Analysis Of Thermal Properties Research Articles

Thermo-mechanical fedamo based calculations of hea (Fe-Ni-Cx (X=0.3-0.5) ternary alloys system using Calphad method

The given research shows the thermodynamic analysis and calculation of the basic thermal properties of the high entropy alloy Fe-Ni-Cx (x=0.3-0.5) of concentration. The system is investigated through Thermo-calc package with FEDAT databases and Calphad method. The evaluation of interactions is found maximum at 0.04070 J/m2 in the Fe-Ni-C ternary alloy system. The FCC_A1 phase is found the phase associated with highest molar volume in the Fe- Ni-Cx (x=0.3-0.5) ternary alloy system. The phase FCC_A1 is having austenite coordination with increasing density and apparent heat capacity. The temperature variation results the composite phases to be disappears with required level. The system is found highest apparent heat capacity 0.39269 j/mol. The density of phases becomes constant and it indicates the rare temperature withstanding phases. The fluctuations in the density of phases are changing with temperature as a result of phase’s nature and stability. The better magnetic properties are found for Basic centered cubic structure with highest interfacial energy. The alloy shows better magnet ic coordination and thermodynamic properties enhancement for further analysis.

Physical and Thermal Properties Analysis of Hematite for Thermal Heat Storage.

Energy sustainability represents an important research topic for aiding decreasing energy dependence and slowing down climate changes. In this context, solutions using thermal energy storage through rock start to emerge, due to its natural benefits, when compared to more polluting alternatives. To understand whether a rock material can be considered a good thermal energy storage material for such solutions, it is necessary to evaluate the physical, chemical and thermal properties of such materials. Therefore, it becomes essential to understand how heat propagates in the rock and how voids influence the thermal properties. To achieve these goals, hematite ore from Moncorvo, Northeastern Portugal was used, in particular, to study the effect of grain size on thermal properties for three different sized lots. Chemical and physical changes between heated and unheated lots were detected using X-ray diffraction and particle size, as well as X-ray fluorescence analysis. Regarding thermal properties, a hot wire method approach was used with seven thermocouples. Additionally, a thermal inversion model to simulate the heat exchanges was also proposed, allowing changing the properties of the constituents, to fit the theoretical and experimental temperature curve. Furthermore, the model reveals how heat propagates inside the reservoir filled with hematite ore.

Thermal Performance Enhancement of CuO-Paraffin Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material

The current work is focused on the synthesis and characterisation of CuO (copper oxide) nanoparticles and investigating the thermal conductivity of CuO nanofluids. CuO was prepared using a wet chemical approach. Newly prepared nanofluid passes through tests to explore its industrial and other applications. An X-Ray diffraction pattern was used to find the average crystalline size of CuO nanofluids. The scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to find the morphology, particle shape and size. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was used to find the agglomerated size of nanofluids. The optical properties of the CuO nanofluids were evaluated using ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra. The KD2 pro thermal property analyser was used to find the thermal conductivity of CuO nanofluids and it was discovered that as particle loading rises, thermal conductivity also increases. The performance enhancement of Nanoparticle-Enhanced Phase Change Material (NEPCM) samples was analysed using FTIR, TGA and DSC techniques. FTIR result shows that the physical contact of copper oxide and paraffin does not influence the chemical structure and stability of the NEPCM samples. TGA result shows that as the CuO percentage increases, it enhances the physical bonding interaction between PW and the nanoparticle and improves the stability of NEPCM samples. DSC analysis shows that CuO reduced the impact of super-cooling during the melting and solidification stages. The nano CuO was used to speed up crystallisation and decrease the super cooling effect of paraffin wax. Further, CuO successfully stabilised the heated surface's temperature fluctuation during melting and solidification.

Characterization of mono-diacylglycerols, cellulose nanocrystals, polypropylene, and supporting materials as raw materials for synthesis of antistatic bionanocomposites

The antistatic bionanocomposites could be synthesised using mono-diacylglycerols (M-DAG) as a antistatic agent, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as a reinforcement, and polypropylene (PP) as an termoplastic matrix. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical characteristics of the raw materials for the synthesis of antistatic bionanocomposites. Characteristics of the raw materials consists of morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), degree of crystallinity and particle size analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectrum analysis using fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermal properties analysis using differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and chemical characteristics analysis using Gas Chromatography – Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The results of this research shows that the morphology analysis shows the particle distribution of M-DAG is uniform and not separated from each other, while the particle distribution of CNC is not uniform and separated from each other. The XRD diffractogram of M-DAG shows that the peaks at 19,508°, 20,401°, 22,607°, and 23,973° representing the diffraction structure of glycerol monostearate, particle sizes ranging between 0.1050 to 1.7814 nm with an average was 1.0460 nm, 92.85 % degree of crystallinity, and 7.15 % amorphous components. The XRD diffractogram of CNC shows that the peaks at 5.8530° and 22.58° representing the diffraction structure of cellulose I, particle sizes ranging between 4.7364 to 79.0949 nm with an average was 41.9157 nm, 98.95 % degree of crystallinity, and 1.05 % amorphous components. The FT-IR spectrum of M-DAG shows that the most significant changes in spectrum were in the region between 3500 cm-1 to 2800 cm-1 and 1850 cm-1 to 1650 cm-1. The FT-IR spectrum of CNC shows that the most significant changes in spectrum were in the region between 3700 cm-1 to 2500 cm-1, 1700 cm-1 to 1550 cm-1, and 900 cm-1 to 800 cm-1. The thermal properties of M-DAG, CNC, and PP shows that the melting temperature (Tm) were 48.41 – 72.78, 241.65 – 323.74, 163 °C respectively. The chemical characteristics of M-DAG obtained 33.86 % MAG, 27.99 % DAG, 2.01 % TAG, 2.85 % FFA, 3.37 % water, and 0.15 ash. The supporting materials consists of maleic anhydrate polypropylene (MAPP), antioxidant (AO), dan mineral oil (MO) were also identified.

Effect of CTAB surfactant on the stability and thermal conductivity of mono and hybrid systems of graphene and FMWCNT nanolubricant

This experimental investigation focuses on the effect of Cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant on different categories of nanolubricant in terms of stability and thermal conductivity. There are six categories, four as mono nanolubricant listed as Graphene (GR), GR with CTAB, Functionalised Multi-wall carbon nanotube (FMWCNT), FMWCNT with CTAB, and another two categories as hybrid nanolubricant listed as a hybrid, and hybrid with CTAB nanolubricants. High-grade polyester SL68 Oil is used as a lubricant in this experimental study. Zeta potential measurement, Ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, and visual observation by backlighted light-emitting diode (LED) stage are used to evaluate and obtain the nanolubricant stability changes. KD2 Pro Thermal Properties Analyzer is used in thermal conductivity analysis. The study revealed hugely different ratios for the optimum CTAB amount of the studied categories. The best ratio for GR is 1:1, whereas the best ratio for FMWCNT is 1:8. In addition, improvement between 2% and 7% in thermal conductivity is revealed compared to pure oil.

High-conducting Bi4V2−xFexO11-δ ceramics containing Fe2O3 nanocrystals: Structure and properties

The topography, structure, thermal, magnetic, and electrical properties of Bi4V2−xFexO11-δ ceramics substituted with x = 0.5 and 0.7 Fe were studied. The microscope analysis showed the presence of iron-rich nanocrystals formed on the Bi-Fe-V-O grains. The X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that grains are built mostly of tetragonal Bi4V1.5Fe0.5O10.5 phase. Thermal properties analysis showed an order-disorder type γ ↔ γʹ phase transition at a temperature of around 916 K, pronounced in samples doped with x = 0.5 Fe. The magnetic anomaly was observed in ceramics doped with x = 0.7 Fe which was assigned to Morin transition of Fe2O3. The conductivity was measured over a wide frequency range from 10 mHz to 1 MHz and at a wide temperature range from 373 to 923 K, using impedance spectroscopy. The D.C. conduction process was due to oxygen vacancies hopping while at low temperatures electron holes hopping is also possible.

Eco-Friendly and Effective Diatomaceous Earth/Peat (DEP) Microbial Carriers in the Anaerobic Biodegradation of Food Waste Products

This article aims to present the results of research on anaerobic digestion (AD) of waste wafers (WF-control) and co-substrate system—waste wafers and cheese (WFC-control), combined with digested sewage sludge. The aim of this study was to assess the physicochemical parameters of the diatomaceous earth/peat (DEP; 3:1) carrier material and to verify its impact on the enzymatic activity and the process performance. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory, in a periodical mode of operation of bioreactors, under mesophilic conditions. The results of analyses of morphological-dispersive, spectroscopic, adsorption, thermal, and microbiological properties confirmed that the tested carrier material can be an excellent option to implement in biotechnological processes, especially in anaerobic digestion. As part of the experiment, the substrates, feedstock, and fermenting slurry were subjected to the analysis for standard process parameters. Monitoring of the course of AD was performed by measuring the values of key parameters for the recognition of the stability of the process: pH, VFA/TA ratio (volatile fatty acids/total alkalinity), the content of NH4+, and dehydrogenase activity, as an indicator of the intensity of respiratory metabolism of microorganisms. No significant signals of destabilization of the AD process were registered. The highest dehydrogenase activity, in the course of the process, was maintained in the WFC + DEP system. The microbial carrier DEP, used for the first time in the anaerobic digestion, had a positive effect on the yield of methane production. As a result, an increase in the volume of produced biogas was obtained for samples fermented with DEP carrier material for WF + DEP by 13.18% to a cumulative methane yield of 411.04 m3 Mg−1 VS, while for WFC + DEP by 12.85% to 473.91 m3 Mg−1 VS.

Extraction and Characterization of Natural Cellulosic Fiber from Taraxacum Sect. Ruderalia

ABSTRACT The aim is to explore the utilization of cellulosic fibers extracted from the Taraxacum Sect. Ruderalia, which is also known as dandelion, introduces a potential reinforcement for the green composite industry. This research is focused on the analysis of chemical, physical, thermal, and morphological properties of the Taraxacum Sect. Ruderalia fibers. Its lightweight (1.397 g/cm3) with the presence of an acceptable cellulose ratio (52.7%) and high crystallinity (69.59%) provide comparable tensile strength (57.36 MPa) and Young’s modulus (2.96 GPa) for Taraxacum Sect. Ruderalia fibers. The fibers are experimentally thermal resistant to 272°C according to TGA that may be profitable in extrusion processes in polymeric composite manufacturing. The average fiber diameter and wall thickness were optically 233 µm and 1.5 µm, respectively. Taraxacum Sect. Ruderalia fibers have a rough surface character with some irregularities such as porosities, particles, indentations, protrusions, and also the microfibrillar structure which can support mechanical interlocking with polymer in a composite system. With all these encouraging properties, Taraxacum Sect. Ruderalia fibers can be good alternative reinforcement for common cellulosic bast fibers in the development of ecologically friendly and sustainable polymeric-based materials.

Studies on mechanical and thermal properties of cellulosic fiber fillers reinforced epoxy composites

AbstractEnvironment protection is the current theme for many industries by utilizing biodegradable natural fibers for products development. The growing awareness of the environmental harm caused by synthetic materials has resulted in the emergence of eco‐friendly materials. This work aims to fabrication of jute, bamboo, and coir fiber reinforced hybrid composites (12 combinations) with the analysis of mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties. The tensile and flexural tests reveal that the composite JC8 (21% jute, 1.5% coir, 7.5% bamboo) exhibited maximum tensile and flexural strengths of 129.3 and 98 MPa respectively due to higher cellulose constituents in jute and bamboo fibers that resulted in higher degree cellulose polymerization with the epoxy matrix, and also the capability of tension and bending resistance. The combined effect of hybrid fibers stiffness and strong interfacial adhesion were also the reason for maximum flexural strength. The thermal stability of all the composites was remains the same, and considerable weight loss was observed between the ranges of 200 and 500°C. Overall, the hybrid composite JC8 has 21% jute, 1.5% coir, and 7.5% bamboo on the basis of volume percentage exhibited a maximum tensile strength, flexural strength, thermal stability and better surface morphology than other hybrid composites.

Untreated and chemically treated Pennisetum orientale grass fiber filled vinyl ester composites: Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties analysis

AbstractThe utilization of natural fibers rather than engineered filaments has turned into a subject of conversation in the composite industries. In this research, one of the natural fibers was synthesized from Pennisetum orientale grass and the surfaces were modified using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) chemically. Then they were used as reinforcement in vinyl ester polymer by different weight percentage (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt%) for fabrication of composites. At different filler loading various mechanical properties were evaluated and discussed. The mechanical properties of the composites were observed to increase at beginning phase with increase in filler content till optimum (25 wt%) fiber loading and from there on declines. The composite at optimum fiber loading were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and compared with untreated composites. The findings give manufactures and engineer a general idea to use this composite for weight reduction especially in automotive applications.

Garnet mineral reinforced silicone rubber based composites for flexible microwave substrates

The present study focuses on developing a flexible microwave antenna using garnet mineral [(Fe1.72Mg0.8Mn0.01Ca0.02) (Fe0.04Al2.36)Si2.93O12)] and silicone rubber. Solution mixing technique has been employed to blend garnet and silicone rubber for fabricating composites. AFM analysis shows that the surface roughness of the composites is of the order of 10−2 μm, so that the conduction loss of the antenna can be minimized. The microstructural analysis ensures uniform distribution of garnet mineral in the rubber matrix. Dielectric studies show silicone rubber/garnet composites have relative permittivity in the range of 3–5 while loss tangent is of the order of 10−2. Analysis of thermal properties show that for 50 wt%, the coefficient of thermal expansion is 163 ppm/ °C and thermal conductivity is 0.4 W/m/K. A flexible antenna designed and fabricated using silicone rubber/garnet composite (50 wt%), shows a return loss of -14.7 dB at 6.5 GHz.

Clean manufacturing of cellulose nanopapers by incorporating lignin and xylan as sustainable additives

In this work, we report for the first time the clean manufacturing of cellulose nanopapers by a green path of mixing nanocellulose suspension in water with lignin and xylan. The procedure involves grinding the old wastepaper, microfluidizing, casting, and water evaporation. The introduction of lignin and xylan with various loadings from 1 to 30 wt% showed that properties could be significantly tuned. Moreover, lignin and xylan loadings introduced into these nanopapers endow them with improved mechanical and structural properties, as evidenced by tensile tests and scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM). Xylan strongly promotes the transparency of nanopapers. Even at low loadings, the addition of xylan and lignin enhanced specific strength by 1.3-fold, while specific elastic modulus was found to exhibit a a 2-fold enhancement. Mathematical modeling complemented the analysis of tensile properties. Thermogravimetric analysis testified that the wastepaper is made of highly purified cellulose. Furthermore, thermal properties analysis shows that the modified nanopapers have higher thermal conductivity and diffusivity than the unmodified ones. Thermal conductivity was found to improve 3.5-fold for compositions with 30 wt% loading of modifiers corresponding to the developed denser structure as revealed by SEM. The introduced crosscut and surface structure changes enable functional applications to obtain packaging, filtering, biomedical, and sensor materials.

Photoluminescence properties and energy transfer of ZnNb2O6: Eu3+, Sm3+ orange-red phosphors for WLEDs

Eu3+, Sm3+ co-doped ZnNb2O6 orange-red phosphors were synthesized through the solid-state reaction method for the first time. The microstructure, photoluminescence properties, decay time, energy transfer mechanism, thermal stability and CIE chromaticity coordinates of Zn1-x-yNb2O6: xSm3+, yEu3+ phosphors were studied systematically. The XRD patterns and refinement results demonstrate that the rare earth ions have been effectively doped into ZnNb2O6 host lattices. Under the excited of 406 nm, the main emission peak intensity of Sm3+ decreased and Eu3+ increased with increasing of Eu3+ ion concentration in the Zn0.99-yNb2O6: 0.01Sm3+, yEu3+ phosphors, which due to the energy transfer from Sm3+ to Eu3+. Through the decay time measurements, energy transfer mechanism was proved to the electric dipole-electric dipole effect in the resonance transfer mode, and the transfer efficiency of ZnNb2O6: 0.25Eu3+, 0.01Sm3+ phosphor is calculated as 85.39%. Through the analysis of thermal stability properties of the co-doped sample, the thermal activation energy of thermal quenching is calculated to be 0.235 eV. The CIE chromaticity coordinates for co-doped sample are located at the orange-red region, the correlated color temperature and color purity are calculated to be 1927 K and 95.87%, respectively. In addition, a WLED device can be obtained by combing the co-doped sample with commercial blue (BaMgAl10O17: Eu2+) and green ((Sr, Ba)2SiO4: Eu2+) phosphors on a 395 nm N-UV LED chip. These results indicate that ZnNb2O6: Eu3+, Sm3+ phosphor is a promising candidate for WLEDs.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Mechanical, Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties of Hybrid Glass/Metal Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Mechanical, Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties of Hybrid Glass/Metal Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Binary composite (TiO2-Gr) based nano-enhanced organic phase change material: Effect on thermophysical properties

The latent heat storage technology using Phase Change Materials (PCMs) has recently been extensively utilized in energy conservation and management to reduce energy consumption. To improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs, they have been incorporated with nanoparticles. In this article, we report, Titanium dioxide-Graphene (TiO2:Gr) binary composite (1 wt% TiO2: 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 wt% of Graphene (Gr)) with Paraffin wax (PW) to improve the thermophysical properties added with sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDBS) as surfactant. Ultraviolet-visible spectrometer (UV–VIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Thermal property analyzer (TEMPOS) were used for material characterizations. The latent heat capacity of the PW/Titanium oxide (TiO2) composite and the PW/TiO2-Gr binary composites were improved by 8.62% and 10.02%, respectively, in comparison to base PCM. The thermal conductivity of the composite PCMs with PW/TiO2-1.0 and PW/TiO2Gr-1.0 is 120% and 179% higher than base PW. The FT-IR spectra demonstrated no chemical interaction between the PW and the nanoparticles. TGA results presented improved thermal stability by integration of the TiO2-Graphene particles into the matrix of paraffin wax. The light transmission of the prepared composite was reduced by 58.30% related to base PW, resulted increased light absorption and, subsequently, enhanced photothermal conversion. The composite's improved thermal conductivity and enthalpy make it a strong contender for use in TES and solar photovoltaics thermal systems.

Recent developments and challenges in natural fiber composites: A review

AbstractThe continuous demands for reducing environmental impact and energy consumption are the major driving factors for the development of natural fiber (NF)‐reinforced composites (NFRCs). The huge demand for sustainable materials in industries leads to the usage of NFs in product developments. These NFs are more attractive due to their lightweight, cost‐effectiveness, ease of availability, and environmentally friendly aspects. Green composites are the best alternatives in place of petroleum‐based composites which meet the current industrial requirements. In recent years, researchers are more focused on the development of NF composites as a potential candidate in real‐life applications due to economic advantages. This review gives a brief overview of NFs introduction, types, economic aspects, and the recent developments in NFRCs with an analysis of mechanical, thermal, and dielectric properties. Moreover, the water absorption behavior, applications, and challenges in using NFs are also studied in this review. Additionally, this review will motivate the researchers for further developments and exist as foundation literature for upcoming researchers.

Effect of biopolymers on stability and properties of aqueous hybrid metal oxide nanofluids in thermal applications

Biopolymers like chitosan and Gum Arabica (GA) provide safe and effective options for improving the stability of nanofluids. The current work investigates the feasibility of water-based CuO, Fe3O4, and hybrid CuO + Fe3O4 nanofluids stabilized with Sodium Dodecyl Benzoic Sulfate (SDBS), chitosan, and GA dispersants, in heat transfer applications. Using the two-step method, water-based nanofluids are prepared with 0.1 wt% nanoparticles and 0.05–0.5 wt% dispersants. The Zeta potential of freshly prepared nanofluids is monitored together with turbidity monitoring for 60 days to study the stability of the prepared samples. Nanofluids with chitosan and GA showed stable behavior for the entire 60-day period, whereas SDBS stabilized nanofluids showed complete settlement in 10 days. Viscosity is seen to increase for all the nanofluids samples, compared to the basefluid and the increase is found to be a weak function of the nanoparticle material but strongly influenced by the type of dispersant employed. All the nanofluids show higher thermal conductivity than water, with CuO-water nanofluid showing the highest thermal conductivity, followed by hybrid CuO + Fe3O4 nanofluids and Fe3O4-water, irrespective of the dispersant employed. Contact angle measurements are carried out to determine the wettability characteristics. GA and chitosan dispersant showed minimal influence on the contact angle of nanofluids, while with SDBS, contact angle of nanofluids is seen to decrease with concentration. Thermal property analysis of the nanofluids showed that the higher viscosity of nanofluids with bio-dispersants affects their thermal performance at 0.5 wt% dispersant concentration. Our analysis shows that the nanofluids considered in the present work deliver superior performance compared to water in internal laminar flow applications. This research work demonstrates the utility of biopolymers in providing stable nanofluids, gives a detailed picture of their thermophysical behavior and evaluates their performance in cooling applications.

A layer-by-layer approach based on APTES/Cloisite to produce novel and sustainable high performances materials based on hemp fiberboards

The paper presents a hybrid and smart methodology, using the layer-by-layer approach, to produce high performant multi-layered composites based on hemp fiberboards with improved physical properties. The effect of an inorganic component, such as a natural clay, and the surface covering with an organic compound, such as stearic acid, was investigated through the analysis of morphological, spectroscopic, thermal, mechanical and barrier properties of the composites. Vertical burning test confirmed the improvement in flame retardancy of layered composites since the presence of clay. The oil adsorption capacity was evaluated and correlated to the number of clay layers. Finally, a possible mechanism of combustion was proposed.

Effect of phosphate salts on the shelf-life and quality characteristics of semi-dried noodles

The effect of four types of phosphate salts (PS) on the shelf-life and quality characteristics of semi-dried noodles, as well as their underlying mechanism were investigated. Microbial analysis showed 0.2% or 0.4% sodium dihydrogen phosphate (MSP) extended the shelf-life of noodles from 3 days to 5 days. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed PS decreased the mobility of free water in noodles. Cooking and texture analysis showed sodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) increased the cooking loss of noodles, and MSP decreased the tensile force of noodles. Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), TSPP, and MSP increased the hardness of noodles, while sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) decreased the hardness. Thermal properties analysis indicated STPP and TSPP increased the gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH) of starch in noodles, while SHMP and MSP decreased the ΔH. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed SHMP, STPP, and MSP strengthened the gluten network formation, while TSPP weakened the network.

Analysis of thermal and wet comfort properties of hygroscopic and exothermic knitted fabrics

Clothing thermal and wet comfort relates to the heat and moisture transport properties of clothing as one of the most important factors in determining whether or not a garment is desirable to customers. It is important to develop winter textiles by optimally combined technology of hygroscopic heat generation and moisture management to maintain warm dry skin for the active wearer. In this work, six multilayer hygroscopic and exothermic fabrics made up of different functional yarn compositions were designed and fabricated based on ergonomic principles. Their thermal wet comfort properties were investigated compared with seven plain knitted fabrics. Air permeability, moisture management characteristics, thermal physiological properties, and hygroscopic heat generation performances were used to assess thermal and wet comfort properties. Their correlations with yarn composition were explored. Multilayer knitted fabrics with a designed knitted structure and wettability gradient demonstrated evenly hygroscopic exothermic properties and excellent directional moisture transport performances. This has the potential to reduce the phenomena of high temperature and heat concentration following moisture absorption The fabric made up of profiled polyester and a low proportion of cotton blend as an inner layer and a high proportion of modified polyacrylate and viscose blend as a middle layer was verified to have superior moisture management characteristics and evenly hygroscopic exothermic properties.