Response Analysis Research Articles

Comparative analysis of innate immune responses in Sonali and broiler chickens infected with tribasic H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus

BackgroundH9N2 avian influenza viruses have been circulating in Bangladesh since 2006, affecting multiple avian species and resulting in economic losses. The recent emergence of tribasic strains, along with co-infections, has increased the risk to poultry health. Therefore, the study aimed to compare the immune responses of Sonali (crossbred) and commercial broiler chickens infected with tribasic H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus.MethodsFollowing H9N2 infection, proinflammatory (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α) and antiviral (IFN-β and IFN-γ) cytokine expressions were observed in the trachea, lungs, intestine, and lymphoid tissues in Sonali and broiler chickens from 1 day post infection (dpi) to 10 dpi by qPCR.ResultsSonali chickens exhibited significantly higher proinflammatory and antiviral cytokine expressions in the trachea at 3–7 days post infection (dpi), while broiler chickens showed lower immune responses. Broiler chickens displayed prolonged IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β expression in lungs at 3–10 dpi compared to Sonali chickens. In the intestine, broiler chickens showed higher IL-6 and IL-8 expression that peaks at 1–3 dpi, while in Sonali chickens only IL-1β elevated at 10 dpi. In response to the H9N2 viruses, broiler chickens exhibited a stronger early IFN-β responses and a delayed IFN-γ responses in their lymphoid organs compared to Sonali chickens.ConclusionThis suggests distinct immune profiles between the chicken types in response to the H9N2 infection. The information sheds light on the function of innate immunity in the pathophysiology of currently circulating tribasic H9N2 virus and could assist in effective controlling of avian influenza virus spread in poultry and designing vaccines.

The distress and benefits of the Bereaved Family Survey: A mortality follow-back survey

ContextThe Bereaved Family Survey is an important method for evaluating the quality of palliative care. ObjectivesTo examine the distress and benefits of bereaved families of patients with or without cancer, who participated in a Bereaved Family Survey, and identify factors associated with distress and benefits. MethodsWe conducted a nationwide cross-sectional, self-reported questionnaire mail survey among the bereaved families of patients who died of cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, pneumonia, or kidney failure. Participants answered questions on a four-point Likert scale measuring the distress and benefit associated with participating in the Bereaved Family Survey. We conducted a qualitative analysis of responses to open-ended questions about the distress and benefits of participating in the survey to comprehensively examine the distress and benefits of participating in the survey. ResultsQuestionnaires were distributed to 115,816 eligible bereaved family members between February 2019 and February 2020; 62,576 (54.0%) family members returned valid responses. Distress and benefits accounted for 51.4% and 49.3%, respectively. The results of the binomial logistic analysis for distress were significantly higher among cancer patients (p<0.001–0.003), 20–39-year-old patients (p<0.001), female bereaved family members (p<0.001), and bereaved family members with poor mental health statuses (p<0.001). Factors related to “benefit” were significantly higher among over-80-year-old bereaved family members (p<0.001), higher care evaluation scale (CES) scores (p<0.001), and higher good death inventory (GDI) scores (p<0.001). ConclusionBereaved family members experience both distress and benefits. There is need to devise ways to reduce distress and increase its benefits to continue assessing the quality of palliative care.

Analysis of sustainable E-money usage in a developing country: Perspective from the development of the Philippines

Emerging technologies and their applications are steadily gaining traction and diversifying across various domains, including the financial sector. E-money represents one such extension, facilitating cashless transactions through mobile applications which has recently bloomed in the Philippines. This research sought to offer valuable insights into the role of digital currency in developing emerging economies by integrating the UTAUT2 model with the Sustainability Theory of Planned Behavior (STPB). This study aimed to assist developing nations in gauging their communities' attitudes towards e-money from a sustainability standpoint. The study involved the analysis of responses from 638 valid participants, employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The outcomes revealed that effort expectancy (β: 0.398) significantly influenced e-money adoption, as per the integrated UTAUT2 and STPB framework, followed by other UTAUT2 domains. Subsequently, attitude (β: 0.368) and subjective norm (β: 0.273) followed in terms of their impact, alongside perceived behavioral control (β: 0.26) and the sustainability domains. These findings shed light on users' perception of e-money as a valuable addition to their daily lives, primarily due to its transactional convenience. Users also believe that e-money enhances their ability to achieve personal goals, giving them control over their time and convenience. As a result, these study findings are pertinent for comprehending user intentions, especially within the context of the continuous advancement of technology.

Efficient degradation of Enrofloxacin with novel magnetic MnFe2O4/NiS2 composite as an activator of peroxymonosulfate

The development of highly active and recoverable heterogeneous catalysts for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation to remove the persistent presence of antibiotics in aquatic environments, such as Enrofloxacin (ENR), remains a significant challenge. Here, we introduce a pioneering magnetic nanocomposite catalyst, MnFe2O4-NiS2, synthesized via a two-step hydrothermal process, which activates PMS to efficiently degrade ENR. The optimized 0.25MnFe2O4-NiS2/PMS system reached an ENR removal efficiency of 89.9 % within 90 min, outperforming both NiS2/PMS and MnFe2O4/PMS by 5.6 and 2.5 times, respectively. Quenching experiments and electron spin response analysis confirmed SO4•- and •O2– as the primary reactive oxygen species. The enhanced mediated electron transfer capability of the 0.25MnFe2O4-NiS2 nanocomposite improved the redox cycling of Ni (Ⅱ), Mn (Ⅱ) and Fe (Ⅲ) on its surface, as verified by Density Functional Theory calculations. Furthermore, the activation of surface PMS complexes (PMS*) played a crucial role in ENR degradation. The proposed degradation pathways of ENR were confirmed, and toxicity analysis indicated a decrease in intermediate toxicity with the 0.25MnFe2O4-NiS2/PMS system. This study presents an innovative magnetically recoverable, multifunctional catalyst with easy reusability for potential applications in the degradation of organic pollutants.

Investigating the effects of variable pulse charging on temperature during charging of battery electric vehicles

This study investigates the efficacy of variable pulse charging (VPC) on charging 18,650 secondary battery packs (12 V, 20 Ah) with NMC chemistry. VPC, a modern technique applied to secondary battery charging, aims to mitigate effects like a thermal runaway and thermal propagation caused by increased charging temperature. VPC involves varied duty factors (10 % to 90 %), charging rates (0.5C, 1C, 1.5C), and an optimal switching frequency determined through frequency response analysis. Its digital model is based on in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements and MATLAB/Simulink simulations. At charging rates of 0.5C (10 A), 1C (20 A), and 1.5C (30 A), the temperature of the battery pack reaches 42.46 °C, 57.87 °C, and 70.37 °C, respectively. However, implementing VPC at a 50 % duty factor yields temperature reductions of 3.66 °C, 5.06 °C, and 5.42 °C, respectively. Similarly, employing VPC at a 10 % duty cycle results in temperature reductions of 11.2 °C, 17.7 °C, and 19.1 °C, respectively. The results indicate a significant reduction in charging temperature compared to constant current charging. Furthermore, the 1C condition is validated using a custom-made dual active bridge DC-DC variable pulse charger. In conclusion, applying optimal frequency-based VPC with specific duty factors demonstrates the potential to reduce temperature elevation during battery pack charging significantly.

Performance response analysis and optimization for integrated renewable energy systems using biomass and heat pumps: a multi-objective approach

The focus of this study is to optimize the exploration of biomass-driven multi-energy systems, which include combined heat, power, and gas generation. The objective is to enhance the thermal, environmental, and economic performance indicators of the system. The optimization objectives encompass the quantities of internal combustion engines and air source heat pumps, as well as the dimensions of tanks utilized for anaerobic fermentation. A mathematical model was developed to optimize multiple objectives for combined heat, power, and gas generation systems by employing multi-objective intelligent optimization algorithms. The validation and analysis were conducted using rural residences in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, as a case study. The sensitivity analysis of biomass gasification combined heat and power systems was conducted from both technical and cost perspectives, examining the dynamic impact characteristics on the outcomes of multi-objective optimization. The findings indicate that the annual energy-saving rate of the optimized combined generation system decreased from 3.62% to -6.78%, while the growth in carbon emissions reduction rate increased from 76.05 to 81.38%, and the annual cost-saving rate grew from 0.97 to 14.96%. The power generation efficiency of the cogeneration station and hydraulic retention time were found to have a significant impact on the multi-objective optimization results of the combined generation system among the technical parameters. The unit cost of anaerobic fermentation tanks had a more significant impact on the multi-objective optimization results in terms of cost parameters, compared to the price of biogas residue.

Association of glycaemic control with intraocular pressure in a large general population: Results from the UK Biobank.

To evaluate the association of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum glucose with intraocular pressure (IOP) in a large UK general population. Participants were selected from the UK Biobank, excluding those with eye conditions that may affect IOP. IOP was measured using an ocular response analyser. Goldmann-correlated IOP (IOPg) and corneal-compensated IOP (IOPcc) were outcomes of interest, and ocular hypertension was defined as left-eye IOPg or IOPcc > 21 mmHg. HbA1c and random (non-fasting) serum glucose were the exposures of interest. Multivariate restricted cubic spline models, as well as linear regression, were applied to explore the associations of interest. Among 68 806 participants (46.5% male), the mean age was 56.7 years. The mean (standard deviation) for IOPg was 15.7 (3.6) mmHg and 15.9 (3.6) mmHg for IOPcc. Occular hypertension was prevalent in 8055 participants (11.7%) and 4178 participants (6.1%) had diabetes. Those with diabetes had higher IOP and a higher prevalence of ocular hypertension. After adjustment for demographic and clinical variables, HbA1c was positively associated with IOP in participants with diabetes, but not in those without diabetes. For every 10-mmol/mol increase in HbA1c, IOPg increased by 0.20 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12, 0.28) and IOPcc by 0.15 mmHg (95% CI 0.07, 0.23); the odds of ocular hypertension was increased by 6% (95% CI 1.00, 1.13) in participants with diabetes. A borderline positive association between serum glucose and IOP was found only in participants without diabetes. Impaired glycaemic control was associated with elevated IOP and a possible risk of ocular hypertension among participants with diabetes but of normal ocular health.

Experimental investigation of particle impact dampers: Vibration reduction and noise levels with varied particle numbers

Structural vibrations present significant challenges in engineering systems, and particle impact dampers (PIDs) have emerged as a promising solution for vibration control. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental investigation on the damping performance of PIDs with varying numbers of particles. The experimental setup involves subjecting a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) structure to base motion excitations. Frequency response analysis is conducted to assess the dynamic behavior of the primary system using different PID designs. PIDs with one mass, two masses, three masses and multiple particles are designed and analyzed using the same mass ratio. Additionally, time domain displacement responses of the top of the structure and the base are measured to capture the system's response characteristics. The frequency response analysis reveals the influence of different particle configurations on the system's response amplitude at various frequencies. Interestingly, the results show that a PID with multiple particles exhibits reduced damping performance due to excessive particle-particle collisions. These collisions decrease the energy of the particles, leading to lower velocity before impact. This highlights that the impact itself is the primary source of damping in PIDs, and any other phenomena, such as particle-particle collisions, directly affect the relative velocity before impact. The outcomes demonstrate that an optimal design of PID can reduce vibration amplitude by approximately 85 % with single mass, two masses, and three masses configurations. Conversely, the best-case scenario of PID with multiple particles provides a vibration amplitude reduction of 75 % compared to the absence of a damper. Furthermore, noise data is recorded for all cases, as noise generation is a significant concern associated with PIDs. The results indicate noise magnitudes of 62.5 dB, 70.60 dB, 73.24 dB and 78.64 dB for PIDs with single mass, two masses, three masses, and multiple particles, respectively. Overall, the relationship between the number of particles and damping performance provides valuable insights for optimizing PID designs and ensuring comfortable operation. The findings have broad implications for diverse engineering systems, leading to improved structural performance, reduced noise, and enhanced safety. This study could serve as the basis for several potential applications of PID in structural vibration control with enhanced performance and reduced noise.

Machine learning-based prediction of seismic response of elevated steel tanks

Seismic response analysis assesses structural safety and integrity during earthquakes and guides design for optimal performance, compliance with regulations, and risk mitigation. This study proposes a novel approach utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques to predict the seismic response of elevated steel tanks accurately. ML is a powerful tool that can handle complexity, improve accuracy, provide data-driven insights, and optimize designs for predicting seismic responses of structures. Moreover, this study evaluates various ML models containing Random Forest, Support Vector Regression, Adaptive Boosting, LightGBM, Histogram-based Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, CatBoost, Bagging Regression, and Decision Trees to identify the most effective predictive model. In general, the developed ML-based predictive models provide a promising tool for engineers involved in the seismic design and retrofitting of elevated steel tanks, aiding in optimizing designs and enhancing structural safety and resilience against seismic hazards. As a result, the HGB model obtained the most suitable performance compared to other developed models with higher R2 and lower RMSE. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed based on SHAP values, and it was found that the height of the liquid and the intensity measure were the most influential variables in the seismic response of the tank.

Knowledge and perceptions of South African blood donors towards biobanking and stool donation.

The complexity of contexts and varied purposes for which biome donation are requested are unknown in South Africa. The aim of this study was to provide strategic data towards actualisation of whether a stool donor bank may be established as a collaborative between Western Cape Blood Services (WCBS) and the University of Cape Town (UCT). We designed a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey to determine willingness of WCBS blood donors to donate stool specimens for microbiome biobanking. The study was conducted between 01 June 2022 and 01 July 2022 at three WCBS donation centres in Cape Town, South Africa. Anonymous blood donors who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Anonymised demographic and interview data were analysed statistically. Analysis of responses from 209/231 blood donors demonstrated in a logistic regression model that compensation (p < 0.001) and 'societal benefit outweighs inconvenience' beliefs (p = 7.751e-05) were covariates significantly associated with willingness to donate stool. Age was borderline significant at a 5% level (p = 0.0556). Most willing stool donors indicated that donating stool samples would not affect blood donations (140/157, 90%). Factors decreasing willingness to donate were stool collection being unpleasant or embarrassing. The survey provides strategic data for the establishment of a stool bank and provided an understanding of the underlying determinants regarding becoming potential donors. This is the first report on the perspectives of potential participants in donating samples towards a stool microbiome biobank in South Africa, a necessity for faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

Analysis of the Dynamic Response of A Liquid Rocket Under Seismic Waves

Analysis of the Dynamic Response of A Liquid Rocket Under Seismic Waves

Student perceptions of global citizenship education in the university curriculum

ABSTRACT Given the pressing global challenges facing society, it is imperative that students are well equipped to contribute to solving problems, in an informed, ethical and meaningful way. This is the basis of global citizenship education, which is rapidly emerging in Higher Education policy as an important pedagogical philosophy and set of graduate attributes. We examined UK undergraduate student perceptions of global citizenship education (N = 202). Only 12.87% of students had come across the term global citizenship education, but a content analysis of their definitions demonstrated that they showed generally accurate understanding of the term. A thematic analysis of open-ended responses identified three dominant themes related to student perspectives on the concept of global citizenship education, (1) perceived importance of global citizenship education, (2) challenges within the conceptualisation of global citizenship and (3) perceived challenges with the subject-level implementation of global citizenship education. Implications for Higher Education policy and practice are discussed.

Transcriptomic analysis of ileal adaptations and growth responses in growing hens supplemented with alanyl-glutamine dipeptide

The growing phase of laying hens is crucial for growth and development due to its direct impact on their productivity during laying phase. During initial growth phase, intestinal tract undergoes rapid development which requires plenty of nutrients to help laying hens grow and mature. This study investigated the effect of Alanyl-Glutamine (Aln-Gln) levels on growth performance, ileal morphology and transcriptomic analysis of growing Hy-line brown hens. A total of 480 day old Hy-line brown chicks having similar body weight (BW) were randomly divided to be fed diets having 0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% Aln-Gln for 6-wks (8 replicates/group, 15 birds/replicate). One bird from every pen was slaughtered and morphological parameters of ileum were evaluated. Results taken on day 42 revealed an improved average daily gain (ADG), final body weight (FBW) and feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) in the birds that consumed 0.2% and 0.3% Aln-Gln supplemented diet (P < 0.05). Ileal morphological assays showed that villus height, villus width and villus to crypts ratio (V/C) were significantly increased at 42 days of age in birds fed diets with 0.2% Aln-Gln (P<0.05). The RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was executed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among groups that found 2265 DEGs (1256 up-regulated; 1009 down-regulated) in ileum tissue. According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes (KEGG) and Genomic Pathway Enrichment Analysis, majority of DEGs indicated change in metabolic pathways. Genes related to growth factors, intestinal morphology and protein metabolism were up-regulated in test groups as compared to control group. In conclusion, addition of Aln-Gln to the diet improved growth performance and ileum development in growing hens; transcriptomic analysis revealed up-regulation of genes related to growth and intestinal morphology.

Analysis of the Vertical Dynamic Response of SDCM Piles in Coastal Areas

The stiffened deep cement mixing (SDCM) pile, as a new type of rigid–flexible composite pile, significantly enhances the vertical bearing capacity of traditional precast piles, thus holding broad application prospects in the substructure construction of nearshore bridges and marine energy structures. This paper investigates the vertical dynamic response of SDCM piles through theoretical derivation and parameter analysis. Firstly, based on elastic dynamics theory and the three-phase porous media model, vertical vibration control equations for both SDCM piles and fractional-order viscoelastic unsaturated soils are established. Secondly, theoretical derivations yield exact analytical solutions for the surrounding dynamic impedance, top dynamic stiffness, and dynamic damping of the SDCM pile. Finally, through numerical examples and parameter studies, the impact mechanisms of physical parameters in the SDCM pile–unsaturated soil dynamic coupling system on the top dynamic stiffness and dynamic damping of the SDCM pile are analyzed. The research results presented in this paper indicate that reducing the radius of the rigid core pile while increasing the thickness of the exterior pile has a positive effect on enhancing its vibration resistance. Additionally, increasing the length of SDCM piles contributes to improved vibration performance. However, an increase in the elastic modulus of the cement–soil exterior pile is detrimental to the vibration resistance of the rigid composite pile. On the other hand, an increase in the elastic modulus of the concrete core pile only enhances its ability to resist vibration under low-frequency load excitation. Furthermore, enlarging the soil saturation, decreasing the intrinsic permeability, and enlarging the soil relaxation shear modulus have a significant positive impact on improving the vibration resistance of SDCM piles. In contrast, changes in porosity have a negligible effect on the ability to resist vertical vibrations of SDCM piles.

Analysis of Wind Response of Braced and Unbraced Tall Building

As high-rise buildings become increasingly prevalent worldwide, their complex structural components and the need for high stability pose challenges for safety and design requirements. The present study investigates the influence of bracing systems and plan aspect ratios on the ability of tall buildings to withstand wind loads. The study aims to analyze the effects of these variables on the wind-induced responses of tall buildings and improve bracing system design for structures with high aspect ratios. Numerical simulations using finite element analysis software are conducted, creating various building models with different aspect ratios and bracing systems. The displacement, drift, base shear responses and time period of each model are examined to evaluate the effectiveness of different bracing systems. The results highlight the significant impact of aspect ratio on the response to wind loads, with larger aspect ratios experiencing greater motion and stress. However, well-designed bracing systems prove effective in reducing wind-induced motion and stress. The study provides insights on best bracing system for different aspect ratios, offering valuable insights for creating safer and more resilient high-rise buildings.

An Analysis of Real Estate Market Responses towards Climate Resilient Policies in Malaysia and Indonesia

As global warming increases climate-related disasters, countries must address its impact on real estate. Malaysia’s National Policy on Climate Change, Green Building Index, and National Urbanisation Policy, along with Indonesia’s National Action Plan on Climate Change, Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy, and Disaster Management Law, highlight climate resilience in real estate. This study examines these policies and their effects on the real estate markets in Malaysia and Indonesia using qualitative methods. The findings reveal that property values in both countries have increased due to a growing emphasis on sustainability and durability in the market.

Analysis of Memory Antibody Responses in Individuals with Zika-Associated Guillain–Barré Syndrome

The Zika virus (ZIKV) was responsible for a major outbreak in 2015 in the Americas. Infections were associated with increased cases of microcephaly in infants and Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS) in adults. Our group previously demonstrated that Zika-associated GBS correlated with the increased neutralization of ZIKV and DENV2, but the antibody specificity was not analyzed. Here, we generated reporter virus particles (RVPs) of ZIKV with specific-point mutations that allowed us to investigate the specificity of circulating plasma antibodies at two different timepoints from individuals with Zika-associated GBS. We found that neutralizing antibody titers to ZIKV waned between one and two years post-ZIKV infection in GBS-negative but not GBS-positive individuals. Interestingly, plasma neutralization by GBS-negative individuals was more sensitive to a mutation at position N154A than plasma from GBS-positive individuals. To determine if waning was associated with different levels of B-cell activation at the time of infection, pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured, but no differences were observed in people with or without GBS. These data suggest subtle differences between GBS-positive and-negative individuals’ circulating antibodies, where antibodies from GBS-positive individuals may target different epitopes and remain in circulation longer as compared to GBS-negative individuals.

Driving response analysis of twisted and coiled polymer actuators by considering the viscoelastic behavior of their precursor fibers

Twisted and coiled polymer actuators (TCPA) represent a type of artificial muscle predominantly composed of viscoelastic polymers in their precursor fibers. An integral form of the viscoelastic constitutive model has been developed to predict the mechanical deformation of the precursor fibers. The model successfully accounts for the first-cycle effect and the creep deformation near the glass transition temperature of the precursor fibers. Combined with the multilayer model by Gao and Wang (2024 Smart Mater. Struct. 33 045031), which predicts the effective mechanical and thermal properties of TCPA, the proposed viscoelastic constitutive model accurately predicts the thermo-mechanical response of TCPA under the heating and cooling cycle and applied loads. It is noted that the driving strain of TCPA is sensitive to the heating and cooling cycles. When the cycle duration is short, the proposed viscoelastic model can be simplified to a linear elastic model. The numerical implementation of the viscoelastic constitutive model is detailed, with validation conducted on two polymer materials, polypropylene, and polyamide 66. The proposed constitutive model can effectively predict the driving response of TCPA under complex loading conditions.

Seismic response of rocking bridge systems under three-dimensional ground motions

Compared to theoretical models, finite element methods provide greater versatility for dynamic response analyses of rocking bridges, especially when considering the influences of various nonlinear boundary conditions. A finite element modeling method based on fiber section elements for three-dimensional seismic analyses of rocking bridges is developed in this paper. This method solves the problem of energy dissipation and stiffness determination of the rocking interface. Based on the proposed modeling method, considering nonlinear boundary conditions (such as abutment-soil interaction, impact effect, and pile-soil interaction), the seismic responses of rocking bridges, including free rocking, prestressed rocking and prestressed rocking with dampers, under the excitation of three-dimensional ground motions are analyzed. The results show that: after reasonable design, the prestressed rocking bridge with dampers exhibits similar seismic responses to the cast-in-place bridge, and maintains a good self-centering ability. The responses of all the rocking bridges under bi-directional loading are greater than those under unidirectional loading. In contrast, vertical ground motion's influence on the response of the rocking bridges is minimal. Ignoring the pile-soil interaction significantly underestimates the seismic demand of the evaluated bridges, especially the free rocking bridge and rocking bridge with prestressed tendons only.

Coupling Vibration Characteristics and Wind-Induced Responses of Large-Span Transmission Lines Under Multi-Dimensional Wind

Transmission lines, crucial for power and urban infrastructure, are vulnerable to wind damage; this paper addresses research gaps in tower-line systems under multi-dimensional wind loads and aerodynamic damping. By incorporating multi-dimensional aerodynamic damping and conducting comprehensive multi-dimensional wind response analysis, it examines parameters like ground roughness and wind attack angles that significantly influence the tower responses, offering a holistic understanding of system behavior under real wind conditions. This study analyzes wind-induced responses of a large-span Chinese transmission line using a finite element model (FEM) with three spans and two towers. This paper conducts modal analyses of a single tower and the tower-line system, comparing their vibration characteristics under one- and multi-dimensional wind loads generated via harmonic superposition methods. Incorporating the multi-dimensional aerodynamic damping, the impact of wind velocity, ground roughness, and wind attack angle on the tower-line system is analyzed through time-history results and gust response factor. The findings reveal that under the premise of multi-dimensional aerodynamic damping, multi-dimensional wind loads significantly amplify responses compared to one-dimensional loads. As wind speed, ground roughness, and wind attack angle increase, responses are elevated, causing complex changes in gust response factors, underscoring the importance of considering multi-dimensional wind loads.