulu Apad worried to the younger generation to still be able to implement this Tri Hita Karana teachings. This makes the Upper Apad Apad hold guidance to the younger generation.</em><em> </em><em>Strategies undertaken certainly have an impact, namely the social impacts embodied in the relationship that is established with a sense of kinship; the religious impacts embodied by increased confidence and trust; impacts of environmental conservation embodied by environmental arrangement and maintenance</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p>

Aspek Religi Pada Masa Pemerintahan Raja Ugrasena (Kajian Epigrafi)

Religion is an important part of human life, because it is considered to have meaning in life. Because it takes an important role in the existence of society and social community. All aspect of religion contained in the inscription have an important role in the reign of the king Ugrasena. The problem discussed in this research was what are the aspects of religion that contained in the inscription during the reign of the king Ugrasena and related to the religious impact to the social life of society during the reign of the King Ugrasena This research used some method of collecting data, analyzing the data, and theory to solve the problem. The method of collecting data that used were observation, literature review, and interview. The next step, the data were procesed by using qualitative analysis, contextual analysis and analysis etnoarchaeology. The theories that used as the basic theory in this research is the theory of religion, ritual theory and fungsional structural theory to determine the role of religion to social life of the society during the reign of King Ugrasena. The results of this study found that the religious aspects, which were contained in inscriptions during the reign of King Ugrasena that there were the begining of the sects in ancient Bali, religious ceremony, sacred building, the tools of religious ceremony, as well as the religious figures in the erly days of ancient Bali. The role of religion to the social life of the society in the reign of the King Ugrasena showed that religion had a role in the society social interaction such as the basis of reference in the society, and also play a role as the legitimation of the power of King Ugrasena Kingdom

Investigating the presence of foreigners and pig husbandry in ancient Bali: Stable isotopes in human and domestic animal tooth enamel

Archaeological excavations at the Sembiran and Pacung archaeological sites in coastal Bali, Indonesia, have yielded pottery sherds and other material culture that derives from India and other locations on the Asian mainland, demonstrating that about 2000years ago the north coast of Bali was in contact with cultures from mainland Asia. The area may in fact have hosted a harbour and perhaps even a community of foreign traders or immigrants. The Sembiran and Pacung excavations also yielded human remains from the same time period. We performed strontium, oxygen and carbon stable isotope analyses of tooth enamel from nine human skeletons to investigate whether the people interred at Sembiran and Pacung were from the local area or had travelled there from a distant home. Strontium isotope ratios were also measured in seven archaeological pig (Sus cf. scrofa) teeth, one archaeological canid tooth, and five modern snail (Achatina fulica) shells to help identify the local strontium isotope signature. The people interred at Pacung and Sembiran had similar oxygen and carbon isotope ratios but varying strontium isotope ratios which were higher than expected based on geology. Despite the abundance of foreign materials recovered, our isotope data can be most parsimoniously explained as deriving from a group of locally raised individuals who had a varying mix of coastal and inland plant resources in their diets. In addition, strontium isotope ratios from the pig teeth show interesting clustering, suggesting that two or three different husbandry practices may have been employed.