Analytical Essay Research Articles

Hellenistic art in the Walters Art Gallery

The Hellenistic collection of the Walters Art Gallery is one of the very finest such collections in the western hemisphere and is distinguished by both the quality and the breadth of the holdings, which combine marble sculpture with smaller-scale works of bronze, terracotta, faience, ivory, glass, gold, and gems. One hundred fifty objects from this collection are published here in a volume that provides, for each object, full photographic documentation, provenance, description, complete history of exhibition and publication, and an analytical essay followed by notes. Many of the objects presented here have never been published before; others have received only cursory publication.Complementing the catalogue proper are essays by preeminent scholars in the field of Hellenistic art: Brunilde Ridgway, Andrew Stewart, Roger Bagnall, and Beryl Barr-Sharrar. These contributors have offered thoughtful, fresh observations on broad issues fundamental to the discipline: the methodology of Hellenistic art history, the impact of the Romans on Hellenistic art, the social environment of the Hellenistic age, and the specific appearance of the Hellenistic home.

Structuralism and individualism in deviance theory

In this analytic essay. I shall utilize the framework of Individualism and structuralism in an attempt to realize an overview of theory in the sociology of deviance.1 A major advantage of this framework is that it provides a perspective that sensitizes one to a theory's basic locus of causation and motivation for deviance. This takes us into the question of why some people, but not others, commit deviant acts even though they know those acts will be negatively viewed by others and bring sanctions upon themselves. As I apply this framework to selected major theoretical orientations.2 I shall also note limitations of each theory. In addition. I shall Indicate contrasting practical Implications of deviance theory that have far‐ranging ramifications for social life—Interconnections between our changing political orientations and Individualism and structuralism in deviance theory.

Thomas Hobbes, Logica (Part First of De Corpore) (review)

402 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY according to the principles that govern Grosseteste's final position on the soul. A final chapter in this section is devoted to spelling out the place of man in the cosmos. The principal contributions of Grosseteste as a philosopher are summed up in an eight page conclusion, but McEvoy devotes more than an additional hundred pages to two useful appendices, the first a catalogue of manuscript discoveries, editions and translations of Grosseteste's works for the years 194o-198o; the second a chronology of his natural works. The bibliography is limited to those works expressly cited and the work concludes with indices of medieval and of modern authors, plus an extensive systematic index. These alone would make this a desirable addition to one's library despite its regrettable high price. I hope a paperback version will soon be available. ALLAN B. WOLTER The Catholic University of America Thomas Hobbes, Logica (Part First of De Corpore). Trans. and commentary by Aloysius Martinich with an introductory essay by Isabel C. Hungerland and George R. Vick. New York; Abaris Book: 1981, pp. 449. This new translation of Hobbes's Logic (Part one of De Corpore) represents a major step in revealing Hobbes not only as an important political philosopher but also as an original thinker in the philosophy of language. The book consists of a lengthy introduction by Isabel C. Hungerland and George R. Vick, and an excellent translation and commentary by Aloysius Martinich. The introduction is a full-blown analytic essay dealing with the various logical and linguistic issues posed by Hobbes and their implications for contemporary theory. The commentary is more textually and historically oriented although Martinich is not averse to relating Hobbes to contemporary authors. (He criticizes Ian Hacking's claim that Hobbes was unaware of the nature of proof or demonstration. Actually, "Hobbes shared Quine's contemporary notion of proof.") The translation is from the Latin text of the standard Molesworth edition of 1839. The Logica covers a multitude of logical and linguistic issues. Although Hobbes did not have the mathematical and logical ability of a Leibniz or a Frege, this did not bar him from presenting intuitive insights into important logical and linguistic subject matters. He has much to say about singular, common and proper names; negative, necessary, contingent and universal propositions; logical fallacies, category mistakes, and the nature of entailment. He examines the syllogism in detail and concludes--unfortunately, without warrant--that there are forty-two valid syllogistic forms although no contemporary logician of any consequence has discovered more than twenty-four. According to the authors and the translator, what is more remarkable about Hobbes's work is its anticipation of much that is found in the views of such contemporary philosophers of language as Carnap, Quine, Strawson, and Grice. Thus even though some recent commentators such as J.W.N. Watkins and R. M. Martin have maintained that Hobbes has a strictly denotative and, therefore, limited view of the BOOK REVIEWS 403 function of terms, the translation makes quite clear that Hobbes is well acquainted with the distinction between extensional and intensional meaning. In fact, Hungerland and Vick argue that Hobbes's view is less troublesome and more insightful than even that of Carnap who, at least on one interpretation, posits a domain of extensional and intensional entities. There are no intensional entities for Hobbes, and this, of course, is consistent with his physicalism. A term can denote a set of objects, i.e., it can have an extension, but it is also used to convey the reason these objects are grouped together. Intensions allude to reasons and not to entities. "Triangle" denotes a certain mathematical figure, but it is also intended, by a user of the term, to communicate the implicit definition that all triangles have three sides. Similarly, any term, in its use, is intended to supply an implicit conventional definition alluding to the resemblances that unite a given group. Perhaps there is much in this notion of intension that requires unpacking. In what sense, for example, is an intension conventional and how would Hobbes deal with the (Fregean) need for intensions in explicating identity statements? But even with these...

System simulation. Man plus

This analytical essay is drawn from a larger study which attempts to redefine the human condition in terms of the evolutionary relationships with those diverse technologies, institutions and organizational forms which have subtended our survival. The major premise is that, rather than being alien to or constraining upon human development, these supporting systems have made us human. We retain our human qualities only by externalizing various physical and intellectual capacities into autonomously evolving organismic systems which enable us to sidestep many of the natural processes of adapting the organism itself to the environment. Human artifice is the natural order for human beings. Given this hybrid position in the evolutionary scale, humans have remained uneasy and ambivalent about this symbiotic dependence on their survival extensions and amplifiers and have endowed this relationship with various mythologic and totemic qualities. The latter both obscure and reinforce the systemic nature of the overall process. The analysis is carried forward to suggest (a) that one of our major tasks is to reconceptualize these aspects of human systemic development, and (b) that the models of human society, of our institutions and social capabilities with which we operate, tend to restrict much of our thought and action within obsolete historical conditions. The urgency of mastering our new global complexities and of extending more positive control over our affairs underscores the need for the overall human system to become more consciously self-steering.

"That Can't Be Alan Dundes! Alan Dundes Is Taller than That!": The Folklore of Folklorists

READERS TURNING TO THESE PAGES expecting to find a collection of Alan Dundes tall tales, tall Alan Dundes tales, or an analytical essay pinning the tale on Alan Dundes are encouraged to review again the subtitle. While I have no doubt that the niagara of Alan Dundes lore currently washing over American academe will one day command formal attention at some of our learned forums, perhaps when Dundes himself finally is elevated to myth, my purpose here is to present a more circumspect and generalized overview of the folklore of folklorists. As a further introductory note, I should add that the ethnographic data and observations presently to follow were informally collected over the past several years from colleagues and friends in the American Folklore Society and in many cases discussed with them. To these individuals I extend my thanks.' Not even the title of this article is mine but was suggested by several folklore graduate students from the University of Pennsylvania following an extended discussion on the topic at the 1972 American Folklore Society annual meeting in Austin, Texas. Folklorists, like social scientists, habitually have sought out groups furthest from themselves for subject matter and data upon which to build theoretical speculations. For the most part, they have concentrated on the peasantry, nonliterate societies, immigrants, mountaineers, rural whites and blacks, the poor, lower classes, and so on, while they themselves have tended to be middle or upper class in their socioeconomic origins, urban-based, well educated, and prone to cluster in social networks until recently very far removed from those they

Rebellion and Authority: An Analytic Essay on Insurgent Conflicts. By Nathan Leites and Charles WolfJr. (Chicago: Markham Publishing Co., 1970. Pp. 174. $5.95.)

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Rebellion and Authority: An Analytic Essay on Insurgent Conflicts.Nathan Leites , Charles Wolf, Jr.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook SectionRebellion and Authority: An Analytic Essay on Insurgent Conflicts. Nathan Leites , Charles Wolf, Jr. David W. RohdeDavid W. Rohde Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Politics Volume 33, Number 3Aug., 1971 Sponsored by the Southern Political Science Association Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2128297 Views: 6Total views on this site Copyright 1971 Southern Political Science AssociationPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Price and Output Variability in a Peasant‐Artisan Stoneworking Industry in Oaxaca, Mexico: An Analytical Essay in Economic Anthropology1

This paper presents and analyzes data collected among metateros (metate or quern makers) who live in a Zapotec village in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, and who sell their products on a weekly basis in the Oaxaca City marketplace. The analysis shows that metate output correlates closely with both “market” and “nonmarket” factors, that is, with supply, demand, and price conditions, on the one hand, and with seasonal, ecological, and cultural conditions, on the other. Metate output fluctuates periodically in time to the local calendar of agricultural operations and of festive celebrations but also fluctuates regularly in accordance with the general laws of supply and demand as stated formally by economists. The analysis shows that it is neither possible nor desirable to focus upon one set of factors to the exclusion of the other, thus the “economic” and the “anthropological” modes of explanation are complementary, not contradictory, and the metate output data can be fully understood only when both are applied.

Two models of the urban crisis: An analytical essay on banfield and forrester

This essay examines the arguments and evidence used in two recent models of the urban crisis—Edward C. Banfield'sThe Unheavenly City and Jay W. Forrester'sUrban Dynamics. Although Banfield's model is sociological and Forrester's is economic and physical, both imply that not much can be done to alleviate urban problems and that positive programs may make them worse. The authors of this critique contend that the articulation of argument and evidence is inadequate to support the implication. They advocate that promising current programs be refined on the basis of evidence and experience and that policymakers continue to search for efficient new programs through social experiments.

On Investment

The laying-aside of resources, or saving, is a basic phenomenon among men, as it is among bees. It is a basis of material civilization.Toynbee has demonstrated the existence of twenty-nine human civilizations. He has studied these in a monumental masterwork.We believe that on the material level this effort can be expressed in one sentence: There is a close correlation between the rate of investment by a group or community and the expansion of its civilization.This conviction is the starting point of our short analytical essay on the phenomena of investment. The essay is far from exhaustive. The reader will judge whether it is nonetheless useful.