Comparative Study Analysis Research Articles

COMPARISON OF PORT SITE WOUND INFECTION WITH AND WITHOUT ENDOGLOVES TECHNIQUES FOR RETRIEVAL OF GALLBLADDER AFTER LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy decreases postoperative pain, the need for postoperative analgesia, and hospital stay from 1 week to <24 hours. Endogloves are frequently used in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study was conducted to compare the frequency of port site wound infection with and without endogloves techniques of retrieval of gallbladder (GB) in pouch after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for chronic calculus cholecystitis. Methods: This comparative analytical study was done at Department of General Surgery, CMH, Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir from March 2018 to March 2020, and included 260 patients in the study. Patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis but without acute onset were selected for the study. The patients were divided into two groups; one group underwent conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy with endogloves technique and the other group without endogloves. All operations were done by the same surgical team and all patients got same preoperative and postoperative antibiotics. Port site wound infection was looked for. Data was recorded and analysed using SPSS-20. Results: The mean age of the patients in group undergoing laproscopic cholecystectomy with endogloves was 48.09±15.40 years and in group undergoing laproscopic cholecystectomy without endogloves it was 47.51±16.48 years. Male to female ratio was 1.06:1. The post-op wound infection was found in 11 (4.23%) patients (2 from with-endoglove group, 9 from without-endoglove group). Statistically significant differences were found between groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The use of endoglove technique of retrieval of gallbladder in pouch after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for chronic calculus cholecystitis potentially reduces port site wound infection compared to retrieval without endogloves. Pak J Physiol 2022;18(1):23?5

Rhetorical Loss in Translating Qur'anic Similes into English: A Comparative Stylistic Analytical Study

The present research paper aims to examine through comparative stylistic analysis some rhetorical loss in translating Qur'anic similes into English that is in the work of Mohammed. A. S. Abdel Haleem, Mohammed. M Pickthall and Mohammed Khan and Mohammed Taj Al-Din Al-Hilali. Translating the Qur'anic similes into English creates a major area of difficulty and poses a momentous challenge for translators and interpreters of the Holy Quran for various reasons such as stylistic and cultural gaps and lack of equivalent. Also, the study intends to identify the translation procedures used by the three translators in rendering the Qur'anic similes into English. The findings indicated that translating the Qur'anic similes into English is an arduous and difficult task, and their translation inaccurately leads to rhetorical loss. Finally, the study indicated that the three translators are not fully cognizant of the Quranic similes and their meanings, leading them to fall into the pitfall of inaccuracy and imprecision.

Procedures For Submitting a Judicial Appeal Before the Administrative Judiciary in The Kurdistan Region of Iraq - A comparative analytical study

The administrative judiciary is the specialist that promises to monitor the work of the administration in the countries that adopt the dual justice system, and Iraq as one of these countries. The legislator in the Kurdistan Region has followed the administration of the administrative judiciary as the Iraqi legislator followed at the federal level, and this matter certainly requires the presence of an organization It shows the work of this important and vital judiciary, by indicating the bodies that exercise the function of the administrative judiciary, as well as stating the conditions for submitting the judicial appeal before these bodies, and what are their procedures when considering cases that fall within their jurisdiction, in comparison with what the Iraqi legislator followed at the federal level with regard Organizing the administrative judiciary.

International Standards to Criminalizing of Terrorism and The Range of The National Legislature’s Commitment to Them - A Comparative Analytical Study

There are several international standards in the agreements, decisions and recommendations regarding criminalizing terrorist acts, and some of these agreements, decisions and recommendations require States to stipulate these standards in their internal penal legislations, and also require States to cooperate with each other to combat terrorism. Paying attention to making agreements to formulate standards criminalizing terrorism at the international level goes back to the second half of the last century, and attempts have been increased to issue United Nations Security Council resolutions and recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force after the events of (11/September).  Agreements, resolutions and recommendations do not require States to stipulate such standards or texts, in the same way as they are stipulated in the conventions, in the internal legislations, but there is a kind of flexibility and leniency in abiding by international standards for criminalizing and combating terrorism. The Iraqi and Kurdistan legislators are highly committed to these international standards to criminalize terrorism acts in the Iraqi constitution of 2005, as well as in other legislations specific to combating terrorism and other legislations related to criminalizing and combating terrorism.  There are some international institutions in charge of monitoring the activities of countries in criminalizing terrorism and these institutions provide recommendations and instructions on how to criminalize terrorism, such as the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee, the Financial Action Task Force Committee and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. In case of non- commitment by countries to the standards of criminalization and combating terrorism, there are economic sanctions imposed on countries, especially by the Financial Action Task Force.

The Difference in Anxiety Scores Prior and After Cataract Surgery among Bilateral Senile Cataract Patients at Sumatera Eye Center Medan

BACKGROUND: A cataract defines as a dense, cloudy area that forms in the lens of the eyes, altering one’s physical function, as well as social and psychological aspects. The only definitive treatment option for cataracts is surgery which may lead to anxiety either before the intervention, on intervention, or after the intervention. AIM: This study is to investigate the difference in anxiety scores among bilateral senile cataract patients at Sumatera Eye Centre Medan before and after undergoing cataract surgery. METHOD: This comparative analytical study was carried out using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety Subscale to assess anxiety symptoms experienced by 40 bilateral senile cataract patients. Measurement was taken twice, before the surgery ad after undergoing surgery. RESULT: There is a significant difference in anxiety scores before and after undergoing surgery (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There is a significant difference in anxiety scores before and after undergoing surgery among our subjects. We also found that anxiety is more likely to occur before the surgery.

Interleukin-5 Levels in Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients With and Without Allergy

<b>Introduction:</b> Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses that is present for more than 12 weeks. The pathogenesis of allergic CRS includes mucosal edema and causes sinus ostial obstruction, which. It leads to the infection of the paranasal sinuses. Interleukin- 5 (<i>IL-5</i>) is a cytokine and acts in eosinophil and basophil biology. It is the main effector unit of allergic reactions. </br></br> <b>Aim:</b> This study aimed to determine <i>IL-5</i> levels in allergic and nonallergic chronic rhinosinusitis patients. </br></br> <b>Material and methods:</b> A comparative analytic cross-sectional study was used. A total of 10 allergic chronic and 10 nonallergic chronic rhinosinusitis patients took part in this study. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was used to determine gene expression. Data were analyzed with SPSS. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. </br></br> <b>Results:</b> <i>IL-5</i> gene expression in non-allergic chronic rhinosinusitis was higher than in allergic chronic rhinosinusitis. <i>IL-5</i> gene expression was not significant between chronic non-allergic and allergic chronic rhinosinusitis (p > 0.05). There was an elevated <i>IL-5</i> gene expression in non-allergic chronic rhinosinusitis, but it was not significant compared to chronic allergic rhinosinusitis.

Impact of Gamification on Education Prime Time

Aim: To assess the effectiveness of Gamification approach for teaching anatomy to first year medical students by comparing the students’ performance in traditional teaching with gamification approach. Method: A Comparative Analytical study was conducted in undergraduate students having Taught anatomy in a private medical college of Lahore (mention Name), from 16th July -31st August 2019. A total 155 students of 1st year MBBS were enrolled and divided randomly into two groups Group 1(Traditional n=77) and Group 2 (Gamification n=78). Shapiro-wilk and Kolmogorov-smirnov test were applied to check the normal distribution of pre-test and post-test scores. Comparison of pre and post test scores by paired sample t-test resulted in significant decrease in the control group while a significant positive change in learning of experimental group. Results: Findings of the study showed that students studied in Group 2(i.e. Gamification) achieved the highest scores in post-test, compared with the other group. Mean difference of Group 2 is (MD=-6.100) compared to Group 1(Traditional) which is MD=-1.040 and paired sample t-test shows p-value=.000 of both groups, thus evident from the statistics that students of group 2(Gamification) achieved high scores as compared to traditional group. Conclusion: This study concluded that planned gamification frameworks can be generally welcomed by students. It is recommended that this approach in small group discussion is worth pursuing in future, this teaching approach can be implemented for teaching medical students where the role of teacher is more of facilitator. Keywords: Gamification, Effectiveness, Education

Relationship between Family Knowledge and Compliance in Medication for Schizophrenia Outpatient at Prof. M. Ildrem Mental Hospital

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is a global health problem that demands care and support. Compliance with taking medication for schizophrenia patients is influenced by the efficacy of taking medication, support for patients, side effects of drugs, and patient attitudes. The family is the closest person to the patient who has an important role in the patient’s recovery. AIM: The objective of the was to determine the relationship between family knowledge and compliance with schizophrenia outpatient at Prof. M. Ildrem Mental Hospital. METHODS: This study was a comparative analytic study using a cross-sectional design. Questionnaire data obtained from 50 respondents of schizophrenia patients and 50 of their families were processed and then analyzed using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: Chi-square test with p = 0.008, <α 0.05, indicating that there is a relationship between family knowledge and adherence to medication in schizophrenia outpatients. CONCLUSION: Many factors affect compliance in the treatment of schizophrenic patients, one of which is the level of family knowledge about schizophrenia. Family knowledge about schizophrenia is very important, because the higher the level of family knowledge about schizophrenia, the patient’s adherence to treatment will also be better.

The Comparison of Transepithelial versus Conventional Photorefractive Keratectomy

Introduction : Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is the first choice in treating myopia for eyes with mildly irregular and/or thin corneas because it preserves corneal integrity. A laser-assisted method for epithelial removal, termed Transepithelial PRK (T-PRK), was introduced as an alternative to conventional PRK, which gives a smoother corneal surface than that achieved with mechanical ablation of the epithelium in conventional PRK. Objective: To compare emmetropization between patients treated with T-PRK and conventional PRK. Methods: This study was an observative comparative analytic study with case-control study design. Myopic eyes treated by T-PRK (study group) were compared with variable-adjusted eyes treated by conventional PRK (control group), from year 2015-2018 at Dr.YAP Eye Hospital Yogyakarta. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on the degree on myopia; mild (spherical minus 0-3D), moderate (4-6D), and severe (>7D). Emmetropization within 1 month follow-up and treatment time were analyzed. Results: In all of the cases reviewed, the total percentage of patients treated with T-PRK who reached emmetropization within 1 month follow-up was 21.51% (17/79 eyes), with 33.34% (9/27 eyes) in mild, 28.57% (6/21 eyes) in moderate, and 6.45% (2/31 eyes) in severe myopia group; compared to the control group which was 22.78% (18/79 eyes) (p=0.848), with 48.14% (13/27 eyes) in mild, 15% (3/20 eyes) in moderate, and 6.25% (2/32 eyes) in severe myopia group. Treatment time in the study group was relatively faster compared to the control group. Conclusions: The study group showed slightly better result in treating moderate myopia within 1 month follow-up. Treatment time was relatively faster compared to the control group.

Hyperglycemia and Loss of Redox Homeostasis in COVID-19 Patients.

The infection with SARS-CoV-2 impairs the glucose–insulin axis and this contributes to oxidative (OS) and nitrosative (NSS) stress. Here, we evaluated changes in glucose metabolism that could promote the loss of redox homeostasis in COVID-19 patients. This was comparative cohort and analytical study that compared COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects. The study population consisted of 61 COVID-19 patients with and without comorbidities and 25 healthy subjects (HS). In all subjects the plasma glucose, insulin, 8-isoprostane, Vitamin D, H2S and 3-nitrotyrosine were determined by ELISA. The nitrites (NO2−), lipid-peroxidation (LPO), total-antioxidant-capacity (TAC), thiols, glutathione (GSH) and selenium (Se) were determined by spectrophotometry. The glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR (p < 0.001), 8-isoprostanes, 3-nitrotyrosine (p < 0.001) and LPO were increased (p = 0.02) while Vitamin D (p = 0.01), H2S, thiols, TAC, GSH and Se (p < 0.001) decreased in COVID-19 patients in comparison to HS. The SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in alterations in the glucose–insulin axis that led to hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and IR in patients with and without comorbidities. These alterations increase OS and NSS reflected in increases or decreases in some oxidative markers in plasma with major impact or fatal consequences in patients that course with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, subjects without comorbidities could have long-term alterations in the redox homeostasis after infection.

الأعلام المختلف في نبوتهم في القرآن الكريم -دراسة تحليلية ترجيحية

This research is entitled: People The scholars differed in their prophethood in the Holy Qur’an, and it includes everyone mentioned in the Qur’an by his name, title or nickname, and the scholars differed in his prophethood in the Noble Qur’an an analytical comparative study,and these people are six men and two women. The men are: Tubba', Dhu al-Qarnayn, Dhu al-Kifl, Taloot, Uzayr, and Luqman. The two women are: Maryam and Umm Musa, peace be upon him. This research addresses two important issues for these people: First: Appointing the names of those whose names were not mentioned. The second: the most correct view of the prophethood of these persons or not. In this research there is an interest in mentioning the opinions of the earlier and later commentators, and the weighting between them, and stating the reason for the weighting.

Comparison between the Effectiveness Fecal Immunochemical Test and Colonoscopy As A Tool For Colorectal Cancer Early Detection

Cancer is a disease that causes a lot of misery and death in humans. According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015, there are 8.8 million deaths caused by cancer and colorectal cancer ranked third with 774,000 deaths. One of the prevention effort for colorectal cancer is early detection in the population, especially in high-risk groups and in groups with non-specific symptoms. In general, two types of early detection tests are available: stool-based testing and structural testing. Fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is one type of examination that is categorized as the tool-based test. Meanwhile, the structural test include colonoscopy, CT colonography and flexible sigmoidoscopy. This study aimed to determine difference in the effectiveness of FIT against colonoscopy as an early detection tool for colorectal cancer. This study was a cross-sectional comparative diagnostic analytical observational study to compare FIT to colonoscopy for early detection of colorectal cancer. This study involved patients presented to Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia. Analysis of diagnostic test data was carried out to obtain the sensitivity, specificity, and the positive and negative predictive values through the use of bivariate analysis in the form of Man Whitney test. Thirty-eight patients were included in this study, consisting of 27 cancer patients and 11 non-cancer patients. Results showed that the sensitivity level of FIT was 81.5%, with 72.7% specificity. There is no significant difference in the effectiveness between FIT and colonoscopy in screening for colorectal cancer.

Comparison of Cognitive Function between Intracerebral Haemorrhage Stroke Patients with and without Hypertensive Crisis

Background: Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) stroke is characterized by neurological dysfunction, caused by focal collection of blood within the brain parenchyma or ventricular system that is not caused by trauma. Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for intracerebral haemorrhage. Hypertensive crisis, which is a more severe type of uncontrolled hypertension may aggravate the cognitive outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare cognitive function between intracerebral haemorrhage stroke patients with and without hypertensive crisis. Methods: This study was a retrospective comparative analytic study, combined with a case-control study from August to November 2020. All medical records of patients with intracerebral haemorrhage, who were admitted to Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung in 2019, were collected. The total score of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) which was recorded in the medical record was taken and compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney test. The MMSE was conducted on the day of discharge, and the minimum education level of the patients was elementary school. Results: We found a total of 109 medical records with ICH, 67 of which were with hypertensive crisis. The median MMSE score in the hypertensive crisis group was slightly higher than in the non-hypertensive crisis group. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in MMSE scores between intracerebral haemorrhage patients with and without hypertensive crisis (p-value=0.439). Conclusion: There is no difference in cognitive function between intracerebral haemorrhage patients with and without hypertensive crisis. Further study is of great value to explore the relation between intracerebral haemorrhage patients with and without hypertensive crisis.

Measures of Emotion in the Two Poems "The Sparkling Eye" and "Death, the Phoenix of Pleasure": An Analytical Comparative Study

The emotional feeling is considered to be a significant component in every literary work, animate spirit rises in it. Emotional feeling is a natural instinctive state of mind risen from human soul on its excitement at what it sees or hears; or an implicative life experience. It mostly goes contrary to the normal sense. It is always associated with human feeling never separated away with it whatever the person is covert in his feelings. It is also what makes the literary work strong, and the poem motivates with life. It is in literary version as the soul to the body; it is with emotion only that, the literary work can go high and the poetry can life eternally. And the among the circumstances that move up the emotion and keep it in a continuous grief is that, the person lost one among his closed relatives or his loved ones suddenly, especially when this happened due to a motor accident! The existing of this happening gives a writer in the work of art a poetic experience that will affect his depth thinking motivate his intense feeling so that his poem will come exactly transcribing what actually happened. Such, this article aims at analytical and compared study to dual poems: "pouring eyes in remembering a car accident martyrs" by the poet Nuru Isah Kaura, and the death is a phoenix to pleasure" by the poet Naziru Muhammad Kaura, aiming at discovering what the poems contain of artistic value and also displaying the types of emotion in them thereby considering the points of similarities and dissimilarities in them. This will be through the following: Brief biography of the dual poets - Displaying the dual poems - Structure of the dual poems - The types of the emotion in them - Elegy components in the poems - Similarities and dissimilarities feature in the dual poems - Conclusion – References.

Prospective Comparative Study of Fixing Displaced Transverse Patellar Fracture by Tension Band Wiring Versus Cannulated Screws with Wiring

BACKGROUND: Transverse fractures of the patella are important fractures with a wide variety of subtypes, the common incidence in the age group of 20–50 years. Surgical interference aims to achieve a perfect alignment of the joint surface, in addition to rigid fixation of the fracture for early re-habitation and early movement to retain the extensor mechanism of the knee joint. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the radiological and functional outcomes of the displaced transverse patella fracture in adult patients treated by ORIF using tension band wiring versus cannulated screws with wiring. METHODS: A prospective analytic comparative study was conducted in Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital/Baghdad/Iraq for 18 months from April 1, 2019, to October 1, 2020. It included 32 patients with isolated displaced transverse patellar fracture AO type 34-C1. The patients have undergone operative fixation with two different surgical techniques divided randomly by choosing every other patient into two groups. Group A, the fracture was fixed by cannulated screws with wiring and Group B, the fracture was fixed by two K-wires and with tension band technique. Postoperatively, assessment of the knee function by Lysholm score, the visual analog scale for pain intensity, and active flexion range of movement were measured in degree as primary outcomes, while time to union in weeks assessed radiographically as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: The patients’ age was ranging from 26 to 49 years, with males predominant. Low-energy falls occupying a major part of the mechanism of injury in both groups. Lysholm score was significantly increased after 3, 6, and 12 months compared to that after 1 month in both groups with no statistical differences. The mean visual analog score significantly decreased in Group A after 1 month than that in Group B with no significant change in the other follow-up periods. There were no statistically significant differences in both groups regarding the range of knee movement and the radiographic assessment of fracture healing. CONCLUSION: Both techniques are good and effective with taking into consideration that open reduction and cannulated screws fixation with wiring technique is shown to be associated with lower post-operative pain and a lower frequency of complications mainly surgical site infection.

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Changes in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with Oral Focus Infection Treatment

&#x0D; Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the joints. RA is known to have associations with oral infection. Oral focus infection treatment has been shown to reduce RA disease activity. The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is a parameter to determine the inflammatory activity in RA patients. This study aims to determine the NLR changes of RA patients after oral focus infection treatment. This study is a descriptive and analytic-comparative study using secondary data obtained from the medical records of oral focus infection treated RA patients at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, from January to December 2019. Data were processed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The data consisted of 17 samples from 3 focus infection categories. A total of 5 samples had a chronic apical infection, 2 samples had a chronic marginal infection, and 10 samples had a chronic apical-marginal infection. The results showed a decrease in median of the NLR after oral focus infection treatment, without statistical significance. In conclusion, there were no significant NLR changes in RA patients who were given oral focus infection treatment.&#x0D; Keywords: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; rheumatoid arthritis; oral focus infection

Comparative analytical study of the coupled criterion and the principle of minimum total energy with stress condition applied to linear elastic interfaces

In the present work the Coupled Criterion of Finite Fracture Mechanics (CCFFM) is used to predict crack onset or growth by finite increments in a linear elastic interface. The predictions of the interface failure by two alternative approaches of the CCFFM applied to the Linear Elastic Brittle Interface Model (LEBIM): the widely used method based on looking for an intersection of stress and energy criteria curves and the novel Principle of Minimum Total Energy subjected to a Stress Condition (PMTE-SC), are studied and compared. For this purpose, two analytical studies, based on the stress and energy criteria curves and the PMTE-SC, are carefully explained, providing appropriate graphical representations, by considering the widely used Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) test as benchmark problem. For the sake of simplicity, the Euler–Bernoulli beam model including an elastic interface (the Winkler interface) to model the adhesive layer joint is used in this study. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first study showing, for both load and displacement control, that the PMTE-SC is equivalent to the classical formulation of the CCFFM, providing exactly the same analytical predictions for the crack onset and propagation. The fact that onset of a finite crack-advance typically predicted by CCFFM is associated to tunnelling the total energy barrier is also illustrated on the DCB test. The main advantages of the PMTE-SC are its versatility and possibility of applying it to complex configurations including multiple cracks and fracture mixed-mode behaviour.

Comparative analytical study of landfill soil and soil from sanitary protection zone of the solid municipal waste landfill of the Irkutsk city for 2014 and 2019

The largest SMW landfill in the Irkutsk region is that in the Irkutsk city. In 2014, high heavy metal contents were registered in landfill soil samples taken at the landfill site, and it was proposed to perform monitoring outside the landfill in 2019 and determine the pollution distribution area. In this article, the comparative analysis of the degree of heavy metal pollution of the landfill soil and soil from sanitary protection zone is presented. It was established that the studied landfill soil refers to extremely hazardous soils with heavy metal contents that are up to 68 times higher than TLV. Soil samples from the landfill-affected area also contain heavy metals in high concentrations. The manufacturing supervision of the SMW landfill should include the continuous observation of the soil, water, and air condition in the zone of possible impact of the landfill for taking timely environmental protection measures and preventing further negative impact of the landfill on the ecosystem.

Factors affecting knowledge regarding unmet need on fertile aged women in Indonesia: evaluation of 2012 and 2017 IDHS

BackgroundThe Family Planning (FP) Program is a national method of controlling population growth rates while improving maternal and child health. Indonesia, as one of the largest countries, has abysmally low contraceptive coverage. One of its main issues is unmet contraceptive needs. This study aims to determine the factors that influence women's unmet need of childbearing age (WCA) in Indonesia.MethodsWe performed an unpaired comparative analytic study with a cross-sectional method was conducted on secondary data obtained from 2012 to 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The subjects in this study were all women of childbearing age (15–49 years). Subjects with incomplete data were excluded from the study. Unmet need was defined as WCA who did not use contraception but decline to have more children or wanted to delay their pregnancies. Chi-square analysis was performed on categorical data and Mann–Whitney U analysis on numerical data.ResultA total of 45,607 WCA in the 2012 IDHS data and 29,627 WCA in the 2017 IDHS data were included in the study. In the 2012 IDHS data, factors influencing unmet needs were age (p = 0.023) and parity (p < 0.0001). In the 2017 IDHS data, factors influencing unmet needs were the residential area (p = 0.003), level of education (p = 0.008), level of spouse’s education (p < 0.0001), employment status (p = 0.03), possession of electricity (p = 0.001), and possession of television (p = 0.01).ConclusionFactors affecting unmet needs are age, parity, residential area, level of education, level of spouse’s education, employment status, possession of television, and possession of electricity. There were no recurring factors on 2012 and 2017 IDHS data.

School Leadership Master’s Program Enhancement through Cross-Border Collaboration between Assiut and Kuwait Schools of Education

Egypt and Kuwait are currently executing a large-scale transformation in the national education system. On such time, school leadership capacity building and development is crucial and fundamental. Therefore, the current research seeks to scrutiny leadership components presented in the Education Administration Master program offered in Assiut and Kuwait Faculties of Education to cross match the presented knowledge and competencies with international requirements of highly credited leadership master programs. A comparative analytical study was implemented to compare the leadership models presented in the Assiut and Kuwait master’s programs in educational administration. The intended outcome is to enhance the current master program offered in both faculties. &#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 31 October 2021 / Accepted: 1 December 2021 / Published: 3 January 2022