Analysis Of Spatial Structure Research Articles

Integral Fire Protection Analysis of Complex Spatial Steel Structure Based on Optimized Gaussian Transformation Model.

The rapid development of complex space steel structure buildings has brought new challenges to structural fire protection analysis and design. On the basis of analyzing the deficiencies of structural fire protection design in existing normative and performance-based design methods and based on the knowledge and research results of fire science, structural engineering, computer simulation, and other disciplines, this paper proposes an improved Gaussian transformation model and applied it to the overall fire performance analysis of this complex space steel structure. The proposed model is based on theoretical research and practical application of the simulation and analysis of the overall fire performance of complex spatial buildings. The coupled analysis model and system integration method of spatial overall structure fire and structure are established. The improved Gaussian transformation model is used to propose the integrity of complex spatial structures. It is a system analysis model for fire analysis. The experimental results show that the designed algorithm model can effectively realize the overall fire performance analysis of complex spatial steel structures and can provide a useful reference for China's building fire protection research, building fire protection design, fire rescue, emergency plan formulation, and other engineering practical applications.

Structural brain network measures in elderly patients with cerebral small vessel disease and depressive symptoms

ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indicators and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) with depressive states, and to explore the underlying mechanisms of white matter damage in CSVD with depression.MethodA total of 115 elderly subjects were consecutively recruited from the neurology clinic, including 36 CSVD patients with depressive state (CSVD+D), 34 CSVD patients without depressive state (CSVD-D), and 45 controls. A detailed neuropsychological assessment and multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed. Based on tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis and structural network analysis, differences between groups were compared, including white matter fiber indicators (fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity) and structural brain network indicators (global efficiency, local efficiency and network strength), in order to explore the differences and correlations of DTI parameters among the three groups.ResultsThere were no significant differences in terms of CSVD burden scores and conventional imaging findings between the CSVD-D and CSVD+D groups. Group differences were found in DTI indicators (p < 0.05), after adjusting for age, gender, education level, and vascular risk factors (VRF), there were significant correlations between TBSS analysis indicators and depression, including: fractional anisotropy (FA) (r = − 0.291, p < 0.05), mean diffusivity (MD) (r = 0.297, p < 0.05), at the same time, between structural network indicators and depression also show significant correlations, including: local efficiency (ELocal) (r = − 0.278, p < 0.01) and network strength (r = − 0.403, p < 0.001).ConclusionsChanges in FA, MD values and structural network indicators in DTI parameters can predict the depressive state of CSVD to a certain extent, providing a more direct structural basis for the hypothesis of abnormal neural circuits in the pathogenesis of vascular-related depression. In addition, abnormal white matter alterations in subcortical neural circuits probably affect the microstructural function of brain connections, which may be a mechanism for the concomitant depressive symptoms in CSVD patients.

Urban spatial structure features in Qinling mountain area based on ecological network analysis-case study of Shangluo City

Since the 20th century, the world is facing two major problems: the serious deterioration of the ecological environment and the accelerated decline of living quality of people residing in the urban environment. Urban development policies, ecological patterns, production and consumption modes have an important impact on global environmental changes that threaten the future living of mankind. The focus of urban space construction has also turned to the fields of ecological security, energy development, resource management and urban ecological virtuous circulation. Investigating urban spatial structure features from the perspective of urban metabolic system is important for ecological security and resource management. Shangluo urban space in Qinling area is used as the research object and an analysis system of urban spatial structure based on ecological network analysis is proposed in this study. First, an ecological network model of urban space was constructed from the research perspective of ecological network analysis and the system metabolic level was evaluated using metabolic scale, intensity, and efficiency. Second, the system structure of urban metabolic network and its functional relations were analyzed. On this basis, interactive relationships among different components in the metabolic system were explored via symbiosis index and symbiotic, competitive, predatory, and control relations. Meanwhile, the ecological network analysis method is used to construct an analysis system for urban spatial structure in the Qinling mountain area. Finally, the analysis system of urban spatial structure in the Qinling mountain area is applied to examine the urban spatial structure of Shangluo, Qinling Mountains, China. Results showed that resource utilization efficiency of Shangluo City presents a rising trend and the city is located in a strong structural center in the regional space. Predatory and control relations played a dominant role among ecological relations in the urban metabolic structure, and the urban space presented a clear uniaxially extended spatial structure. Sensitivity of internal environment was extremely evident, and the natural spatial structure was an important basis for urban space development in Shangluo. The urban spatial structure analysis system in this research is constructed with the three aspects of “metabolic level”, “ecological relationship” and “compartment weight” of the spatial structure information, which solves the problem that the conventional spatial structure analysis system is difficult to quantify the ecological network information, and it provides a new idea to explain the internal component interaction mechanism and spatial structure composition of the urban system. The results of this study can provide not only useful reference for urban spatial structure analysis of underdeveloped ecological capital areas in China but also a basis for sustainable development planning of urban spaces.

Virtual Vibrational Analytics of Reduced Graphene Oxide.

The digital twin concept lays the foundation of the virtual vibrational analytics suggested in the current paper. The latter presents extended virtual experiments aimed at determining the specific features of the optical spectra of the studied molecules that provide reliable express analysis of the body spatial structure and chemical content. Reduced graphene oxide was selected as the virtual experiment goal. A set of nanosize necklaced graphene molecules, based on the same graphene domain but differing by the necklace contents, were selected as the relevant DTs. As shown, the Raman spectra signatures contained information concerning the spatial structure of the graphene domains, while the molecule necklaces were responsible for the IR spectra. Suggested sets of general frequency kits facilitate the detailed chemical analysis. Express analysis of a shungite carbon, composed of rGO basic structural units, revealed the high ability of the approach.

Measuring urban nighttime vitality and its relationship with urban spatial structure: A data-driven approach

Nighttime vitality has garnered attention in recent years as an important indicator reflecting urban economy and quality of life. However, it is difficult to characterize this intangible issue. As a response, this study employed a data-driven approach to measure nighttime vitality and explored its relationships with urban spatial structure. Specifically, the data from Meituan.com—the largest Chinese shopping platform for local consumer products and retail services—were used to measure nighttime vitality based on a hierarchical weighting method. Multidimensional characteristics of the urban spatial structure were evaluated. Spatial regression models were conducted on the effect analysis of urban spatial structure on nighttime vitality. Relationship estimations were statistically significant with indicators, such as block functions, building density, interaction density, enclosure of locals, and the age structure of the main population. Our findings provide a more complete understanding of nighttime vitality, which is often overlooked in urban vitality studies. Insights derived from this study could help formulate spatial strategies to enhance nighttime vitality and quality of life.

Spatial Structure Dynamics and Maintenance of a Natural Mixed Forest

Spatial structure dynamics play a major role in understanding the mechanisms of forest structure and biodiversity formation. Recently, researches on the spatial structure dynamics utilizing multi-period data have been published. However, these studies only focused on comparative analyses of the spatial structure of multi-period living trees, without an in-depth analysis of the change processes. In this study, we propose a new comprehensive analysis method for dynamic change of the spatial structure at the individual level, which includes three processes (living trees’ flow, mortality process and recruitment process) that have not been considered in previous researches. Four spatial structural parameters (SSSPs, Uniform angle index, Mingling, Dominance and Crowding) and a natural spruce-fir-broadleaf mixed forest with two-phase data were taken as an example to find out the laws of the spatial structure dynamics. All types of dynamic change were named and their proportions were analyzed. The proportion of changes in the SSSPs of individuals was relatively high, even though the mean values of the stand did not change considerably. The five values (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) of the SSSPs are in mutual flow, and the flows are typically one-step, with three-steps and four-steps changes being uncommon. The processes of mortality and recruitment have a higher influence on the spatial structure than the flow of living trees. The dynamic change of spatial structure analysis method created in this study can capture more features not discovered in earlier approaches, as well as guiding forest management in some ways. Understanding the nuances of these changes is a critical part of reasonable spatial structure and biodiversity maintenance, and should be the focus of future research efforts.

KLFDAPC: a supervised machine learning approach for spatial genetic structure analysis.

Geographic patterns of human genetic variation provide important insights into human evolution and disease. A commonly used tool to detect and describe them is principal component analysis (PCA) or the supervised linear discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). However, genetic features produced from both approaches could fail to correctly characterize population structure for complex scenarios involving admixture. In this study, we introduce Kernel Local Fisher Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (KLFDAPC), a supervised non-linear approach for inferring individual geographic genetic structure that could rectify the limitations of these approaches by preserving the multimodal space of samples. We tested the power of KLFDAPC to infer population structure and to predict individual geographic origin using neural networks. Simulation results showed that KLFDAPC has higher discriminatory power than PCA and DAPC. The application of our method to empirical European and East Asian genome-wide genetic datasets indicated that the first two reduced features of KLFDAPC correctly recapitulated the geography of individuals and significantly improved the accuracy of predicting individual geographic origin when compared to PCA and DAPC. Therefore, KLFDAPC can be useful for geographic ancestry inference, design of genome scans and correction for spatial stratification in GWAS that link genes to adaptation or disease susceptibility.

Spatial structure analysis of tourism economy in Shaanxi province, China

This paper uses the modified gravity model to measure the intensity of tourism economic connection in 11 prefecture-level cities in Shanxi Province from 2016 to 2020. From the perspective of the social network, the density and core-periphery area of the tourism economic network’s spatial structure are explored. The research shows that: From 2016 to 2020, the overall tourism economic connection in Shanxi Province shows a growing trend, and the differentiation phenomenon between the central region and the southern and northern regions is more obvious. There is an unbalanced spatial structure of the tourism economy in all prefecture-level cities in Shanxi province. On the whole, the network density shows a growing trend. The various indexes of Taiyuan, the capital city of Shanxi Province, are obviously better than other cities’ indexes. The number of core areas of the tourism economy changes little. These areas are closely connected but the strengthening trend is not obvious. The relations within the periphery region are not strong, and the connection between the periphery region and the core region is also weak. The connection of the regional tourism economy is strongly dependent on tourism resources endowment and transportation accessibility. The spatial structure of the tourism economy network is under the great influence of policy suggestions and planning. This study provides a certain theoretical basis for the formulation of tourism economic development strategy in Shanxi Province. The limitation is that the impact of COVID-19 on tourism development has not been specifically analyzed.

Analysis of Spatial Structure in the Kashgar Metropolitan Area, China

Taking metropolitan areas as space carriers has become the engine of the Chinese government in its promotion of high-quality development, and this has also become an important measure by which to balance regional development. We used Zipf’s law and the gravity model to study the urban scale distribution characteristics of the Kashgar Metropolitan Area (KMA) in this paper. We also constructed a spatial structure judgment vector for the KMA and put forward the development objectives of different circles. The findings show the following: (1) large cities have a high primacy of development, while small and medium-sized cities are underdeveloped. At present, the KMA is a concentrated monocentric-pattern metropolitan area, with Kashgar City as its core city. (2) The urban built-up area of Kashgar City is expanding to the east and south, where it has broken through the administrative boundary and become integrated with the urban built-up area of Shule County. The spatial structure characteristics of the KMA have been further clarified. The KMA forms three circles: core, middle, and outer. (3) Tumxuk City, Bachu County, Yecheng County, Shache County, and other counties are far from the core city and cannot be connected with Kashgar, but they are closely related to the surrounding cities, forming the Bachu–Tumxuk Urban Group and the Shache–Zepu–Yecheng Urban Group. This study contributes to the understanding of the characteristics of urban scale distribution and the spatial structure of metropolitan areas in arid regions, as well as providing guidance for the formulation of policies for the development of different circles in the KMA.

Evaluation Index System of Economic and Social Development Pilot Area Based on Spatial Network Structure Analysis.

In order to improve the evaluation effect of the economic and social development pioneer area, this paper constructs the evaluation index system of the economic and social development pioneer area based on the spatial network structure analysis method and obtains an intelligent analysis system. Moreover, from the perspective of economic development information flow, this paper uses information flow direction analysis method and advantage flow analysis method to discuss the structural characteristics of urban economic development network in the economic belt, providing new methods and perspectives for the study of urban economic development flow. In addition, this paper attempts to propose a universal method for quantitative research on the “flow space” structure of urban economic development as the forward-looking content of urban economic development. According to the simulation test results, it can be seen that the evaluation index system of the economic and social development pilot area based on the analysis of the spatial network structure proposed in this paper has a good effect.

Analyzing Spatial Transcriptomics Data Using Giotto.

Spatial transcriptomic technologies have been developed rapidly in recent years. The addition of spatial context to expression data holds the potential to revolutionize many fields in biology. However, the lack of computational tools remains a bottleneck that is preventing the broader utilization of these technologies. Recently, we have developed Giotto as a comprehensive, generally applicable, and user-friendly toolbox for spatial transcriptomic data analysis and visualization. Giotto implements a rich set of algorithms to enable robust spatial data analysis. To help users get familiar with the Giotto environment and apply it effectively in analyzing new datasets, we will describe the detailed protocols for applying Giotto without any advanced programming skills. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Getting Giotto set up for use Basic Protocol 2: Pre-processing Basic Protocol 3: Clustering and cell-type identification Basic Protocol 4: Cell-type enrichment and deconvolution analyses Basic Protocol 5: Spatial structure analysis tools Basic Protocol 6: Spatial domain detection by using a hidden Markov random field model Support Protocol 1: Spatial proximity-associated cell-cell interactions Support Protocol 2: Assembly of a registered 3D Giotto object from 2D slices.

СПЕЦИФИКА ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ РОМАНА Б.К. ЗАЙЦЕВА «ДАЛЬНИЙ КРАЙ» И ЕЕ РОЛЬ В ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ СУБЪЕКТНОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ ТЕКСТА

This article reviews spatial organization in the novel A Distant Journey by B.K. Zaytsev. An important part of spatial organization is the category of the Other, which appears to be constitutionally significant. Position of the Other space or hero helps to highlight subjects substituting and interchanging, and the same is characteristic for locus. Both a character and a place can represent an example of The Other. Coming-of-age of a character comes from interacting with The Other, something different from the character’s Self. The comparison of the Self with The Other acts as a trigger for subject’s transformation. A particular location happens to be connected with a particular narrative subject. Analysis of spatial structure of the novel allows to discover the patterns of subjective text organization transformation and to define important connections of particular places and characters/

Ancestral sequence reconstruction and spatial structure analysis guided alteration of longer-chain substrate catalysis for Thermomicrobium roseum lipase

Thermomicrobium roseum DSM 5159 lipase (TrLip) is an enzyme with marked thermostability and excellent solvent resistance. However, TrLip reveals relatively high catalytic efficiency on short-chain substrates but poor activity against mid-long or long-chain fatty acids, which would limit its industrial application. In this study, ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR), a common engineering tool for the evolutionary history of protein families, was employed to identify the natural evolutionary trends within 5 Å around the catalytic center. Two mutation libraries were constructed, one for the catalytic center and the other for the pocket flexibility. A total of 69 mutants were expressed and purified in the Escherichia coli expression system to determine the kinetic parameters, and W219G could significantly enhance the catalytic efficiency against substrates with 12-, 16- and 18-carbon side chains. In addition, the double mutant W219G/F265M could further catalyze the breakdown of the above three substrates up to 6.34-, 4.21- and 4.86-folds compared to the wild-type TrLip, while the initial pH and thermostability were maintained. Through bioinformatics analysis, the significantly enhanced catalytic efficiency against longer-side chain substrates should be associated with the reduction of steric hindrance. With the outstanding stability and the promoted activity, TrLip should be of great potential in chemical and food industry.

Analysis of spatial structure and influencing factors of the distribution of national industrial heritage sites in China based on mathematical calculations.

An in-depth analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics and overall pattern of industrial heritage sites in China provides not only a comprehensive understanding of the current status of industrial heritage but also a reference for its protection and ongoing utilization. A total of 170 industrial heritage sites that were included in the List of National Industrial Heritage of China were selected as the research objects. Their spatial structure characteristics were quantitatively analyzed based on a kernel density analysis of ArcGIS and imbalance and Gini coefficient index of function calculations. The results show that the distribution of industrial heritage sites in China presents a strong aggregation trend and a distribution pattern of four cores, six centers, and multiple scattered points. The distribution of industrial heritage sites in 34 administrative regions is extremely imbalanced. A total of 170 industrial heritage sites are distributed across 27 administrative regions; 52.35% are concentrated in the East and Southwest divisions. According to the index definitions, this research analyzed their influencing factors from perspectives of the natural and social environments. The results show that the industrial heritage sites in China are mainly distributed in traditional agricultural and commercial areas with rich natural or water transport resources. The current study of major historical events in modern China and the growth curve of industrial heritage concludes that China's industry has experienced five stages of development: Ancient, Beginning, Accelerated Development, Climax, and Slowdown. The geographical divisions and distribution of categories show colonial and socialist characteristics.

3-D Contour Deformation for the Point Cloud Segmentation

The 3-D point cloud segmentation has played an important role in spatial structure analysis. Nowadays, segmentation methods either use a primitive-based strategy to fit points in predefined geometric shapes or group points based on their attributes (e.g., spatial distance). However, the required segmentation results, e.g., primitive level or object level, depend on the application. Therefore, this letter develops a semiautomatic method to extract contours for the users’ desired segmentation. First, we initialize a 3-D closed curve for the target. Second, we calculate the internal and external force based on the proposed vector flow to deform the curve. The deformation equation is solved based on the Euler equation and calculated iteratively. Finally, the curve is converged as object contours. After one removes contours, those disjoint points are grouped as the users’ desired instances. Experiments are conducted on various point clouds to demonstrate the effectiveness in terms of accuracy and consistency. Our quantitative evaluation outperformed selected primitive- and object-based methods, which presents a new viewpoint to the point cloud processing.

Origin, genetic diversity, adaptive evolution and transmission dynamics of Getah virus.

As a member of the Alphavirus, Getah virus (GETV) was becoming more serious and posing a serious threat to animal safety and public health. However, the circulation, distribution and evolution of GETV is not well understood. Hence, we integrated a variety of bioinformatic methodologies, from genomic alterations to systematic analysis, phylogeography, selection, adaptive analysis, prediction of protein modification, structural biology and molecular dynamics simulations to understand the characteristics of GETV. The results of phylogeography and molecular evolution show that due to the lack of vaccine, GETV is rapidly expanding its host range and geographical distribution at a high evolutionary rate. We also predicted the important modification sites, and identified the adaptive and active selection sites. Finally, the analysis of spatial structure and function showed that six adaptive sites may be related to the structural stability, receptor binding ability, immunogenicity and immune evasion of the virus, respectively. The data from this study have important implications for the understanding of ongoing GETV outbreaks worldwide and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventive and control measures against GETV. In particular, biosafety measures should be strengthened immediately to prevent GETV from becoming a pandemic, especially in China, South Korea and Japan.

Immersive Environments, VR, AR in Ukrainian Contemporary Art of The Recent Years

The article is devoted to the scientific problem of theoretical elaboration and contextualization of immersive environment realized in the physical space of a gallery or museum, in VR and on the new virtual platforms on the Internet, as well as in hybrid space, in the augmented and mixed reality of the 21st century. The aim of the research is to identify the peculiarities of the formation of the immersive environment and of the practices of VR and AR projects creation in Ukrainian contemporary art in recent years. The task is to elaborate the theoretical bases of the development of immersive environments and VR, review and analysis of projects that use the digital technologies in order to create an immersion and AR. The methodology of the study consists in theoretical and field research of immersivity and in the author’s experiments development. The main method is a comprehensive and systematic approach to the development of the theory of virtuality, visual and photometric methods, analysis of concepts, spatial structure and technological features of online VR platforms and artistic realizations. The concept of sensorium is involved, which describes the feeling, perception and interpretation of information about the world around. The peculiarities of creating immersive environments in physical space in the projects «MetaPhysical Time-Space», «Refraction of Reality», «Living Energy» were explored (to be included into the national art discourse), as well as in VR in the frame of VR-festivals, such, as Carbon Media Art Festival, «Frontier» and «Virtuality» that serve as a testing ground for the development of new technological art. The possibilities of new online VR platforms, such as Mozilla Hubs, WebXR, AltspaceVR, artspaces.kunstmatrix, Cryptovoxels, Transmadatac Virtual Museum, are analyzed. The practice of creating VR projects on platforms on the Internet: Artefact Chornobyl 33 and Artefact Chornobyl + MADATAC, «VR Collider» and «Genesis» are considered as case study. Drift from immersive environments in physical space to virtual reality has been detected. The multi-vector nature of AR projects and different types of connection with book publishing, public art objects, contemporary sculpture and urban practice have been revealed.

Analysis of socio-economic spatial structure of urban agglomeration in China based on spatial gradient and clustering

Research background: Previous studies on the economic and social development of urban agglomerations mostly focus on a single primacy comparative analysis and efficiency evaluation. Spatial structure differentiation is an important feature of urban agglomeration. The lack of economic and social analysis on the spatial structure makes it impossible to determine the development positioning of each city in the urban agglomeration, which affects the sustainable economic devel-opment ability of these areas.&#x0D; Purpose of the article: The objective of the article is to analyze the spatial development law and experience of urban agglomeration, this study explores the practice of economic and population spatial structure of city areas in China. For this purpose, CPUA and its central city Zhengzhou was taken as an example, the spatial gradient structure of example was analyzed.&#x0D; Methods: Using economic and population data of 32 cities in this region, growth pole theory, and pole-axis theory, the economic and population spatial structure of urban agglomeration, the spatial gradient structure of central cities in urban agglomerations were analyzed with the method of cluster about radiation index.&#x0D; Findings &amp; value added: (1) In the process of the formation of CPUA, the geo-graphical spatial pattern plays a decisive role in economic and social development. This is an experience from developing countries. (2) CPUA presents a gradient development pattern with Zhengzhou as the center, and economic and social development gradually radiates to the metropolitan area, the core development area, and the character development demonstration area. (3) The economic and social gradients of Zhengzhou, the central city, present the hierarchy rules and characteristics which are driven by the Beijing-Guangzhou-Railway axis and the Longhai-Railway axis. (4) The central city of Zhengzhou still presents insufficient primacy in regional development, which shows that Zhengzhou accounts for 6% of the population of the Central Plains Economic Zone and 14% of GDP, and insufficient agglomeration. Different countries at different stages of economic development have different urban agglomeration development models. The conclusions from China provide new decision-making ideas and methods for spatial structure research and development strategy analysis of urban agglomerations.

Пространственно-возрастная структура ценопопуляций Globularia bisnagarica L. (Plantaginaceae) в северо-восточной части ареала

The results of studying the spatial-ontogenetic structure of five cenopopulations of Globularia bisnagarica L. on the territory of the Orenburg region and the Republic of Tatarstan are presented. Analysis of the age structure using the OntoParam program algorithm revealed the heterogeneity of ontogenetic spectra in most cenopopulations. Assessment of the parameters of average age, recovery index and ageing index showed that most cenopopulations are capable of self-restoration and maintenance of numerosity. Analysis of spatial structure taking into account the ontogenetic state of individuals showed that the spatial relationships between pregenerative and generative individuals is random in most cases, which indicates the absence of any pronounced interactions between plants from these age groups. In the cenopopulation from Severny district of the Orenburg region, there is a slight sparseness in the mutual arrangement of pregenerative and generative individuals, which may be due to the influence of intraspecific competition.

A spatiotemporal analysis of the driving forces behind the energy interactions of the Chinese economy: Evidence from static and dynamic perspectives

China is the world's biggest energy consumer and carbon emitter; this is a great challenge to both global and national environmental security. To achieve energy conservation and emission reduction goals, it is essential to identify the driving factors that affect the energy interaction patterns of the Chinese economy. For this purpose, the spatial independent variable lag model (SLX) and structural decomposition analysis (SDA) methods were integrated to detect province-level consumption-based energy changes induced by five driving factors, and due consideration was also given to interregional spillover effects from both static and dynamic perspectives. The results of this study uncovered that energy intensity acted as a major driver for energy conservation both in the short- and long-terms, whilst the role of energy intensity in curbing energy consumption was weakened. In contrast, optimizing production structure offers the potential for big energy reductions and it was further noted that spillover effects contributed to both national and regional energy conservation. Consumption per capita and population size presented similar static effects on energy increases. The spillover effects of the former had a greater impact on energy consumption growth during the investigated period, whilst both static and dynamic processes of consumption structure failed to form fixed direct and spillover effects on energy use at the regional level. The findings of this study contribute to understanding the regional heterogeneity of driving forces for energy consumption and provide a solid foundation for making effective energy conservation regulations.