Review Of Analytical Methods Research Articles

Analytical review of methods of providing internet anonymity

The Internet community all over the world is showing growing interest in a subject of information security and anonymity on the Internet, especially after revelations of Edward Snowden, when it became known about mass spying by certain organizations (such as the US National Security Agency) on Internet users, companies, political organizations, etc. This led to the active development of various anonymous networks, VPN services, proxies, etc. The aim of this article is to review popular methods of providing Internet anonymity, compare them, and discover their benefits and disadvantages.

Commercial utilization of mineral waste - review of analysis methods determining its compliance with environmental laws

Optimal methods used in the analysis of waste material resulting from mining and processing of mineral resources that allow to assess the potential impact of waste on the environment, based on binding environmental laws regulating potential commercial utilization of waste were investigated . The paper is concerned mostly with mineral waste, constituting about 80% of all industrial waste generated. According to the principles of sustainable waste management, waste storage is considered to be the last resort. However, every year over 20% of the total amount of industrial waste generated is stored, which makes the amount of the already deposited materials, coming from the time when the commercial utilization was not common in Poland, even more considerable. When it comes to extensive, i.e. regarding great quantities, and long-term usage of industrial wastes, the identical composition of waste material coming from different batches is of the essence. Unfortunately, this condition is not always fulfilled, therefore chemical composition analyses need to be carried out for monitoring purposes. For the same reason the waste material used should also be tested to check whether the parameters of a given batch are within the limit values defined by the standards. Described methods are intended to facilitate waste characterisation with respect to their effect on the environment when used for commercial purposes. An individual method is never good enough to determine the full extent of environmental impact. It is therefore recommended to apply several methods in a logical sequence, depending on the type of waste material and its purpose.

Methods of Synthesis of Radiopharmaceuticals Based on Fatty Acids Marked with <sup>99</sup><sup>m</sup>Tc and Perspectives of their Application

The present paper gives an analytical review of methods for obtaining of radiopharmaceuticals that are based on 99mTc -labeled fatty acids and their use in cardiology. We make conclusion on the efficiency of application and investigation of 99mTcfatty acids radiopharmaceuticals that contain chelate groups EDTA or DTPA. In this study, quantum-chemical modeling of one of such conjugates is conducted and its bioavailability is confirmed.

The Importance of Thiosalts Speciation: Review of Analytical Methods, Kinetics, and Treatment

The presence of sulfuroxyion compounds (thiosalts) in mining wastewater is a concern because of their potential for acidification of receiving water bodies. Despite extensive research, generation and kinetic information of thiosalt species under different pH and temperature conditions is not fully understood, especially under the range of conditions likely to be encountered in receiving ponds. As a result, it is difficult to design ponds or develop treatment technologies to treat these compounds. The authors present a summary of relevant information in terms of generation and kinetics of thiosalts, analytical methods for measuring their concentrations, and treatment of thiosalt wastes.

A review of analytical methods in the current design processes and assessment of performance of masonry structures

Masonry has become a complex construction system in the last 40years, ranging from ambitious variations of its traditional load bearing role in cellular structures into expressive or highly durable envelopes. As a consequence, design methods and analytical tools have developed to address the complexity of actions or the combination of the constituent materials that can still be defined as units and binder. This paper reviews the current analytical trends with regards to their ability to improve practice in the design of modern structures or the repair of historic fabric. Advancements in homogenisation, micro- and meso-modelling, or limit state are discussed in association with more effective numerical techniques (Finite or Discrete Element), specific experimental evidence that continues the seminal work of Sinha and Hendry, and relevant failure criteria. Although the philosophy of the design codes is still based on yield line analysis, the current trends give insight to complex reaction to loads. The effect of these tools in the study and conservation of historic masonry has allowed an increasingly wide variety of types and forms to be understood and more accurately repaired.

The Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation: a Forum for Discussion of Science-Based Strategy and Regulatory Requirements

I am very pleased to let our readers know that the Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation has been selected for coverage in the products and services of Thomson Reuters. Beginning with V.4 (1) 2009, the journal will be indexed and abstracted in Science Citation Index Expanded (also known as SciSearch®) and Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition. The journal should receive its first impact factor during 2012! I offer a sincere thank you to all who have helped us reach this goal, including authors, referees, readers/subscribers, editorial advisory board members, and Springer personnel. I look forward to a successful year for the journal during 2012. In the current issue, readers will find a variety of interesting papers, ranging from a review of analytical methods used in analyzing solid dispersions to a perspective article proposing strategies for verification of design spaces. The issue of defining and verifying design spaces is an important current topic in our industry and one that requires continued discussion. While the present article on design space is published as a science-based strategy paper, the topic will no doubt generate further dialogue regarding the suitability of such approaches for regulatory filing requirements. The Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation is an ideal forum for the publication and discussion of such topics, and I invite our readers to submit research papers, case studies, and perspective articles to continue the exchange of ideas regarding these important issues.

Methacycline: A Review of Analytical Methods

Methacycline is a broad spectrum, semisynthetic antibiotic prepared from oxytetracycline. Its antibacterial spectrum is as same as that of tetracycline, but its efficacy is superior to that of oxytetracycline and tetracycline. There is no standard technique for analysis and/or detection of methacycline. Practical requirements for high-sensitivity analysis and the need for a specialist laboratory setting create challenges for routine analysis. Several existing analytical techniques, which offer flexible and broad-based methods of analysis and detection, have been discussed in this manuscript, focusing on bioanalytical, pharmaceutical QC applications and food analysis. This review will examine the published analytical methods reported for determination of methacycline, presenting (a) sample pretreatment methods such as liquid – liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE), (b) separation methods such as thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) and (c) others such as potentiometry, spectrophotometry and microbiological assay, from which it can be seen that HPLC methods have been used most extensively.

Determination of Underivatized Polyamines: A Review of Analytical Methods and Applications

Putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, and spermine are ubiquitous polyamines that are essentially found in diverse organisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi), animals, and higher plants. Analysis of these analytes is traditionally performed either by chromatographic or electrophoretic techniques. The majority of assays employ liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection either with pre-column or post-column derivatization. However, the derivatization procedures have several disadvantages to the whole analytical process. This article describes the analytical method developments in the determination of underivatized polyamines. This includes flow injection analysis, high performance liquid chromatography (using conductivity, condensation nucleation light scattering, chemiluminescence, indirect fluorescence, and mass spectrometric detection) and electromigration methods. The reported systems are essentially based on the work developed by the authors since 1995. A comparison of the methods highlighting their main advantages and disadvantages and sensitivity was also provided. The most promising system seems to be the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric due to its high sensitivity and specificity.

Selected primary and secondary metabolites in fresh persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.): A review of analytical methods and current knowledge of fruit composition and health benefits

Diospyros kaki Thunb. (Ebenaceae) is a widely cultivated tree species in some countries of Asia, while in other continents persimmons are mostly considered “exotic” fruits. Peculiar characteristics of this species are a complex sex expression, parthenocarpy and fruit astringency at harvest time, associated with a different composition in polymerized flavan-3-ols. Analytical methods for determining sugars, vitamin C, carotenoids and polyphenols in persimmons were critically reviewed in order to evaluate the overall significance of literature results; the nutritional and nutraceutical properties, together with the health benefits of both astringent and non astringent cultivars, were also overviewed. To these aims, the available literature from the last twenty years and the most important formerly published papers were investigated using SciFinder®, Elsevier SciVerse, AGRIS, and PubMed search engines. Persimmons resulted rich in sugars (about 12.5g/100g FW), being fructose, glucose and sucrose the major components, and in total vitamin C, for which 100–150g of fresh persimmon supplies the recommended daily amount. Astringent varieties supply higher amounts of sugars than nonastringent ones; conversely, higher concentrations of total vitamin C were found in nonastringent cultivars. The main carotenoid components are β-cryptoxantin (193μg/100g FW), β,β-carotene (113μg/100g FW) and β,ε-carotene (30μg/100g FW). Persimmons are also a good source of polyphenolic compounds such as p-coumaric acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallo catechin, and condensed proanthocyanidins. This chemical composition, together with in vivo and in vitro studies, suggests a relevant role of persimmon in the protection against free radicals and in the prevention of some human diseases.

Review of Analytical Methods for Identification and Determination of PHEs and Tricyclic Antidepressants

A critical review of analytical methods for identification and determination of some phenothiazine derivatives and tricyclic antidepressants in a variety of materials is presented. The methods have been divided into five groups accordingly to the applied analytical techniques: spectrometric, chromatographic, immunoassay, electrochemical, and capillary electrophoretic. The review is based on a survey of chemical and toxicological literature covering the articles mainly from 2000 until now. A brief description of physicochemical properties of the compounds of interest has been also presented.

Analysis of steroidal estrogen residues in food and environmental samples

A comprehensive review of analytical methods for estrogen residues in food and the environment is presented. Both humans and animals can excrete estrogen, which can be detected in the environment. Furthermore, replacement therapy and livestock manure also make the situation worse, as the low concentration of estrogens has endocrine-disruptive effects such as the feminization of male fish. In this review, we review the existing analytical methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), HPLC and GC with mass spectrometry (LC/MS and GC/MS), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and various bioassays. These analytical methods for estrogens are compared with each other, and the advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods are highlighted. Specific aspects of these analytes, sample handling, chromatographic conditions, and detection methods are also discussed.

A review of analytical methods, based on the wave approach, to compute partitions transmission loss

In this paper, various methods for calculating partition transparency are investigated. These methods are all based on the wave approach, yet they differ in the way of considering the incident field, partition leaf dimensions and the absorbing material, or absorbent, incorporated between the partition leaves. The method verification has been done through comparison with the experimental data available in the literature. Results are very convincing and the wave approach proves to be highly accurate. The basic wave approach is well suited for modeling of infinite single or double-leaf partitions, although the diffuse incident field requires spatial windowing to achieve agreement with experimental data. When porous material is incorporated inside double-leaf partitions, the model needs to be enhanced, based on the Biot theory, to ensure coincidence with experimental data. In the case of partitions, which cannot be considered infinite, spatial windowing is applied to the transparency to correct for the dimensional effect, especially in the low-frequency range. The final model turns out to be highly accurate, as long as spatial windowing is limited to the first coincidence frequency. The wave approach therefore proves to be a suitable method and calculation times are moreover acceptable.

Overview of Analytical Methodologies for Sea Water Analysis: Part I—Metals

A comprehensive, critical and up-to-date review of analytical methods developed during the last decade for metals present in sea water is presented. Separate sections are devoted to singular and multimetal determinations. Furthermore, a critical comparison of relative merits or demerits of a particular procedure is made in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and precision. Various aspects of analysis of sea water samples for metals are summarized, and the future trends are discussed.

A Short Review of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Estramustine Phosphate and its Metabolites in Biological Samples

A Short Review of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Estramustine Phosphate and its Metabolites in Biological Samples

Vitellogenin: A Review of Analytical Methods to Detect (Anti) Estrogenic Activity in Fish

Vitellogenin, the fish egg yolk precursor protein, is the most common biochemical endpoint in general use for the detection of (anti) estrogen active substances in fish and other oviparous species. This review aims to cover the major methods (both protein and nucleic acid) for vitellogenin determination. Comparisons are drawn between vitellogenin and other endpoint effect levels. This review highlights strengths and weaknesses of the various techniques, concentrating on practical considerations and problems in evaluating the data they generate.

Clinical trials, epidemiology, and public confidence.

Critics in the media have become wary of exaggerated research claims from clinical trials and epidemiological studies. Closer to home, reviews of published studies find a high frequency of poor quality in research methods, including those used for statistical analysis. The statistical literature has long recognized that questionable research findings can occur when investigators fail to set aside their own outcome preferences as they analyse and interpret data. These preferences can be related to financial interests, a concern for patients, peer recognition, and commitment to a hypothesis. Several analyses of published papers provide evidence of an association between financial conflicts of interest and reported results. If we are to regain professional and lay confidence in research findings some changes are required. Clinical journals need to develop more competence in the review of analytic methods and provide space for thorough discussion of published papers whose results are challenged. Graduate schools need to prepare students for the conflicting interests that surround the practice of statistics. Above all, each of us must recognize our responsibility to use analytic procedures that illuminate the research issues rather than those serving special interests.

Boron Determination—A Review of Analytical Methods

This paper reviews published methods of sample preparation, determinand purification, and the determination of boron concentration and isotopic composition in a sample. The most common methods for the determination of B concentration are spectrophotometric and plasma-source spectrometric methods. Although most spectrophotometric methods are based on colorimetric reactions of B with azomethine-H, curcumin, or carmine, other colorimetric and fluorometric methods have also been used to some extent. These methods, in general, suffer from numerous interferences and have low sensitivity and precision. Application of nuclear reaction and atomic emission/absorption spectrometric (AES/AAS) methods has remained limited because these methods have poor sensitivity and suffer from serious memory effects and interferences. Among a large number of published nuclear reaction methods only prompt-γ spectrometry has been of practical use. The prompt-γ method can determine B concentration in intact samples, which makes this method especially useful for some medical applications, including boron neutron capture therapy. However, this is a time-consuming method and not suitable for detection of low levels of B. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) created a new dimension in B determination because of its simplicity, sensitivity, and multielement capability. However, it suffers interferences and is not adequately sensitive for some nutritional and medical applications involving animal tissues that are naturally low in B. All methods involving the measurement of B isotopic composition require a mass spectrometer. Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) have been used to measure isotopic composition of B; however, these methods are time consuming and require extensive sample preparation and purification. Development of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) not only overcame most of the drawbacks of earlier methods, but also its capabiltiy of measuring B isotopes made possible (1) B concentration determination by isotope dilution, (2) verification of B concentration by isotope fingerprinting in routine analysis, and (3) determination of total B concentration and B isotope ratio for biological tracer studies in the same run. Therefore, plasma source MS appears to be the method of choice among present-day technologies.

Biogenic amines in wine : a review of analytical methods

<p style="text-align: justify;">The content of biogenic amines in wines and other fermented beverages has been extensively studied over the last 25 years because of the physiological effects which their consumption might lead to, in particular in the presence of alcohol. From the health point of view, this may indicate that the hygienic conditions while the beverage in question was being produced were deficient. Thanks to the rapid evolution of analytical techniques, there is now a better knowledge of the origin and the content of biogenic amines in wines. At present, data about concentrations are suufficiently reliable for rules to be established about the maximum recommendable limits in each country, although as yet there are no legal, unified regulations. The most widely used analytical methods for determining biogenic amines nowadays are based on chromatographic separation procedures and, in particular, on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This study reviews research which has compiled data about the presence of biogenic amines in wines and about the analytical techniques used to determine them, putting special emphasis on HPLC methods and the sampling treatments necessary to carry out the analyses.</p>

Review of analytical methods used in the dissolution testing of pharmaceuticals

The in vitro dissolution test is the most useful quality control test for pharmaceutical dosage forms such as tablets and capsules from the standpoint of bioavailability and physical consistency. Because bioavailability is largely dependent upon having the drug in dissolved state, for poorly soluble drugs the dissolution test can give an indication of poor bioavailability and reduced efficacy. In dissolution testing modern analytical techniques play an important part. This paper provides an overview of the analytical techniques used in dissolution testing and assesses their advantages and disadvantages.

A Review of Methods for the Statistical Analysis of Spatial Patterns of Disease

A review of methods for the analysis of the geographical distribution of disease is presented. The topic is of increasing interest to statisticians, though much groundwork has been done by epidemiologists and medical geographers. Methods for the detection and testing for apparent clusters of disease, including those near a possible environmental hazard, are reviewed. Estimating regional mortality rates, possibly to construct disease maps, and methods for investigating the association between disease rates and social, demographic and environmental factors are discussed. In addition, statistical analysis of the spatial spread of epidemics is mentioned.