Anatomical Patterns Research Articles

Anatomy and Classification of Pelvic Trauma

Pelvic fracture is one of the most complex injuries in trauma treatment. Bleeding continues to be one of the primary causes of death from pelvic fracture, and the severity of bleeding is not necessarily correlated with the fracture pattern. The priorities in managing pelvic fractures include controlling bleeding. Historically, classification systems only consider the anatomical fracture pattern, which does not correlate with the outcomes. The World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) classification considers both the pelvic fracture pattern and the hemodynamic condition of the patient. Vascular injuries caused by pelvic fractures are potentially lethal because they often manifest as non-compressible multifocal venous bleeding (80–85% of pelvic bleeding) and less frequently as arterial bleeding (15–20% of pelvic bleeding). The presence of vascular injury and open pelvic fractures are independent factors contributing to mortality. Another fundamental factor in the management of pelvic vascular trauma is time [1]. In this context, the assessment of potentially significant vascular injury and timely hemorrhage control should be the highest priorities in the acute management of these injuries. Classification of pelvic injuries that considers both the fracture pattern and the hemodynamic status of the patient, such as the WSES classification, appears to have greater utility in clinical practice compared to the diffused anatomical classification.

Diffusion tensor imaging reveals subclinical alterations in muscles of patients with Becker muscular dystrophy.

Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is a relatively less investigated neuromuscular disease, partially overlapping the phenotype of Duchenne dystrophy (DMD). Physiopathological and anatomical patterns are still not comprehensively known, despite recent effort in the search of early biomarkers. Aim of this study was to selectively compare normal appearing muscles of BMD with healthy controls. Among a pool of 40 BMD patients and 20 healthy controls, Sartorius and gracilis muscles were selected on the basis of a blinded clinical quantitative/qualitative evaluation, if classified as normal (0 or 1 on Mercuri scale) and subsequently segmented on diffusion tensor MRI scans with a tractographic approach. Diffusion derived parameters were extracted. Non-parametric testing revealed significant differences between normal and normal appearing BMD derived parameters in both muscles, the difference being more evident in sartorius. Bonferroni-corrected P-values (<.05) of Mann-Whitney test could discriminate between BMD and controls for standard deviation of all diffusion parameters (mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, axial and radial diffusivity) in both sartorius and gracilis, while in sartorius the significant difference was found also in the average values of the same parameters (with exception of RD). This method could identify microstructural alterations in BMD normal appearing sartorius and gracilis. Diffusion based MRI could be able to identify possible early or subclinical microstructural alterations in dystrophic patients with BMD.

Marfan and Loeys-Dietz aortic phenotype: A potential tool for diagnosis and management

ObjectiveIn heritable aortic diseases, different vascular involvement may occur with potential variable implications in aortic dilation/dissection risk. This study aimed to analyze the aortic anatomy of individuals with Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome to identify possible morphological differences. MethodsComputed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracoabdominal aorta from the proximal supra-aortic vessels to the femoral bifurcation level of 114 patients with Marfan and Loeys-Dietz syndromes and 20 matched control subjects were examined. Aortic diameters, areas, length, and tortuosity were measured in different aortic segments using specific vessel analysis software. ResultsPatients with Marfan syndrome showed a higher prevalence of ascending aorta and aortic root dilation (P = .011), larger and longer aortic roots (P = .013) with pear-shaped phenotype, larger isthmus/descending aorta diameter ratio (P = .015), and larger suprarenal aorta and iliac arteries. Patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome showed longer indexed segments and a significantly longer arch (P = .006) with type 2/3 arch prevalence (P = .097). Measurement ratios analysis provided cut-off values (aortic root to ascending aorta length/aortic root diameter, aortic root/sinotubular junction, aortic root/ascending aorta diameter) differentiating patients with Marfan syndrome from patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome, even in the early stage of the disease. ConclusionsBoth syndromes show peculiar anatomic patterns at different aortic levels irrespective of aortic dilation and disease severity. These features may represent the expression of different genetic mutations on aortic development, with a potential impact on prognosis and possibly contributing to better management of the diseases. The systematic adoption of whole body imaging with magnetic resonance or computed tomography should always be considered, because they allow a complete vascular assessment with practical indicators of differential diagnosis.

Comparative Anatomy, Pollen and Seed Morphology of Two Verbascum Varieties (Scrophulariaceae) and Their Taxonomic Significance

In this study, the anatomical, palynological, and seed micromorphological traits of two Verbascum varieties found in the Southeastern Anatolia Region were investigated. These variations are V. sinuatum subsp. sinuatum var. adenosepalum Murb. and V. sinuatum subsp. sinuatum var. sinuatum L. Cross-sections from the taxa's roots, stems, and leaves were viewed under a light microscope for anatomical study. The xylem components play a significant role in the taxonomic root portions. The pith area is a broad region in stem sections, and the upper portion of the epidermis cells is encircled by a distinct indented cuticle layer. The leaves' primary vein is represented by open collateral bundles. Pollen grains in Verbascum sinuatum subsp. sinuatum var. adenosepalum are tricolporate-tricolpate, prolate-spheroidal, and have reticulate exine ornamentation. Similarly, pollen grains in V. sinuatum subsp. sinuatum var. sinuatum are tricolporate-tricolpate, prolate, and have reticulate exine ornamentation. The brown seeds of V. sinuatum subsp. sinuatum var. adenosepalum and V. sinuatum subsp. sinuatum var. sinuatum have an alveolate, deep and wide posterior region, a truncated beak, and a prismatic-oblong shape. The ornamentation of the seed coat is made up of irregular polygonal cells that have noticeable and dense vesicles. The importance of a few traits in the Verbascum variety delimitation has been investigated in this study. For the purpose of supporting ancestral traits in the infrageneric classification and helping with genus systematics, some pollen and seed characters which are typically connected to pollen and seed micromorphological and anatomical patterns can be applied.

Prediction of Occult Hemorrhage in the Lower Body Negative Pressure Model: Initial Validation of Machine Learning Approaches.

Detection of occult hemorrhage (OH) before progression to clinically apparent changes in vital signs remains an important clinical problem in managing trauma patients. The resource-intensiveness associated with continuous clinical patient monitoring and rescue from frank shock makes accurate early detection and prediction with noninvasive measurement technology a desirable innovation. Despite significant efforts directed toward the development of innovative noninvasive diagnostics, the implementation and performance of the newest bedside technologies remain inadequate. This poor performance may reflect the limitations of univariate systems based on one sensor in one anatomic location. It is possible that when signals are measured with multiple modalities in multiple locations, the resulting multivariate anatomic and temporal patterns of measured signals may provide additional discriminative power over single technology univariate measurements. We evaluated the potential superiority of multivariate methods over univariate methods. Additionally, we utilized machine learning-based models to compare the performance of noninvasive-only to noninvasive-plus-invasive measurements in predicting the onset of OH. We applied machine learning methods to preexisting datasets derived using the lower body negative pressure human model of simulated hemorrhage. Employing multivariate measured physiological signals, we investigated the extent to which machine learning methods can effectively predict the onset of OH. In particular, we applied 2 ensemble learning methods, namely, random forest and gradient boosting. Analysis of precision, recall, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve showed a superior performance of multivariate approach to that of the univariate ones. In addition, when using both invasive and noninvasive features, random forest classifier had a recall 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.81 to 0.86 with a precision 95% CI of 0.65 to 0.72. Interestingly, when only noninvasive features were employed, the results worsened only slightly to a recall 95% CI of 0.80 to 0.85 and a precision 95% CI of 0.61 to 0.73. Multivariate ensemble machine learning-based approaches for the prediction of hemodynamic instability appear to hold promise for the development of effective solutions. In the lower body negative pressure multivariate hemorrhage model, predictions based only on noninvasive measurements performed comparably to those using both invasive and noninvasive measurements.

Prevalence of Concomitant Distal Suprascapular Nerve Injury in Patients with Root-level Brachial Plexus Palsy: A Clinical Anatomic Study of Injury Pattern.

Root-level suprascapular nerve palsy is commonly reconstructed via spinal accessory nerve transfer in brachial plexus injury, yet some patients fail to recover. We hypothesize that this relates to concomitant undetected lesions distal to the nerve transfer coaptation. 67 patients with plexus injury and C5/6 root involvement were included in this prospective study between March 2021 and October 2022. During spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer the entire suprascapular nerve was explored, via cresenteric clavicular osteotomy, and anatomic variations and injury patterns categorized. Proximal root involvement was C5-C6 (n=8), C5-C7 (n=13), C5-C8 (n=17), C5-T1(29). Mean time from injury to surgery was 5.6 months. The suprascapular nerve was found to be injured in 16/67 cases (24%). In 9 cases (13%) the lesion was proximal to the suprascapular fossa. In 3 cases (4%) the suprascapular nerve was injured both proximally and within the fossa, and in 4 cases (6%) in the fossa or distal to it. Therefore, in 7 cases (10%), a traditional suprascapular nerve transfer would not successfully bypass the zone of injury of the suprascapular nerve in the fossa. Of the 16 cases of concomitant suprascapular nerve injury, 1/8 in occurred in C5-C6 root injury, 4/13 of C5-C7 root injury, 5/17 of C5-C8 root injury and 6/39 in total paralysis. Concomitant distal suprascapular nerve injury in brachial plexus stretch palsy occurred in 24% of the cases. This warrants attention from the surgeon to identify distal lesions and to perform the nerve transfer beyond any secondary lesions.

Endovenous Laser Ablation of Incompetent Anterior Accessory Saphenous Veins of Different Anatomical Patterns Using Bare-Tip Fibers: A Case Series

Endovenous Laser Ablation of Incompetent Anterior Accessory Saphenous Veins of Different Anatomical Patterns Using Bare-Tip Fibers: A Case Series

LiViT-Net: A U-Net-like, lightweight Transformer network for retinal vessel segmentation

The intricate task of precisely segmenting retinal vessels from images, which is critical for diagnosing various eye diseases, presents significant challenges for models due to factors such as scale variation, complex anatomical patterns, low contrast, and limitations in training data. Building on these challenges, we offer novel contributions spanning model architecture, loss function design, robustness, and real-time efficacy. To comprehensively address these challenges, a new U-Net-like, lightweight Transformer network for retinal vessel segmentation is presented. By integrating MobileViT+ and a novel local representation in the encoder, our design emphasizes lightweight processing while capturing intricate image structures, enhancing vessel edge precision. A novel joint loss is designed, leveraging the characteristics of weighted cross-entropy and Dice loss to effectively guide the model through the task's challenges, such as foreground-background imbalance and intricate vascular structures. Exhaustive experiments were performed on three prominent retinal image databases. The results underscore the robustness and generalizability of the proposed LiViT-Net, which outperforms other methods in complex scenarios, especially in intricate environments with fine vessels or vessel edges. Importantly, optimized for efficiency, LiViT-Net excels on devices with constrained computational power, as evidenced by its fast performance. To demonstrate the model proposed in this study, a freely accessible and interactive website was established (https://hz-t3.matpool.com:28765?token=aQjYR4hqMI), revealing real-time performance with no login requirements.

The sonographic features of lymph node venous networks and flow patterns in patients with primary chronic venous disease.

Our study aims to enhance the understanding of lymph node venous networks (LNVNs) by summarising their anatomical, sonographic features, and reflux patterns. We examined 241 legs from 141 patients with primary chronic venous disease (CVD) using duplex ultrasound. The findings indicated variations in the shape, size, vascularity, and echogenicity of LNVN. The superficial inguinal lymph node with reflux appeared slightly larger, exhibiting higher velocities in the hilar artery. Regarding connections, venous flow within LNVN was predominantly drained through the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ), anterior accessory great saphenous vein (AAGSV), and great saphenous vein (GSV). A significant number of LNVNs were observed to be associated with anterolateral thigh tributaries. The study also identified valve cusps within LNVN. This study revealed a 12% prevalence of primary LNVN. Understanding the anatomical and haemodynamic features of LNVN informs treatment strategies and potentially helps prevent the recurrence of varicose veins.

Classification of anatomic patterns of peripheral artery disease with automated machine learning (AutoML).

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of novel automated machine learning (AutoML) in vascular medicine by developing a discriminative artificial intelligence (AI) model for the classification of anatomical patterns of peripheral artery disease (PAD). Random open-source angiograms of lower limbs were collected using a web-indexed search. An experienced researcher in vascular medicine labelled the angiograms according to the most applicable grade of femoropopliteal disease in the Global Limb Anatomic Staging System (GLASS). An AutoML model was trained using the Vertex AI (Google Cloud) platform to classify the angiograms according to the GLASS grade with a multi-label algorithm. Following deployment, we conducted a test using 25 random angiograms (five from each GLASS grade). Model tuning through incremental training by introducing new angiograms was executed to the limit of the allocated quota following the initial evaluation to determine its effect on the software's performance. We collected 323 angiograms to create the AutoML model. Among these, 80 angiograms were labelled as grade 0 of femoropopliteal disease in GLASS, 114 as grade 1, 34 as grade 2, 25 as grade 3 and 70 as grade 4. After 4.5h of training, the AI model was deployed. The AI self-assessed average precision was 0.77 (0 is minimal and 1 is maximal). During the testing phase, the AI model successfully determined the GLASS grade in 100% of the cases. The agreement with the researcher was almost perfect with the number of observed agreements being 22 (88%), Kappa = 0.85 (95% CI 0.69-1.0). The best results were achieved in predicting GLASS grade 0 and grade 4 (initial precision: 0.76 and 0.84). However, the AI model exhibited poorer results in classifying GLASS grade 3 (initial precision: 0.2) compared to other grades. Disagreements between the AI and the researcher were associated with the low resolution of the test images. Incremental training expanded the initial dataset by 23% to a total of 417 images, which improved the model's average precision by 11% to 0.86. After a brief training period with a limited dataset, AutoML has demonstrated its potential in identifying and classifying the anatomical patterns of PAD, operating unhindered by the factors that can affect human analysts, such as fatigue or lack of experience. This technology bears the potential to revolutionize outcome prediction and standardize evidence-based revascularization strategies for patients with PAD, leveraging its adaptability and ability to continuously improve with additional data. The pursuit of further research in AutoML within the field of vascular medicine is both promising and warranted. However, it necessitates additional financial support to realize its full potential.

Acute Stress Increases Striatal Connectivity With Cortical Regions Enriched for μ and κ Opioid Receptors

BackgroundUnderstanding the neurobiological effects of stress is critical for addressing the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Using a dimensional approach involving individuals with differing degree of MDD risk, we investigated 1) the effects of acute stress on cortico-cortical and subcortical-cortical functional connectivity (FC) and 2) how such effects are related to gene expression and receptor maps. MethodsAcross 115 participants (37 control, 39 remitted MDD, 39 current MDD), we evaluated the effects of stress on FC during the Montreal Imaging Stress Task. Using partial least squares regression, we investigated genes whose expression in the Allen Human Brain Atlas was associated with anatomical patterns of stress-related FC change. Finally, we correlated stress-related FC change maps with opioid and GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid A) receptor distribution maps derived from positron emission tomography. ResultsResults revealed robust effects of stress on global cortical connectivity, with increased global FC in frontoparietal and attentional networks and decreased global FC in the medial default mode network. Moreover, robust increases emerged in FC of the caudate, putamen, and amygdala with regions from the ventral attention/salience network, frontoparietal network, and motor networks. Such regions showed preferential expression of genes involved in cell-to-cell signaling (OPRM1, OPRK1, SST, GABRA3, GABRA5), similar to previous genetic MDD studies. ConclusionsAcute stress altered global cortical connectivity and increased striatal connectivity with cortical regions that express genes that have previously been associated with imaging abnormalities in MDD and are rich in μ and κ opioid receptors. These findings point to overlapping circuitry underlying stress response, reward, and MDD.

DCP: A pipeline toolbox for diffusion connectome.

The brain structural network derived from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) reflects the white matter connections between brain regions, which can quantitatively describe the anatomical connection pattern of the entire brain. The development of structural brain connectome leads to the emergence of a large number of dMRI processing packages and network analysis toolboxes. However, the fully automated network analysis based on dMRI data remains challenging. In this study, we developed a cross-platform MATLAB toolbox named "Diffusion Connectome Pipeline" (DCP) for automatically constructing brain structural networks and calculating topological attributes of the networks. The toolbox integrates a few developed packages, including FSL, Diffusion Toolkit, SPM, Camino, MRtrix3, and MRIcron. It can process raw dMRI data collected from any number of participants, and it is also compatible with preprocessed files from public datasets such as HCP and UK Biobank. Moreover, a friendly graphical user interface allows users to configure their processing pipeline without any programming. To prove the capacity and validity of the DCP, two tests were conducted with using DCP. The results showed that DCP can reproduce the findings in our previous studies. However, there are some limitations of DCP, such as relying on MATLAB and being unable to fixel-based metrics weighted network. Despite these limitations, overall, the DCP software provides a standardized, fully automated computational workflow for white matter network construction and analysis, which is beneficial for advancing future human brain connectomics application research.

Morphological and anatomical studies of Ocimum basilicum L. cultivated in Al-Marj city, Libya

Ocimum basilicum L. belonging to the Lamiaceae family known as the ‘King of Herbs has been used as traditional medicine for various ailments. The aim of the present study is to provide new properties for the identification and description of this species. The morphological and anatomical patterns were investigated by light microscope. The features of floral morphology such as verticillaster number, bract, calyx, corolla and stamens are important characters to distinguish this species. The stomata are present in both epidermises, being of diacytic and anisocytic types. Vascular supply of stem consists of four arcs while in leaves and petiole are continuous bundles. Mesophyll dorsiventral of one row of rectangular palsiade tissue adaxially followed rows of spongy tissue. We observe morphologically different types of glandular and non-glandular trichomes in all the studied organs. The different morphological characters in the trichomes have very important taxonomic values.

Differences in Anatomic Adaptation and Injury Patterns Related to Valgus Extension Overload in Overhead Throwing Athletes.

The purpose of our study was to determine differences in adaptative and injury patterns in the elbow related to valgus extension overload (VEO) in overhead throwing athletes by age. A total of 86 overhead throwing athletes and 23 controls underwent MRI or MR arthrography (MRA) of the elbow. Throwing athletes were divided by age into three groups: ≤16 years (26 subjects), 17-19 years (25 subjects), and ≥20 years (35 subjects). Consensus interpretation of each MRI was performed, with measurements of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) thickness and subchondral sclerosis at the radial head, humeral trochlea, and olecranon process. A higher frequency of apophyseal and stress injuries was seen in adolescent athletes and increased incidence of soft tissue injuries was observed in older athletes. Early adaptive and degenerative changes were observed with high frequency independent of age. Significant differences were observed between athletes and controls for UCL thickness (p < 0.001) and subchondral sclerosis at the radial head (p < 0.001), humeral trochlea (p < 0.001), and olecranon process (p < 0.001). Significant differences based on athlete age were observed for UCL thickness (p < 0.001) and subchondral sclerosis at the olecranon process (p = 0.002). Our study highlights differences in anatomic adaptations related to VEO at the elbow between overhead throwing athletes and control subjects, as well as across age in throwing athletes.

Effect of indented growth rings on spruce wood mechanical properties and subsequent violin dynamics

Abstract In this study, the influence of “bear claw” or indented growth ring anatomical patterns on the vibro-mechanical behavior of spruce wood have been investigated, particularly in the context of utilizing these singularities/specific features for the construction of violins. By employing vibrometry and modal analysis followed by finite element model updating, the vibro-mechanical properties (specific stiffness in longitudinal (L) and radial (R) directions and shear LR plane, and associated damping) of the indented growth rings spruce were identified and implemented in a numerical model of a violin. Results have revealed a significant increase in specific moduli in R direction and LR plane and decrease in L direction of spruce wood in the presence of indented growth rings, therefore accompanied by a reduction in anisotropic elastic properties, in comparison to spruce without these patterns. These properties led to changes in violin dynamics, globally increasing resonance frequencies and changing the shape of the vibration modes. The simulated frequency response function of the violin at the bridge suggested a global shift of the admittance of the bridge toward higher frequencies. These results suggest a potential impact of indented growth rings of spruce on the acoustic properties of instruments.

Prognostic factors associated with risk of stroke following blunt cerebrovascular injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background & objectivesBlunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) includes carotid and/or vertebral artery injury following trauma, and conveys an increased stroke risk. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive summary of prognostic factors associated with risk of stroke following BCVI. MethodsWe searched the EMBASE and MEDLINE databases from January 1946 to June 2023. We identified studies reporting associations between patient or injury factors and risk of stroke following BCVI. We performed meta-analyses of odds ratios (ORs) using the random effects method and assessed individual study risk of bias using the QUIPS tool. We separately pooled adjusted and unadjusted analyses, highlighting the estimate with the higher certainty. ResultsWe included 26 cohort studies, involving 20,458 patients with blunt trauma. The overall incidence of stroke following BCVI was 7.7 %. Studies were predominantly retrospective cohorts from North America and included both carotid and vertebral artery injuries. Diagnosis of BCVI was most commonly confirmed with CT angiography. We demonstrated with moderate to high certainty that factors associated with increased risk of stroke included carotid artery injury (as compared to vertebral artery injury, unadjusted odds ratio [uOR] 1.94, 95 % CI 1.62 to 2.32), Grade III Injury (as compared to grade I or II) (uOR 2.45, 95 % CI 1.88 to 3.20), Grade IV injury (uOR 3.09, 95 % CI 2.20 to 4.35), polyarterial injury (uOR 3.11 (95 % CI 2.05 to 4.72), occurrence of hypotension at the time of hospital admission (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.32, 95 % CI 0.87 to 2.03) and higher total body injury severity (aOR 5.91, 95 % CI 1.90 to 18.39). ConclusionLocal anatomical injury pattern, overall burden of injury and flow dynamics contribute to BCVI-related stroke risk. These findings provide the foundational evidence base for risk stratification to support clinical decision making and further research.

Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum in the Peruvian population.

The foramen magnum, as an anatomical structure, holds clinical and functional significance due to its strategic location in the craniovertebral transition. A detailed understanding of its dimensions and shapes is crucial for better comprehension of related pathologies and for enhancing neurosurgical techniques within a specific population. The objective is to measure precise morphometric reference points of the foramen magnum in individuals of Peruvian ancestry, aiming to establish specific anatomical patterns and potential variations within this population. The study was conducted on 17 unidentified skulls donated to the NeuroZone3D Research Center, utilizing an inelastic and soft measuring tape as the tool. Our report considered direct anthropometric measurement techniques with data collection performed by a single researcher. Distinct morphometric characteristics were observed in the foramen magnum of the Peruvian population compared to other studies. The average measurements of the skull base revealed a foramen magnum with a mean length of 33.80 mm and a width of 28.70 mm, along with right condyles measuring 25 mm in length and 14.10 mm in width, and left condyles measuring 23.80 mm in length and 13.90 mm in width. The morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum in the Peruvian population provides valuable insights into specific anatomical features within this ethnic group. These findings could have significant implications across various medical and surgical disciplines, from interpreting diagnostic images to designing more precise therapeutic interventions tailored to this population.

One-Shot Weakly-Supervised Segmentation in 3D Medical Images.

Deep neural networks typically require accurate and a large number of annotations to achieve outstanding performance in medical image segmentation. One-shot and weakly-supervised learning are promising research directions that reduce labeling effort by learning a new class from only one annotated image and using coarse labels instead, respectively. In this work, we present an innovative framework for 3D medical image segmentation with one-shot and weakly-supervised settings. Firstly a propagation-reconstruction network is proposed to propagate scribbles from one annotated volume to unlabeled 3D images based on the assumption that anatomical patterns in different human bodies are similar. Then a multi-level similarity denoising module is designed to refine the scribbles based on embeddings from anatomical- to pixel-level. After expanding the scribbles to pseudo masks, we observe the miss-classified voxels mainly occur at the border region and propose to extract self-support prototypes for the specific refinement. Based on these weakly-supervised segmentation results, we further train a segmentation model for the new class with the noisy label training strategy. Experiments on three CT and one MRI datasets show the proposed method obtains significant improvement over the state-of-the-art methods and performs robustly even under severe class imbalance and low contrast. Code is publicly available at https://github.com/LWHYC/OneShot_WeaklySeg.

Ultra-structural organization of the gallbladder mucous membrane of Anglo-Nubian goat.

Currently, studies devoted to establish the anatomical and histological patterns of the internal organs organization in animals depending on their species and breed, as well as conditions of detention are the most relevant. The liver morphology in representatives of the ruminant family has not been sufficiently studied. Questions regarding the micro- and ultra-structural organizations of the gallbladder wall remain open. The aim of the study was to establish the ultra-structural organization features of the gallbladder mucous membrane of an Anglo-Nubian goat. The material for the study was the gallbladder wall's fragments of an adult Anglo-Nubian goat. Further processing of the obtained samples was carried out to acquire histological preparations. Ultra-thin sections were photographed in a Jem-1011 electron microscope at magnifications of 2,500 - 3,000. It was found that the gallbladder mucous membrane of an Anglo-Nubian goat is formed by the epithelial layer and its own lamina. The epithelial layer is represented by a single-layer prismatic epithelium. The nuclei are light, with clear contours. The apical surface of epithelial cells forms microvilli and the cytoplasm of the apical pole of cells contains many electron-dense secretory granules. The lateral surfaces of the cells in their apical part are interconnected by tight contacts. The lamina propria is formed by loose connective tissue containing many blood vessels and nerve fibers. Referring to the scientific literature describing possible pathologies of the gallbladder, we can conclude that the picture presented in the results generally corresponds to the position of the gallbladder without pathologies.

Decoding the Mysteries of the Obturator Nerve

The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the obturator nerve in detail, elucidating its intricate anatomical course and complex branching patterns. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing scholarly sources, this study aims to unravel the complexities of the obturator nerve and provide nuanced insights for professionals in the fields of morphology and clinical practice. This investigation makes a valuable contribution to the body of knowledge on the neuroanatomical intricacies of the obturator nerve, thereby enriching the understanding of anatomists, morphologists, and physicians.