Analysis Of Language Research Articles

Incorporation and “formal incorporation” in analytic languages: Mande languages and typology of incorporation

Although the Mande languages are usually characterized as analytic, they demonstrate a broader spectrum of typological features. For instance, Gban (South Mande) was analyzed as having evident infl ective elements. This paper concerns the phenomenon of incorporation observed in some Mande languages (Mandinka, Tigemaxo, Soninke). It also attempts at attracting attention to the interpretation of some facts which do not suit the defi nition of incorporation but demonstrate some phenomena, to a certain extent, similar to incorporation (Gban, South Mande). The author (very tentatively) uses the term “formal incorporation” for them and offers a new variant of the typology of incorpоration, including it into the broader set of different phenomena. It is worth noting that the paper concentrates on the particular sort of incorporation, i.e., object + verb incorporation.

The “Foreigner” and the Eunuch: The Politics of Belonging in Isaiah 56:1–8

Abstract One important theme that has emerged recently in research concerning exile, migration, and return-migration is the concept of “belonging”, a concept that is quickly destabilising the emphasis on identity. This article will demonstrate the heuristic significance of research concerning belonging for Biblical scholars, focusing on the negative stereotypical identity labels, “the foreigner” and “the eunuch” in Isaiah 56:1–8. It will emphasise the crucial importance of using clear and differentiated analytical language and will illustrate how doing so enables us to perceive new nuances and shades of meaning in the Biblical text. We will emphasise the importance of elective attachment in Isaiah 56:1–8 and will emphasise the significance of recognising that identity labels such as “foreigner” are constructed and unstable. The article surveys material concerning belonging and demonstrates its significance for rethinking and reframing the polemic against ethnic entitlement and exclusionary language.

The Process of Word Formation in English and Kurdish Languages: A Comparative Typological Study

English and Kurdish are two morphologically different Indo-European languages. The first is the most analytic language among all of the European languages, while the second is an agglutinative, incorporating language. The paper concerns itself only with the standard dialects of the two languages, which are hypothesized to be different in the process of forming word. In this paper, an attempt is made to identify how many word-formation patterns occur in each language? Then, the paper aims at examining and contrasting where does English and Kurdish word formation resemble morphologically? And where do they differ? For this study, the data have been collected from various English and Kurdish sources and re-analyzed with reference to word formation in the two languages.

Natural, Everyday Language Use Provides a Window into the Integrity of Older Adults’ Cognitive Functioning

Language use during structured clinical tasks predicts pathological cognitive aging. However, structured tasks reflect only a narrow band of potential communication contexts, which limits the ability to capture cognitive processes manifested in language use under more natural conditions (i.e., minimal constraints). The Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) makes it possible to sample language from the full ecology of individuals’ interactions. As interactions are cognitively complex, language use in everyday life might be especially sensitive to the integrity of higher-order cognitive processes, including executive functions (EF). Using the EAR and a standard EF battery, we show that EF, particularly working memory, is reflected in analytic (e.g. articles and prepositions), complex (e.g. longer words), and specific (e.g. more numbers) language. The EAR provides first evidence that the words used in daily life reflect the integrity of EF and that reliance on less complex language could reflect WM variability among cognitively healthy adults.

The Narratives of Muslim Women of Central Asia about "Liberation": the Voice of the Subaltern? (1920s-1930s)

This article examines the narratives of Muslim women in Central Asia about their experience of their emancipation. Gender issues occupy an important place in postcolonial studies which have progressed rapidly in recent decades. Can the analytical language and approaches develop within the framework of postcolonial studies be applied to the study of Soviet history? This issue continues to be the subject of discussion among Russian and Western authors. However, it is obvious that when studying some aspects of the life of Soviet society, it is impossible to ignore the experience of studying colonial and postcolonial societies. The author, repeating the question posed by postcolonial researchers about whether the Subaltern can speak, tries to answer it by focusing on the narratives of Muslim women in Central Asia about “liberation”. These narratives were an important part of the Soviet discourse on the emancipation of women. Muslim women's gaining a voice (individual and collective) was seen as an important indicator of the success of policies aimed at "liberating" women. Analysis of Muslim women's narratives about "liberation" provided an opportunity to see the similarity of their structure, as well as how the structure of narratives changed in the 1930s.

Improving Calculus Learning Using a Scientific Calculator

AbstractThis article discusses the use of a scientific calculator in teaching calculus by using representations of mathematics notions in different sub-languages (analytical, graphical, symbolical, verbal, numerical and computer language). Our long-term experience shows that this may have a positive and significant effect on the enhancement of conceptual understanding of mathematical concepts and approaches. This transcends the basic computational uses, and implies a potential for real improvement in the learning success, cognitive motivation and problem solving skills of the student. We illustrate the steps we have taken towards doing this through some examples.

COMPOSITION OF NUMERAL SYSTEMS ACROSS LANGUAGES (MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS IN NUMBERS)

The number system is investigated in this study as a small yet typical semiotic system of a larger one, i.e. language. The double-faceted nature of signs is self-evident: most numbers have two senses, one being morphological and the other being lexical. Underlying the different additions and multiplications in numbers is peoples’ mathematical and linguistic thought. While the Vietnamese reveal their mathematical thought in “mười”, “mươi”, “một chục” (ten) on the basis of decimal numeration, the French are opted for vigesimal numeration (80=4x20 – quatre vingt), and the Taiwanese merely rely on their hands and fingers. The systematicity and national peculiarities are also visible, even though numbers may have been borrowed from other languages. In this paper, we use data from ethnic languages in Vietnam, Austroasiatic and Austronesian languages, or, to be accurate, Austro-Tai languages which are closely related to Vietnamese. Some languages beyond Vietnam’s borders are also referred to when necessary. We compare and contrast the number systems in isolating, analytic languages in Vietnam and Southeast Asia with those in Indo-European languages, including such typical inflectional, synthetic languages as French, English and German before drawing general conclusions. Finally, the paper offers an overview of the evolution of number systems across languages spanning from about 10,000 years ago to the last millennium, as well as ancestral relations among languages.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE HOMOPHONES “HONG” IN CHINESE AND “HỒNG” IN VIETNAMESE

Chinese and Vietnamese are analytic languages and thus homophone is a common linguistic phenomenon. Over the course of history, Vietnamese language has interacted with Chinese language and borrowed a great number of Chinese characters that gradually become Sino-Vietnamese words. Those words are Vietnamized to some extent and are subject to semantic change. The combination of Sino-Vietnamese elements and purely Vietnamese words has created Sino-Vietnamese words and makes homophone in Vietnamese become more and more complicated. This linguistic phenomenon causes many difficulties in note taking, explanation, Vietnamese usage and Chinese learning for Vietnamese people. In the article, such methods and techniques as statistics, analysis, compare-contrast are used along with the materials collected from some dictionaries and everyday language to analyze the homophones of ‘hóng’ in Chinese and ‘hồng’ in Vietnamese with an aim to distinguishing between their meanings. This hopes to contribute as a reference for Vietnamese teaching and Chinese teaching in Vietnam.

Morphological Analysis of Manggarai Language

This study was a morphology descriptive analysis of Manggarai language (BM) which was focused on three areas those are language typology based on the level of morphological use namely analytic, synthetic, and polysynthetic; morpheme identification; and morphological process. Therefore the aim of this study was to describe them. Data used in this study were library data which were collected using simak method and introspection method. The data were analyzed using agih method. Besides, there are three main results of the analysis data in this study. The first showed that BM is the analytic language because morphologically words in BM are monomorphemic. The second finding showed that bound morphemes in BM not related to affixation, but they are related to the combination of synonyms and clitictation. The last finding found that there is no affixation in the morphological process, but it is only compound words and reduplication.

Presenting an analytic framework facilitating a situationally oriented analysis of the use of digital technology for engagement in occupation

Background Digital technology is closely intertwined with and influences people’s everyday lives. Within occupational science and occupational therapy, research is therefore warranted into situationally oriented analysis of the use of digital technology for engagement in occupation. Objective To contribute with an analytic framework facilitating a situationally oriented analysis of the use of digital technology for engagement in occupation. Material and methods An operationalisation of Dewey’s theory of transaction and inquiry in conjunction with an occupational science approach served as the analytical framework for exploring how underprivileged adults use digital technology for engaging in health-related occupation. Findings The analytical framework proved useful for a situationally oriented analysis of digital technology use for engagement in occupation: by fostering identification and registration of digital technology artefacts used for engagement in occupation, by making transparent the complexity that the situation creates for the participant, by identifying problems with and needs for inquiries in relation to engagement in occupation and, finally, by facilitating a situation-oriented analytical language. Conclusion The analytical framework presented is useful for conducting a situationally oriented analysis of digital technology use for engagement in occupation. Future research and validation of the analytical framework are needed.

Is Unish Moving toward Becoming a More Analytic Language?: With Special Reference to Morphological Changes

Is Unish Moving toward Becoming a More Analytic Language?: With Special Reference to Morphological Changes

Too Emotional to Succeed: Entrepreneurial Storytelling in a Prosocial Setting

In a prosocial crowdfunding setting, the ability of entrepreneurs to mobilize support through their stories is crucial since their livelihoods often depend on it. We examine how cognitive and emotional appeals in stories affect resource mobilization outcomes in a sample of 2098 entrepreneurs in 55 countries who requested a loan via a prosocial crowdfunding platform. Our study suggests that using analytical language in entrepreneur stories mobilizes support attracting more resources and using affective language in entrepreneur stories is detrimental attracting less resources, especially in the case of negative emotions. Our study contributes to the entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship literatures by showing the effectiveness of cognitive and emotional appeals –distinguishing between positive and negative emotions– in mobilizing support in a context that combines aspects of traditional crowdfunding and social entrepreneurship.

Reading with the colonial in the life of Shaykh Musa Kamara, a Muslim scholar-saint

AbstractThe colonial-era Senegalese Muslim intellectual Shaykh Musa Kamara is best known for his over 1,700-page Arabic-language text about the history and social organization of the greater Western Sahel, Zuhūr al-basātīn fī tārīkh al-Sawādīn (Flowers in the Gardens in the History of the Blacks). Long celebrated by nationalist historiography as proof of an autochthonous historical consciousness and a spirit of tolerance, his status as a point of reference has been renewed in the contemporary context of Islamist political violence in the region. However, these receptions do not account for Kamara's own intellectual project, nor do they exhaust the possible readings of him in the present. In addition to thinking about Senegal in terms that cohere with the modern, Kamara also offers a way of thinking about the Muslim-majority West African country, and the greater Western Sahel more generally, in terms that have emerged from the historical specificity of the region. These include saintly subjectivity, notions of power irreducible to either the religious or the political, and a method of genealogical criticism. Importantly, he developed these ideas at the moment when a consensus about the place of Islam in colonial governance was being elaborated. Revisiting his body of work permits us to consider an analytical language about an African society with deep histories of Islam and an intellectual elaboration that was expressed within and sought to intervene in a colonial context.

Jurisprudence in the Era of Change: Subject and Structure of the Discipline

The law exists in the form of institutions and in the form of representations of institutions, since the representation of something (phenomenon) has a conceptual dimension in the representation of something (concept). Representations of law and representations of law are two aspects of the expression and manifestation of the general legal reality. This, in fact, leads to a fundamental dilemma in determining the subject of legal science. This is the science of law or the science of legal science. Given that the concept of law is a theory of law developed into a system of definitions, the practical language of law finds itself in the theoretical language of jurisprudence, and vice versa. The languages in which the law operates, and the languages in which the phenomenon of law is interpreted, constitute the general object and subject of jurisprudence.Jurisprudence is a conceptual part of legal reality, both an object and a subject of legal science. The evolution of jurisprudence in the cultural-historical logic of changes in its subject and methods is the basis for changes in its disciplinary structure and connections in the general system of social and political sciences. Each cultural and historical epoch of the existence of law corresponds to its own grammar of law and its own epistemology of law, that is, its own analytical language and disciplinary format of legal knowledge. The law exists in the definitions of its concept. The concept of law has both an ontological and epistemological status. One thinks of law because it exists, and one understands the law because it is defined. Each tradition of understanding the law can be conceptually seen in the phenomenon of law that other traditions of legal understanding do not see or do not notice. The history of the development of the concept of law (conceptualization of law) contains the history of the development of legal institutions (institutionalization of law). Both components of legal reality — objective and subjective grounds and conditions for the emergence and development of the phenomenon of law live in the framework definitions of their social culture, its language and discourse. That is, they live in historical forms of awareness and understanding of one’s own law — from the law indicated in rituals, myths, signs and symbols, to the law indicated in canonical texts, doctrines and concepts; from the law of disciplinary society to the law of network communities; from the law of political domination and bureaucratic management to the law of civil communications and network agreements.

Pause acceptability indicates word-internal structure in Wubuy

Words in polysynthetic languages, such as the Australian language Wubuy, can be semantically complex and translate into whole phrases in analytic languages such as English. This raises questions about whether such words are like words in English, or whether they are more like phrases. In the following, we examine Wubuy speakers' knowledge of word-internal morphological complexity in a word-preference task, in which we test the acceptability of complex words into which artificial pauses have been embedded at a range of morphological junctures. The results show that participants prefer unmodified words and words with pauses inserted at semantically transparent morphological junctures over words with pauses at other junctures. There is no preference for unmodified words over words with pauses at transparent junctures. These results suggest that speakers have access to some word-internal morphological information, and that complex words may share characteristics of both words and phrases in, for instance, English.

Examining Writing Measures and Achievement for Students of Varied Language Abilities and Linguistic Backgrounds Using Structural Equation Modeling

The aims of the current project were to: (a) describe lexical diversity, morphologically complex word use (MCW), and writing quality ratings of 5th-grade students with diverse language backgrounds and (b) to examine the relationship between analytical components and writing quality ratings with performance on measures of language and literacy achievement. This study examined 1,825 written responses of 5th-grade English Learners with limited English proficiency (LEP) compared to English proficient speaking peers with and without language-learning disorders (LLD). Structural equation modeling was conducted to examine the relationship between analytical and holistic writing measures with achievement. Findings demonstrated differences in analytical components and writing quality between groups, evidencing lower performance for students with LEP and students with LLD. Students’ lexical diversity and MCW use in written responses were strongly related to overall quality ratings and significantly related to performance on standardized assessments. Confirmatory structural equation modeling results suggested that the latent variable of analytical language had a strong relationship with writing quality ratings and a small but significant relationship with language and literacy achievement. Results suggest that the relative contribution of writing skills to achievement was not significantly different between students proficient in English and ELs with LEP.

Prediction of Accident Severity Using Artificial Neural Network: A Comparison of Analytical Capabilities between Python and R

Large amount of data has been generated by Organizations. Different Analytical Tools are being used to handle such kind of data by Data Scientists. There are many tools available for Data processing, Visualisations, Predictive Analytics and so on. It is important to select a suitable Analytic Tool or Programming Language to carry out the tasks. In this research, two of the most commonly used Programming Languages have been compared and contrasted which are Python and R. To carry out the experiment two data sets have been collected from Kaggle and combined into a single Dataset. This study visualizes the data to generate some useful insights and prepare data for training on Artificial Neural Network by using Python and R language. The scope of this paper is to compare the analytical capabilities of Python and R. An Artificial Neural Network with Multilayer Perceptron has been implemented to predict the severity of accidents. Furthermore, the results have been used to compare and tried to point out which programming language is better for data visualization, data processing, Predictive Analytics, etc.

The evolution of the Slavic dual: A biolinguistic perspective by Tatyana G. Slobodchikoff

Reviewed by: The evolution of the Slavic dual: A biolinguistic perspective by Tatyana G. Slobodchikoff Boštjan Dvořák Tatyana G. Slobodchikoff. The evolution of the Slavic dual: A biolinguistic perspective. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books (an imprint of Rowman & Littlefield), 2019. 212 pp. [Studies in Slavic, Baltic, and Eastern European Languages and Cultures.] ISBN 978-1-4985-7924-7 (hardback), 978-1-4985-7925-4 (eBook). Indo-European comparative grammar offers many fascinating and complex language phenomena for synchronic and diachronic analysis. The dual number is undoubtedly one of the most puzzling and intensively discussed items among these. Almost all ancient IE languages had a dual in addition to singular and plural. But most of the modern languages have lost their dual in the course of their history; no IE language has gained a new dual. In the book under review, Tatyana G. Slobodchikoff gives a methodologically highly elaborated presentation and excellent analysis of how this grammatical category must have developed in the Slavic language group from a prehistoric stage through to the modern spoken languages, drawing on a large set of IE and non-IE languages for comparison. We see it as both a thrilling scholarly read and an indispensable example of methodology for many other fields of analytic language science. Starting with a panoramic overview of the grammatical category of dual in a general perspective against a background of typology and universals, the author passes to a selection of sources from the newer history of Slavic languages. She focusses on these and considers them in the light of several insightful theoretical approaches—Humboldt 1827, Jespersen 1965, Plank 1989, Corbett 2000, Cysouw 2009—followed by a thorough step-by-step analysis and explanation of the difficult, apparently unsolvable and paradoxical linguistic problem of why the dual number is conserved in just a few of the contemporary Slavic languages while it has been entirely lost in the rest of them under seemingly identical conditions. Her new account involves a reinterpretation of Chomsky’s concept of language as a biological and economic organism (Chomsky 2005, 2008 etc.), constantly changing with the purpose of improving its system of grammatical relations, oppositions, and rules, proceeding [End Page 71] from a given stage to another that appears to speakers to be as consistent and appropriate as possible. If we analyze the early Slavic system of singular/dual/plural as [+singular –augmented], [–singular –augmented], and [–singular +augmented] respectively (p. 114), the dual turns out to be the most marked. This excess of markedness can simply be eliminated by “impoverishment”, as most of the Slavic languages have done in creating their singular vs. plural systems. Or it can become less marked as a “reanalyzed dual” through the principle of Morphosyntactic Feature Economy, yielding [–singular] [–augmented] expressed by two separate exponents (p. 115ff). Upper and Lower Sorbian add -j to their dual forms, and Slovenian adds dva ‘two’ to its inherited dual pronouns (e.g., ona > onadva). Therefore, as excellently demonstrated by Slobodchikoff, the different final results in the respective languages—a full three-number-system (singular, dual, and plural) in pronominal, verbal, and nominal inflexion in Slovenian and Lower and Upper Sorbian, opposed to the reduced two-number-system (singular and plural) of the pronouns, nouns and verbs in Old East Slavic and Kashubian—are due to the same driving wheel of change, the gradual appearance of a syncretism in a group of personal pronouns, as can be traced mainly to the 2nd and 1st person forms for dual and plural number, inherited from the well documented, common former language stages. Against the background of the universal rule of systematization, speakers using the respective idiom are forced to reinterpret the asymmetry of the deficient system, and to either add or remove the critical forms in order to repair it. Thus, the tendency for systematization can be considered as the motivating force of almost any step of change within a language system—with irregularities revealing remnant elements of former stages of a changing whole, at the same time usually causing its “improvement”, the direction and extent of which depend on the interpretation by the speakers. The methodical fidelity to Chomsky’s principle of biological economy can lead...

Русский Китай в последнем романе Д. А. Пригова

The article relates to the last novel by D. A. Prigov “Katya the Chinese” (published in 2007), based on the memories of the writer’s wife, N. G. Burova from Harbin, who was born and grew up in the Russian China and left it in 1950s. The main task of the article is to show what stylistic techniques, plots, motives, subtexts allow to recreate the atmosphere of the Russian China and the generalized image of the East. The narration synthesizes the memories of the people of Harbin and recognizable storylines of D. A. Prigov’s work (such, for example, as a fantastic bestiary). In the subtext of the novel the following works are found: feuilleton by I. Ilf and E. Petrov “Nikudykin the Commtied”, pro- totyped by the “futurist of life” V. Goltsshmidt, who traveled in 1918–1920s with lectures on Siberia and the Far East, V. Nabokov’s novel “The Gift” with his father’s Asian journey (the plot about his father in “The Gift” influenced the plot about the girl’s father in “Katya the Chinese”), the “Chinese” stories by J. L. Borges “The Garden of Forking Paths” and “The Analytical language of John Wilkins”, etc. In Prigov’s narrative, a particular role is played by an autobiographical excerpt about the Tashkent artist A. N. Volkov and an insertion novel about the “Monastery of Flying Cats”, in- tentionally inaccurately stylized by Prigov as a Chinese legend. Many motifs and subtexts of the novel pass through the prism of the child’s consciousness (the “girl’s”, who is the main character of the novel), which gives the image of the Russian East, along with documentary, fantastic features.

Elements of Incorporation in the Russian Commercial Naming

The article is devoted to the problem of word formation incorporation in the Russian language. Incorporation is understood as the merger of two or more words into one morphological whole without the participation of word-forming formants, in which the value of the derivative is transformed in relation to the values of the original words. The derivatives of incorporation are called incorporation complexes. Components of incorporated complexes are classified as quasi-morphemes, which are special elements that do not correspond to the classical notion of lexical or word-forming units. A review of scientific papers on incorporation in the languages of the world demonstrates different approaches to this phenomenon and terminological differences in its definition. Incorporation has been a subject of study for more than a century as an essential characteristic of polysynthetic and analytical languages. In relation to inflectional Russian, this phenomenon has not been systematically described, which determines the relevance of the study and its analysis in this article. This linguistic phenomenon in the Russian language is relatively recent and, of course, requires scientific evaluation. The authors set a goal to determine the boundaries of word-formation incorporation in the Russian language and its differences from similar derivational models. The article considers the incorporation on the basis of the Russian commercial name. The material is collected by the method of continuous sampling from Internet sites. Incoporation complexes are selected among commercial names or ergonyms, which are signs of grocery stores, restaurants, cafes and other commercial establishments. As a result of the research, the classification of ergonyms formed according to the incorporated word-formation model in the modern Russian language is developed. The study is of great interest, as it offers an analysis of the trend actively developing in inflectional Russian. The method of contrastive analysis is used to compare similar examples from modern English. Lexical units from the English language have become the object of study, as the models of word formation of the English language are borrowed together with words. A significant group of examples of Russian ergonyms with borrowed components, among which English-language segments predominate, is also highlighted. The presence of incorporation in the Russian language, in particular, in commercial naming is considered as proof of the universality of certain linguistic phenomena in word formation.