Analysis Of Variance Table Research Articles

Optimization of chromium(VI) biosorption using gooseberry seeds by response surface methodology

The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry ( Phyllanthus acidus ) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium(VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R 2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R 2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27∞C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.

Can Analysis of Variance Be More Significant?

Recent widespread criticism of the lack of statistical rigor in science journals has focused attention on the need to improve the standards for statistical design and analysis in research. This study examined the role of analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the context of current concerns regarding the validity and appropriateness of statistics in scientific publications. One objective was to suggest how ANOVA tables can be constructed to enhance the transparency and scientific integrity of scientific journals and better assist the interpretation of data. The broader goal of this study was to generate new discussion, debate, and ideas regarding ANOVA. The history and current status of ANOVA as the context for assessing the practical and statistical relevance of ANOVA tables for students, authors, reviewers, editors, and readers of scientific journals is discussed. Each component of an ANOVA table (sources of variation, degrees of freedom, sums of squares, mean squares,Fvalues, andPvalues) is critiqued for its information and value. Using a criterion of including the components that provide essential information on key details of the experimental design and validating the appropriateness of the analysis, guidelines are provided for constructing an ANOVA table that is SIMPLE—Simple, Informative, Meaningful, Powerful, Logical, and Effective. A prototype SIMPLE ANOVA table is presented to encourage further consideration and debate regarding best practices for ANOVA tables.

Evaluation of dried bread waste as feedstuff for growing crossbred pigs

Aim: The aim was to investigate the effect of bread waste feeding on feed intake, utilization and growth performance of crossbred pigs and to evaluate the economics of bread waste feeding. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted for a period of 3 months (December, 2012-March, 2013). Large White Yorkshire crosses (LWY X Desi) were included in the study. A total of 24 weaned crossbred growing pigs were randomly assigned to four different groups, with six animals in each group. The experimental animals were fed as per their body weight following Indian Council of Agricultural Research requirements. They were fed twice a day according to schedule at 9:00 am and 3:00 pm. The water was kept available to animals round the clock. The cost of the experimental diets was calculated based on the existing price of the ingredients during the experimental period. Samples of feed were collected for analysis of proximate principles as per Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Body weight of all animals was recorded fortnightly basis in the morning before feeding with the use of platform type electronic weighing balance. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein conversion ration was calculated by using a standard formula. Data were analyzed, using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means showing significant differences in the ANOVA table were compared using the Duncan multiple range test. Results: Crude protein content (%) of the diets was 16.01±0.02, 16.13±0.02, 16.14±0.02, 16.04±0.02, 16.08±0.02 and 12.72±0.03, respectively for the G1, G2, G3 and G4, groups. Proximate compositions (%) of diets used in the experiment were not significantly different. Digestibility coefficients of all the nutrients were significantly varied among the experimental groups. Daily feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) varied among the groups. Average daily gain (kg/pig/day) were significantly (p<0.01) higher in group G2 (0.377). FCR was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the G2 group (4.35). Conclusion: Bread waste can economically supplement up to 50% to the diet of crossbred growing pigs.

Screening of Potato Lines Including Department Genetic &amp;amp; National Plant Gene Bank of Iran for Resistance to Early Blight (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Alternaria. solani&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) Using Culture Filtrate Produced by the Fungus

Potato is a plant that can be influenced by early blight disease. Early blight is one of the most destructive plant diseases, especially in the members of solanaceae family. This disease can reduce yield. Experiment design was a factorial randomized complete design to evaluate the isolate pathogenic Alternaria solani in National Plant Gene Bank of Iran, during 2008-2009. This experiment was conducted with three replications, and the factors include test methods and three lines 9506, 10908-05 and 10908-18 with genotypes of Agria, Casmos and Desiree (susceptible) and Delta (resistant control). Analysis of variance table was based on the area under the disease progress curve, indicating the effects of the experimental methods; genotype and their interactions are significant at the 1% level. In greenhouse evaluation, the symptoms appeared on, the first day. In this method the area under the curve progression was noted in 10 times, but in vitro method, the symptoms of this evaluation appeared on the first or second day. The Evaluation was carried out after inoculation, and was noted 6 times. The results indicate that genotypes and lines are located in four different groups. In this case, line 9506 and Cosmos were quite sensitive to the surface, and Desiree, is located in a sensitive area. Line 10908-18 and Agria, located approximately at the level of resistance, and line 10908-05 and Delta, have been resistant surface.

Modeling and Optimization of Power Coefficient using Statistical Design of Experiment Method

The main objective of this paper is to model the power coefficient in order to optimize the design of a horizontal axis wind turbine rotor to ensure the optimum aerodynamic power production, based on statistical Design of Experiment (DOE). Sophisticated aerodynamics of the wind turbine and blade geometry is discussed and used to generate the optimum chord and twist distribution of the rotating blades. The dependent variables for the power coefficient are found to be as the pitch angle, number of blades, and chord and twist distribution. A nonlinear model of the power coefficient based on the dependent variable and their interactions is investigated with the adoption in a 2K factorial design. The significance of the variables as well as the power coefficient model is ensured by the analysis of variance table and scree plots. Interaction plots revealed that the high value of pitch angle and low value of number of blades has the dominant contribution on the power coefficient, while chord and twist distribution is less significant. The results obtained can be used for feasibility study, optimization, and control of the wind turbine system.

Application of Taguchi's orthogonal array in reducing the NO&lt;SUB align="right"&gt;x emission of a stationary diesel engine

The main objective of this investigation is to reduce the NO x emission of a stationary diesel engine with less sacrifice on smoke intensity and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). Fuel injection timing, percentage of EGR and fuel injection pressure are chosen as factors influencing the objective. Three levels were chosen in each factor and design of experiments method was employed to design the experiments. Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array was used to conduct the engine tests with different levels of the chosen factors. Test results were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and ANOVA table was formed for each response variable. From the ANOVA table the most influencing factor and also the significance of each factor affecting the NO x emission, smoke intensity and BTE was found out. Response graph was drawn for each response variable to determine the optimum combination of the factor levels. This optimum combination was confirmed experimentally.

Cotton yarn engineering using robust regression and criteria of Mallow’s Cp

The main purpose of the present study was to predict yarn’s important properties i.e., tensile, unevenness, hairiness, and imperfections of cotton yarn with minimum random errors and maximum accuracy. In this work, cotton fiber properties were measured from rovings carefully untwisted. HVI system and evenness tester of Premier were used to measure the various properties. All yarns (108 samples) were spun at yarn counts of 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 Ne with optimum twist factor. The robust regression and criteria of Mallow’s Cp were used to evaluate the data. Optimal equations with appropriate variables and relative importance of various variables were also investigated. After the goodness of fit, desirable Cp and very large adjusted R2 values were observed. Furthermore, the analysis of variance tables showed that the obtained equations were significant at usual significance levels.

The effect of interaction and rounding error in two-way ANOVA: example of impact on testing for normality

A key issue in various applications of analysis of variance (ANOVA) is testing for the interaction and the interpretation of resulting ANOVA tables. In this note it is demonstrated that for a two-way ANOVA, whether interactions are incorporated or not may have a dramatic influence when considering the usual statistical tests for normality of residuals. The effect of numerical rounding is also discussed.

마찰 교반 용접된 철도 차량용 A6005 압출재의 기계적 성능 향상을 위한 최적 공법 설계

Recently, extruded aluminium-alloy panels have been used in the car bodies for the purpose of the light-weight of railway vehicles and FSW(Friction Stir Welding), which is superior to the arc weldings, has been applied in the railway vehicles. This paper presents the optimum design of the FSW process on A6005 extruded alloy for railway vehicles to improve its mechanical properties. Rotational speed, welding speed and tilting angle of the tool tip were chosen as design parameters. Three objective functions were determined; maximizing the tensile strength, minimizing the hardness and maximizing the difference between the normalized tensile strength and hardness. The tensile tests and the hardness tests for fifteen FSW experiments were carried out according to the central composite design table. Recursive model functions on three characteristic values, such as the tensile strength, the hardness difference(<TEX>${\Delta}Hv$</TEX>) and the difference of normalized tensile strength and <TEX>${\Delta}Hv$</TEX>, were estimated according to the classical response surface analysis methodology. The reliability of each recursive function was verified by F-test using the analysis of variance table. Sensitivity analysis on each characteristic value was done. Finally, the optimum values of three design parameters were found using Sequential Quadratic Programming algorithm.

Modeling and Optimization of Nanomechanics of Diamond-Like Carbon by MPCVD Using Response Surface Methodology

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films have attracted great interest due to their outstanding mechanical, biocompatibility, thermal, optical and electrical properties. The DLC films can be produced by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) using Argon, methane and hydrogen mixed gases. The film properties depend strongly on the experimental parameters such as substrate temperatures; microwave power, process pressure and hydrogen concentration (H2/Ar+CH4+H2). In this study, the properties of nanomechanics of DLC films with various experimental parameters are firstly discussed which include hardness and Young’s modulus characterizing by depth-sensing nanoindentation technique. The nanoindentation is an excellent method for measuring nanomechanical properties of both bulk and thin films. The probe was conducted using a Berkovich diamond tip. To find the optimized process parameters, the statistical and mathematical response surface methodology (RSM) is used to model and analyze the effect of substrate temperature (T), microwave power (W), process pressure (P) and hydrogen concentration (H) on the properties of nanomechanics of DLC films. The central composite experimental design (CCD) is used to evaluate the interaction parametric effects of multiple experimental variables on process response (hardness and Young’s modulus). The predictive quadratic model proposed herein considering the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are proved to fit and predict values of the hardness and Young’s modulus close to those readings recorded experimentally. The most significant influential factors for maximizing the hardness and Young’s modulus have been identified from the ANOVA table. The RSM technique is demonstrated to be a powerful tool in exploration of the manufacturing parameters space of complex physical process of DLC films deposition by MPCVD.

Isothermal corrosion testing of frit furnace refractories

In this paper, the corrosion behaviour of aluminosilicate type refractories in frit melts is studied in an isothermal corrosion test setup. A refractory brick of largely andalusite and sillimanite composition was compared to another refractory brick of mullite and sillimanite composition, both of which were made by different manufacturers for use in different frit furnaces. The industrial frit used for corrosion tests was a commercial product used in a wall tile glaze formulation. Corrosion tests conducted under isothermal conditions provide quantitative and reproducible data about the corrosion performance of refractories. In this study, tests were performed by partially immersing a 15 mm × 15 mm × 115 mm refractory specimen into a frit melt at temperatures between 1404 and 1504 °C. The effects of temperature, duration of exposure and the refractory brick type were investigated using a statistically designed set of experiments. The ANOVA (analysis of variance) table indicated that temperature and test duration were the most important factor effects, as expected. Increasing both temperature and exposure duration led to an increased amount of corrosion as measured by the cross-sectional area loss of the corroded refractory specimen. Postmortem microstructural analysis was also done on the specimens, with extensive amount of ZnO·Al 2O 3 precipitation observed along the frit–refractory interface, where crystals of mullite and alumina were also found to precipitate. Increasing the amount of exposure time and temperature produced more ZnO·Al 2O 3 precipitation. As identified by SEM-EDS analysis, mullite crystals were in the needle-like morphology, while alumina crystals were generally cubic. Additional experiments were conducted by rotating the specimens in the melt at 50 rpm of rotational speed. Due to the reduction of boundary layer thickness, more dissolution was observed from the rotated specimens. In all specimens, corrosion was more pronounced in the bond phase than through the large filler grains of mullite and andalusite.

TU-D-BRC-01: Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance of Patient Specific Daily Margins to Assess Interfraction Motion for Cervical Cancer Patients Undergoing IMRT Using Daily CBCT Imaging

Purpose: To analyze interfraction motion in cervical cancer patients based on repeated measures analysis of variance of patient‐specific daily uniform margins obtained using daily CBCTimaging.Methods and Materials: Ten cervical cancer patients (stage IB‐IVA) treated with IMRT were analyzed for this study. A CTV consisting of the regional lymph nodes, upper vagina, parametria, cervix and uterus was contoured on the planning CT and daily CBCTimages. Twenty‐five CBCT scans, corresponding to each fraction were planned and attempted for each patient. The acquired CBCTimages for all the fractions were rigidly registered to the planning CT with respect to bony anatomy. The initial planning CTV was then cast onto the registered daily CBCT and were modified to reflect changes due to organ motion and deformation. Patient‐specific daily margins covering 100% of daily CTV volumes were calculated. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the patient specific daily margins to quantify inter‐patient and intra‐patient variations in estimated margins. Mean values within the subjects were imputed for the missing fractions. F statistics was used to test the null hypothesis that day of the treatment or fraction number had no effect on daily margins. Results: Patient specific daily uniform margins were used to generate an ANOVA table. The data shows a grand mean of 15.3 mm among all patients and fractions which represents the estimate of the average population margin. In addition, the inter‐patient standard deviation in margins is 5.1 mm and intra‐patient standard deviation is 35.4 mm indicating that the variation between patients is significant. The F statistics (F = 0.654) was significant indicating that the day of the treatment or fraction number had no influence on margin. Conclusion: Margins varied substantially between patients indicating adaptive RT approaches are needed for the treatment of cervical cancer patients.

Bilateral Total Joint Arthroplasty: The Early Results from the New Zealand National Joint Registry

This study evaluated the mortality rate, major complications, and early outcomes of single anesthetic bilateral total hip and knee arthroplasty compared with unilateral and staged procedures. A total of 37 828 total hip and knee arthroplasties were evaluated with 6-month Oxford 12 scores. Major complications and mortality rates were recorded. Analysis of variance tables were used for statistical analysis. The single anesthetic bilateral group were significantly younger ( P < .001), with their age-adjusted postoperative Oxford 12 scores significantly better ( P < .001) than the other 2 groups. The surgeons involved, in general, performed more than 25 total knee and hip arthroplasties per year. There was 1 death within the first 6 months occurring in the staged bilateral group and was unrelated to the surgery. The complication rate as reported by patients was low in all groups, and there was no significant difference. The results show that, in selected patients, single anesthetic bilateral total knee or hip arthroplasty is a safe, low-risk procedure with very good patient-generated outcome scores at 6 months when performed by an experienced surgeon.

An Optimum Design of a Gas Circuit Breaker Using Design of Experiments#

In this study, a gas circuit breaker (GCB) used to interrupt or apply an electric current in a high-voltage system is optimized using design of experiments. A multibody dynamic simulation model of the GCB is created and the performance of the system is optimized according to the optimization procedure presented in this paper. Sensitivity analysis is performed on the basis of a Plackett–Burman design table. Then, through the response surface analysis, the objective function is estimated and the reliability of the function is verified by an analysis of variance table. Using the sequential quadratic programming method, the values of design parameters that minimize the objective function and satisfy the constraint conditions are obtained. The performance of the current and optimized system is compared and by conducting an actual test of the GCB, the reliability of the simulation model and the usefulness of the optimal design method presented are verified.

2A1-H17 人の示指リンク機構の運動学的特性(冗長自由度ロボット・メカニズム)

The objective of this study was to investigate the kinematic characteristics of the human index finger. Multiple evaluation functions with regard to the kinematic characteristics were tested. For example, they were the manipulability measure, the condition number. The significant difference of evaluation function values of all subjects was examined by analysis of variance table. As a result, all subjects did not have the common kinematic characteristics. However, it was possible that 80 percent of subjects had the common kinematic characteristic in which the motion of the tip of the index finger was controlled by the angular velocity input whose size was minimum.

Differential delays in breast cancer treatment as a function of racial/ethnic background

17023 Differential delays in breast cancer treatment as a function of racial/ethnic background Background: Multiple studies have identified differences in breast cancer treatment and outcome due to racial/ethnic and socioeconomic factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate treatment disparities, both actual and temporal (i.e. time delay), in patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer as a function of racial/ethnic background. Methods: Patients at two affiliated hospitals newly diagnosed with breast cancer were identified and classified from discharge billing data. Time to treatment was defined as the time in days between biopsy proven diagnosis and initiation of treatment including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, lumpectomy and mastectomy. Nonparametric Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using the Kruskal-Wallis Test examined differences between race groups based on median time to treatment. Types of treatment were analyzed by the Chi-Square test. Results: A total of 1217 patients were identified over a five-year period. Racial background was classified as White, African American, or Asian/Other. Lumpectomy was performed in 47%, 41%, and 38%, respectively (p = 0.15), while 24%, 23%, and 18% received a mastectomy (p = 0.51). There were no significant differences between the racial groups for types of therapy received. Results from ANOVA (table) showed statistically significant differences between the three race groups in terms of time to mastectomy (p = 0.003) and time to radiation therapy (p=0.043). Results from pairwise comparisons showed that (1) African American patients had a significantly longer time to mastectomy than Whites (p = 0.002), (2) patients in the Asian/Other group had a significantly longer time to radiation than their white counterparts (p = 0.015). Conclusion: This study demonstrates racial differences in time to non-surgical and surgical treatment in a group of ethnically diverse breast cancer patients. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Fluoxetine and Suicide Rates: Suicide and the Economy

Fluoxetine and Suicide Rates: Suicide and the Economy

Analysis of variance—why it is more important than ever

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an extremely important method in exploratory and confirmatory data analysis. Unfortunately, in complex problems (e.g., split-plot designs), it is not always easy to set up an appropriate ANOVA. We propose a hierarchical analysis that automatically gives the correct ANOVA comparisons even in complex scenarios. The inferences for all means and variances are performed under a model with a separate batch of effects for each row of the ANOVA table. We connect to classical ANOVA by working with finite-sample variance components: fixed and random effects models are characterized by inferences about existing levels of a factor and new levels, respectively. We also introduce a new graphical display showing inferences about the standard deviations of each batch of effects. We illustrate with two examples from our applied data analysis, first illustrating the usefulness of our hierarchical computations and displays, and second showing how the ideas of ANOVA are helpful in understanding a previously fit hierarchical model.

Analysis of Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed O-Alkylation Reaction Using Fractional Factorial Design Method

ABSTRACT The reactions of alcohols and alkyl halides to synthesize di-ether compounds under phase-transfer catalysis conditions were carried out in an alkaline solution/organic solvent two-phase medium. Accordingly, the concentrations of alkyl halide, di-ether compound, active intermediate (QOR), and hydration number of active intermediate (QOR) were measured during these reactions. The fractional factorial design (FFD) method was first employed to study the effects of single factors and the effects of their interactions on the PTC reaction. The following reaction conditions (or factors) were investigated in the present FFD analysis: amount of alkaline salt, temperature, amount of water, amount of catalyst, volume of organic solvent, and agitation speed. A polynomial model and an analysis of variance table (ANOVA) were developed to connect the reaction conditions and the conversion from statistical results. Plots of the partition coefficient of alcohol between organic and aqueous phase, the concentration of active intermediate (QOR), and the hydration number of active intermediate (QOR) were used to elucidate the reasons for interactions between factors.

Quality Function Deployment-based optimization and exploration for ambiguity

The present paper suggests a customer-oriented optimization method, called the Quality Function Deployment (QFD)-based optimization method, as an effort to reflect customer's preferences in making a trade-off between multiple objectives. A set of target design objective levels to attain a maximum customer satisfaction level is selected by generating only a part of whole Pareto set. This is enabled by constructing an approximation model for a Pareto surface. The use of approximation can guarantee Pareto-optimality of the target design objective levels and support trade-off from various perspectives by having a clear understanding of the association, with considerably reduced computational cost. The customer satisfaction level is defined as a function of design objectives through the House of Quality of QFD and utility-based attribute function. The utility function elaborates the relationship between customer needs and design objectives. In addition, a strategy to update the constructed approximation model is employed to overcome the inaccuracy caused by the use of approximation. For the purpose of facilitating the construction and the update, the Normal-Boundary Intersection (NBI) method, one of the methods to generate a Pareto set, is used. QFD-based optimization enables an easy generation of various non-inferior alternatives and a more accurate examination of them from a customer's standpoint, which is overlooked in conventional optimization methods. It also allows an exploration of the effects of ambiguity included in the method, which originates from the process of value judgements, with negligible expense and time. The exploration makes use of an orthogonal array and analysis of variance table as an efficient exploration method. This exploration may assist a designer in identifying important factors and examining the robustness against the ambiguity.