Anatomical Aspect Research Articles

Does the Calcaneus Serve as Hypomochlion within the Lower Limb by a Myofascial Connection?—A Systematic Review

(1) Background: Clinical approaches have depicted interconnectivity between the Achilles tendon and the plantar fascia. This concept has been applied in rehabilitation, prevention, and in conservative management plans, yet potential anatomical and histological connection is not fully understood. (2) Objective: To explore the possible explanation that the calcaneus acts as a hypomochlion. (3) Methods: 2 databases (Pubmed and Livivo) were searched and studies, including those that examined the relationship of the calcaneus to the Achilles tendon and plantar fascia and its biomechanical role. The included studies highlighted either the anatomical, histological, or biomechanical aspect of the lower limb. (4) Results: Seventeen studies were included. Some studies depicted an anatomical connection that slowly declines with age. Others mention a histological similarity and continuity via the paratenon, while a few papers have brought forward mechanical reasoning. (5) Conclusion: The concept of the calcaneus acting as a fulcrum in the lower limb can partially be supported by anatomical, histological, and biomechanical concepts. Despite the plethora of research, a comprehensive understanding is yet to be investigated. Further research exploring the precise interaction is necessary.

The Morphological and Anatomical Traits of the Leaf in Representative Vinca Species Observed on Indoor- and Outdoor-Grown Plants

Morphological and anatomical traits of the Vinca leaf were examined using microscopy techniques. Outdoor Vinca minor and V. herbacea plants and greenhouse cultivated V. major and V. major var. variegata plants had interspecific variations. All Vinca species leaves are hypostomatic. However, except for V. minor leaf, few stomata were also present on the upper epidermis. V. minor leaf had the highest stomatal index and V. major had the lowest, while the distribution of trichomes on the upper epidermis was species-specific. Differentiated palisade and spongy parenchyma tissues were present in all Vinca species’ leaves. However, V. minor and V. herbacea leaves had a more organized anatomical aspect, compared to V. major and V. major var. variegata leaves. Additionally, as a novelty, the cellular to intercellular space ratio of the Vinca leaf’s mesophyll was revealed herein with the help of computational analysis. Lipid droplets of different sizes and aspects were localized in the spongy parenchyma cells. Ultrastructural characteristics of the cuticle and its epicuticular waxes were described for the first time. Moreover, thick layers of cutin seemed to be characteristic of the outdoor plants only. This could be an adaptation to the unpredictable environmental conditions, but nevertheless, it might influence the chemical composition of plants.

Effect of Field Triage Training on Emergency Medical Technicians in Taipei City.

Injury is a leading cause of death among young adults. An accurately implemented fi led triage scheme (FTS) by emergency medical technicians (EMTs) is the first step for delivering right patients to the right hospital. However, the training effect of FTS on EMTs with different levels and backgrounds has scarcely been reported. We evaluated training effects of FTS among EMTs in Taipei. Standard FTS contains physiologic status, anatomical sites of injury, and mechanism of injury criteria. The intervention was a 30-minute lecture and pre-and-post tests, each containing five questions about trauma severity judgment (i.e., mechanism of injury [2 questions], anatomic sites of injury [2 questions], and physiological status [1 question]). The change in EMT accuracy was measured before and after training. Subgroup analyses were performed across EMTs with different levels and seniorities. From September 1, 2015 to March 31, 2016, 821 EMTs were enrolled, including 740 EMT-intermediates and 81 paramedics. Overall, EMT accuracy improved after the intervention in the intermediate (73.2% vs.85.5%, p < 0.05) and paramedic (76.0% vs.85.7%, p <0.01) groups. All trainees showed improvements in physiology and mechanism criteria, but paramedics showed decreased accuracy in anatomic criteria. The subgroup analysis showed that accuracy positively associated with prehospital care experience for major trauma cases 1 year before the training course, and the anatomical criterion accuracy was adversely associated with paramedic seniority. Field triage training can improve EMT accuracy for FTS. The anatomical aspect is more diffi cult to improve and should be emphasized in FTS training courses.

Pre and Post-Operative Alterations of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome Following Bariatric Surgery.

Obesity in the United States is increasing at a startling rate, with more individuals turning towards bariatric surgery as treatment. A noteworthy aspect of obesity pathology is its interplay with the gastrointestinal microbiome. The gastrointestinal microbiome comprising trillions of microorganisms affects the dynamics of digestion, energy expenditure, and neurologic mechanisms that affect dietary preference. This literature review used PubMed to search for articles about obesity, gastrointestinal microbiome, and bariatric surgery. The researchers used Medical Subject Heading keywords, and then the relevant literature was selected and filtered using inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study aims to review the temporal relationship of gastrointestinal microbiome changes after bariatric surgery in association with the success and failure of treatment along with the factors that may have altered the gastrointestinal microbiome other than the anatomical aspect of bariatric surgery.

On the descending connections of the visual hillock

At present, it seems more or less established the interruption of the fibers of the loop layer in the visual hillock. This proves the anatomical aspect of the relationship of visual hillocks to the sensitivity function, which is confirmed by both the newest pathological observations, especially Dejerine's, and experimental work. But the same cannot be said about the centrifugal connections of the visual hillock, which until now have remained little understood, despite the fact that the meaning of visual hillocks as centers of involuntary movements (mimic and movements of internal organs) was proved for the first time by me, and after that the authors in a whole series of experiments and observations. Some authors, like Probst, even deny completely on the basis of their research the existence of descending connections of the visual hillock, although it is absolutely impossible to agree already in the form of experimental data, which put outside doubt not only the sensitive, but also the motor function of the vision.

Insight On The Nabhi Marma From Anatomical Aspect: A Systemic Review

Insight On The Nabhi Marma From Anatomical Aspect: A Systemic Review

Is The Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Muscle of the Foot Belong To First Layer or Third Layer

The plantar area of the foot is known as very complicated in terms of muscle layers. The first layer’s muscle, abductor digiti minimi and the third layer’s muscle, flexor digiti minimi brevis are so familiar and located closer to eachother. According to anatomical aspect; abductor digiti minimi muscle lies on the flexor digitimi minimi brevis but in the case that we work on, flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle lies on the abductor digiti minimi. The reasons may followed as; the function of the lateral plantar side, genetic and environmental conditions as well.

Impact of Intramural Scar on Mapping and Ablation of Premature Ventricular Complexes.

This study sought to determine intramural scar characteristics associated with successful premature ventricular complex (PVC) ablations. Ablating ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) originating from intramural scarring can be challenging. Imaging of intramural scar location may help to determine whether the scar is within reach of the ablation catheter. Mapping and ablation of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) was performed in a consecutive series of patients with intramural scarring and frequent PVCs. Data from delayed enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance were assessed and the proximity of the endocardium containing the breakout site to the intramural scar was correlated with outcomes. Fifty-six patients were included, and intramural VAs were successfully targeted in 42 patients (75%) and ablation failed in 14 patients (25%). Scarring was more superficial to the endocardium in patients with successful ablations compared with patients with failed procedures (0.35 mm [interquartile range (IQR): 0.22 to 1.20 mm] vs. 2.45 mm [IQR: 1.60 to 3.13 mm]; p<0.001). In 18 (32%) patients, ablation at the breakout site resulted in a significant change of the PVC-QRS morphology that could successfully be ablated in 9 of 12 patients from another anatomical aspect of the wall harboring the intramural scar. The scar was larger in size (1.79 cm3 [IQR: 1.25 to 2.85 cm3] vs. 1.00 cm3 [IQR: 0.59 to 1.68 cm3]; p<0.005) compared with patients who did not have a change in the PVC-QRS morphology with ablation. VAs in patients with intramural scaring can be successfully ablated especially if the intramural scar is within close proximity to the anatomic area containing the breakout site. Changes in the QRS-PVC morphology often precede successful ablation at another breakout site and indicate larger intramural scars.

MANAGEMENT OF FEMALE INFERTILITY DUE TO TUBAL BLOCKAGE BY AYURVEDIC TREATMENT PROTOCOL: A CASE REPORT

Motherhood is one of those transforming experience which can’t quite put into words. Infertility represents a major crisis for most couples, with both partners experiencing loss in ways that affect them as individu-als, as family members and as members of society as a whole. Tubal factor is second major cause of fe-male infertility. In Tubal factor, modern management are dependent on Tubal Surgery or IVF or Embryo Transfer. All these methods are the solution only for the anatomical aspect of the tube and no success in establishing the tubal function. The present case report revealed effect of Virechana and Uttarbasti karma in a known case of secondary infertility due to Fallopian Tube Blockage. Virechana is indicated in Vandhyatva and Yonivyapada chikitsa. Uttarabasti is a very important and unique Ayurvedic procedure, which is mentioned for the genito–urinary problems. Successful conception occurs after this treatment.

REVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM W.S.R TO MUTRAVAHA SROTAS

The living body or Sharir is the result of aggregation of innumerable structures called as Srotas. Srotas is a structural and functional unit of the body through which substance flow from one part to another part and body get nourishment through Srotas. Acharyas mentioned many Srotas like Pranavaha, Udakvaha, Rak-tavaha, Mansvaha, Medovaha, Majjavaha,Shukravaha etc. In this row Mutravaha Srotas is one of the most important and functional Srotas. In Ayurvedic classics Acharya Charaka said Moolsthana of Mutravaha Srotas Basti and Vankshana while Acharya Sushruta considered Moolsthana of Mutravaha Srotas Basti and Medra. Acharya Charaka has narrated the concept from physiological point of view whereas Sushruta has given more emphasis on the anatomical aspect of Srotomoola. Mutravaha Srotas is an important Srotas meant for the excretion of waste product from the body as urine. Mutravaha Srotas is initiated from Basti and Vankshana. Knowledge of Ayurveda in this aspect to provide the better under-standing about the urinary system

Comparison of radiograph panoramic quality between conventional and indirect digital methods on mixed teeth period

Introduction: Panoramic radiograph is an image used by the dentist to maintain diagnosis in dentistry, for example, to evaluate teeth condition in mixed dentition period. There are two panoramic radiography techniques, which are conventional and digital (direct and indirect) method. This study was aimed to analyse the differences of panoramic radiograph image quality between the conventional and digital indirect method on mixed dentition radiograph. Methods: Thirty samples of conventional and indirect digital panoramic radiograph were randomly taken from the database according to inclusion criteria. The image quality of conventional radiograph was manually assessed by using illuminator box, while indirect digital radiographs was assessed directly using DBS Win 5.7.0 software (Durr Dental, Germany). The radiographs were divided into six zones: teeth area, nasal and sinus, mandible, TMJ, ramus-spine, and hyoid bone. The image quality assessment was performed in each area based on three criteria: anatomical coverage, density and contrast, and anatomical structure. Results: The Cronbach's Alpha Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) inter and intraobserver agreement test of conventional and digital indirect methods on the aspect of anatomical, density and contrast coverage, and anatomic structure showed an excellent agreement. The independent sample t-test result showed significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) between the conventional and indirect digital method in density and contrast as well as anatomical structure aspects, but not significantly different (p &gt; 0.05) in the anatomical coverage aspect. Conclusion: Indirect digital panoramic radiograph shows better image quality as compared to conventional radiograph, especially in the anatomical structure aspect, density and contrast. There is no difference in the anatomical coverage aspect between conventional and indirect digital panoramic radiograph.

Silicified bulliform cells of Poaceae: morphological characteristics that distinguish subfamilies

BackgroundGrass phytoliths are the most common phytoliths in sediments; recognizing grass phytolith types is important when using phytoliths as a tool to reconstruct paleoenvironments. Grass bulliform cells may be silicified to large size parallelepipedal or cuneiform shaped phytoliths, which were often regarded as of no taxonomic value. However, studies in eastern Asia had identified several forms of grass bulliform phytoliths, including rice bulliform phytolith, a phytolith type frequently used to track the history of rice domestication. Identification with a higher level of taxonomic resolution is possible, yet a systematic investigation on morphology of Poaceae bulliform phytoliths is lacking. We aimed at providing a morphological description of bulliform phytoliths of Poaceae from Taiwan based on morphometric measurements in anatomical aspect. The results are important references for paleo-ecological studies.ResultThe morphology of grass bulliform phytoliths is usually consistent within a subfamily; the end profile is relatively rectangular in Panicoideae and Micrairoideae, whereas cuneiform to nearly circular in Oryzoideae, Bambusoideae, Arundinoideae, and Chloridoideae. Bulliform phytoliths were seldom observed in Pooideae. Certain morphotypes are limited to plants growing in specific environments. For example, large, thin, and pointed bulliform phytoliths are associated with wet habitat; Chloridoideae types are mostly from C4 plants occupying open arid places.ConclusionGrass bulliform phytoliths can be identified at least to the subfamily level, and several forms were distinguished within large subfamilies. Previously un-reported silicified cell types, i.e., arm cells and fusoids, and two special trichome phytolith types associated with bulliform phytoliths, were described. Morphometric methods were great tools for delimiting morphotypes; with refined morphological classification the association between forms and habit/habitats was revealed. The knowledge provides new ways to interpret phytolith assemblage data, and it is especially useful when the sediments are enriched in large blocky phytoliths.

Micromorphological and biochemical features of Malus fruit: Malus domestica Borkh. and its parent species—Malus orientalis Uglitzk.

The morphological and biochemical parameters of the fruit (pericarp) of Malus orientalis Uglitzk. and Malus domestica Borkh. were studied. Plants grew in the mountains of the North Caucasus under the combined effects of abiotic and biotic stressors. The M. orientalis pericarp is covered by a continuous layer of cuticle of greater thickness relative to M. domestica. In this case, differences in cell sizes and their accumulation of phenolic substances were not found. It can be assumed that these parameters were not affected by selection, since they are extremely important for the adaptation of Malus to conditions of combined stress in the mountains. Significant differences between species were found in the fatty acids (FA) composition of pericarp lipids. In the M. orientalis pericarp, a lower content of polyunsaturated FAs was found relative to M. domestica. Conversely, the proportion of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) is higher in M. orientalis. We assume that these differences are due to selection. Seeing the specifics of the FA composition, which causes a high unsaturation index, M. domestica is more resistant to combined stress at a biochemical level. However, M. orientalis, which has a thicker cuticle, is better adapted to similar influences in the anatomical aspect. On the other hand, the M. orientalis lipids contain a high amount of VLCFA, which prevents the growth of pericarp due to an increase in the number of cells but at the same time contributes to greater resistance to fungal diseases—a property that is reduced by selection of M. domestica.

A new approach for medial longitudinal arch estimation by “foot print”: A comparative study

Background: Medial longitudinal arch (MLA) is important as per the anatomical aspect of individual's foot. Its elastic properties reduce the risk of musculoskeletal wear and impairment. Various methods of its estimation have been presented by researchers. With this basis the aim of the study is to find the value of MLA by the devised mid-footprint planter angle method and compare it with the standard navicular height method. Methodology: Purposive analytical and comparative study done on 1st year health professional students of Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University (2015–2016 batch). MLA was estimated by the navicular height method and mid-footprint planter angle method on footprint after collecting their demographic and anthropometric data. The calculated values of MLA for both feet were compared by correlation coefficient by two different methods and Kruskal–Wallis test for the comparison as per body mass index (BMI) of participants. Results: Statistical significance was observed for right (−3.57 ± 0.85; P < 0.0001) and left (−6.4 ± 0.91; P < 0.0001) foot for MLA values by two methods, with higher level of Kappa agreement for right (0.755) and left (0.794) foot. Higher to middle level of correlation was observed for both the feet as per the two methods. Statistical significance as per gender was observed for left foot by navicular height method. While, no statistical significance was observed for MLA values as per BMI for both feet as per two methods. Conclusion: MLA values estimated by mid-footprint planter angle and compared by the standard navicular height method concludes that this method can be used in place of the gold standard in day-to-day basis, but extensive work needs to be done before considering it as a replacement, specifically in terms of sample size.

SPECIFICITY OF MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN AND ANIMAL BILIARY SYSTEM (ANALYTICAL LITERATURE REVIEW)

The aim of the paper was the study of the structure of the basic parts of the gallbladder wall of humans and animals of different classes in a comparatively anatomical aspect using the bibliographic analysis of literature sources. Materials and methods: of the study was the contemporary publications on the anatomical and histological structure of the human and animal gallbladder wall mucosa, studied using the analysis, synthesis and summarizing of the obtained information. Conclusions: Basically, the structure of the gallbladder wall mucosa in humans and animals of different classes has much in common; however there are also significant differences depending on the natural type of nutrition. Structural organization of the gallbladder wall in animals in comparison with humans has individual features and depends on the type of nutrition.

Male Genital Organs in the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes); Macroanatomic and Three-dimentional Reconstruction Aspect

In this study, it was aimed to describe to the genital organs, the macroanatomical aspect and three- dimentional (3D) reconstruction of penis and os penis using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images in the male red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Six dead male red foxes were used as material. After MDCT images of the penis were obtained, they were reconstructed using a 3D modeling program (Mimics) by overlapping the images. Morphometric measurements were taken from reconstructed model of the penis and os penis. Dissections of foxes were carefully carried out under the loupes. Testis, epididymis and penis were measured from different places. In terms of anatomical aspect, in the red foxes were determined to ovoid testis and extend horizontally into the scrotum. The accessory genital glands were only prostate. The prostate was located to surround the urethra. The spongios body of penis had os penis which the urethra was pass through. The length of the penis obtained by mimics program and digital calliper were not difference. These results may contribute to the lack of the literature about male genital anatomy of the fed fox. It is thought that this study, using 3D reconsruction techniques could make anatomical studies easier to do without harming on wild animals.

Morphometric study of occipital condyle in dry human skull and its clinical importance in Gujarat region

Introduction: The human occipital condyle is a unique bony structure connecting the cranium and vertebral column. Craniovertebral surgeries require knowledge of anatomical aspect of craniovertebral junction. The aim of this study is to analyze the occipital condyle morphometrically. Materials and Methods: 300 occipital condyles of 150 dry skulls were used for this study. Parameters including length, width, height, distances between right and left condyles, shape of the condyle were noted. To take measurements digital vernier caliper was used. Results: Length, width and height of occipital condyle were found to be 23.97mm, 12.27mm, and 9.26mm in right condyle and 23.36mm, 12.57mm, 9.09mm in left condyle respectively. Anterior and posterior intercondylar distance was found to be 18.80mm and 44.56mm respectively. Location of intracranial orifice was found predominantly in location 3 and 4 and that of extracranial orifice was found predominantly in location 1 and 2. Most common shape of occipital condyle was found to be ‘Oval’. Conclusion: It can be concluded that, as there is no location of hypoglossal canal in posterior quadrant of occipital condyle, that area can be safely drilled during surgery. In various conditions require surgeries of foramen magnum region occipital condyles can be anticipated radiologically by using the morphometric data available. Keywords: Occipital condyle, Morphometry, Hypoglossal canal, Foramen magnum, Transcondylar approach.

Scythes, sickles and other blades: defining the diversity of pectoral fin morphotypes in Pachycormiformes.

The traditional terminology of ‘scythe’ or ‘sickle’ shaped is observed to be flawed as an effective descriptor for pectoral fin shape in pachycormids. The diversity of pachycormid pectoral fin shapes is assessed across the 14 recognised genera that preserve complete pectoral fins, and improved terms are defined to more effectively describe their form, supported by anatomical observation and aspect ratio analysis of individual fins, and corroborated by landmark analysis. Three clear and distinct pectoral fin structural morphotypes emerge (falceform, gladiform, falcataform), reflecting a diversity of pachycormid lifestyles throughout the Mesozoic, from agile pursuit predator to slow-cruising suspension feeder.

Incidence of anatomical variations according to the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification (IFAC) and their coincidence with radiological sings of opacification.

The endonasal access to the frontal recess and sinus may be complicated by a variety of anatomical variations. Previous classifications of these variants were characterized by proper names or position information without anatomical reference. The IFAC is intended to simplify the classification of anatomical variations of the frontoethmoidal complex. The aim of this study was to analyse a representative number of sinus CT scans to assess the incidence of anatomical variations according tothe IFAC and to compare the results with previous classifications. In addition, the coincidence of complex anatomical variations and radiological sings of opacification was investigated. Two hundred and forty-nine sinus CT scans were analysed in multiplanar reconstructions. Exclusion criteria were previous operations on the paranasal sinuses, malignant diseases, and an insufficient image quality. All anatomical variants were analysed according to the IFAC criteria. In addition, the coincidence of radiological sings of opacification and the presence of anatomical variations of the frontal recess and sinus were investigated. The analysis revealed Agger nasi cells in 95% of the CT scans. Supra agger cells (SACs) were detected in 49% and Supra agger frontal cells (SAFCs) in 25% of the data sets. Suprabulla cells (SBCs) were detected in 89% and Supra bulla frontal cells (SBFCs) in 27% of the scans. Supraorbital ethmoid cells (SECs) were detectable in 9% and interfrontal septal cells in 28% of the scans. Despite a partially strong narrowing of the frontal recess, no increased occurrence of radiological sings of opacification could be detected (p > 0.05). Anatomical variations in the frontoethmoidal area are very common. According to the IFAC criteria, in 43% of the patients, cells could be detected with pneumatization to or into the frontal sinus. The IFAC is structured more clearly compared to previous classifications due to the anatomical aspect. It represents the most consistent classification regarding surgical planning. Further studies will demonstrate the scientific and clinical value of this classification.

Morphometric description of canine and human heart anatomy: proximities and distances

Article developed as a result of research Project of Studies in Cardiology at the University Center Montes Belos - UniMB, Veterinary Medicine course - Comparative Study of the Cardiological Profile between Dogs and Men: parameters of the main cardiopathies and anatomical similarities. The specific objective of this analysis is to reassess the proximities between the classes’ hominidae and canidae regarding the anatomical aspect of the heart. The proximities, similarities and distances, differences between the cardiac morphometric of the dog and the human. The theoretical referencing was based on an argumentative basis by Ghoshal (1986), Carvalho et al. (2002) and Queiroz et al. (2018) for argumentative support in cardiac and human cardiac morphometric discussion, Cunningham (2011) for cardiac physiology and other authors with equal importance for the support of the argumentative archetype of this work.